Organic Chemistry New Section in Table of Contents.
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Transcript of Organic Chemistry New Section in Table of Contents.
Organic Chemistry
New Section in Table of Contents
Organic Chemistry
KC 1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds - hydrocarbons
Organic chemistry studies the chemistry of living things
Carbon containing compounds are obtained from petroleum, wood, plants, etc.
KC 2: General Characteristics
Mostly non-polar covalent molecules; no ions There are some examples of polar organic
compounds
Mostly insoluble in water
Non-electrolytes
Low melting points
What makes carbon so special?
Using Lewis dot structures, there are several arrangements for the valence electrons around carbon:
C C C C
4 singlebonds
2 singlebonds &1 double bond
2 doublebonds
1 singleBond & 1 triple bond
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
What makes carbon so special?
Case #1 - atoms tend to bond in a tetrahedral fashion around carbon. If they are identical atoms the molecule is nonpolar.
Case #2 - atoms tend to bond in a trigonal planar fashion around carbon. These molecules tend to be polar.
Case #3 - atoms tend to bond in a linear fashion around the carbon. If the bonding atoms are identical the molecule will be nonpolar.
Case #4 - atoms tend to bond in a linear fashion around the carbon. These molecules tend to be polar.
Bonding
2 carbon atoms form a covalent bond by sharing electrons
KC 3: The covalent bond can be classified as saturated or unsaturated:
Saturated – contains carbon and hydrogen linked by single bonds
Unsaturated – hydrocarbon that has available valence bonds, usually from double or triple bonds with carbon
Bonding
-----C---C------
Saturated
C==C
Unsaturated
---C≡≡C---
Unsaturated
Bonding
Each carbon chain has carbon in the middle and hydrogen around the outside
Draw the Lewis structure for C4H10:
Bonding
KC 4: Isomer – one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical composition but different structures
Isomers have similar physical and chemical properties
As the number of molecules in an atom increase, the number of isomers increases
Drawing Hydrocarbons
KC 5: Hydrocarbons can be represented by line-bond drawings where hydrogen is assumed to be present around each carbon
BR – draw the line-bond structure
CC
C
CC
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
O
KC 6: Types of Hydrocarbons
Alkanes – characterized by a straight or branched carbon chain that contains only single bonds
Name ends in “ane” (CnH2n+2)
Alkenes – a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds
Name ends in “ene” (CnH2n)
Alkynes – hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bonds
Name ends in “yne” (CnH2n-2)
Types of Hydrocarbons
Ethane Ethene
Ethyne
Naming Hydrocarbons KC 7: naming straight-chain alkanes
Number of Carbon Atoms
Prefix
1 Meth-
2 Eth
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
Naming Hydrocarbons
KC 8: When naming long-chain alkenes or alkynes, the position of the double or triple bond must be included
KC 9: The first carbon atom with the double or triple bond must have the lowest number
KC 10: Example -
Naming Hydrocarbons
KC 11: When there are multiple double or triple bonds, prefixes are included in front of the –ene or –yne. Both positions of the bond must be included in the name.
2 = di
3 = tri
Naming Hydrocarbons
KC 12: Compounds with branched chains, root name is that of the longest continuous carbon chain
KC 13: Branched chains are called substituents
Naming Hydrocarbons
1. Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms; this chain determines the parent name for the alkane
2. Number the longest chain beginning with the end of the chain nearer the substituent
3. Use the numbers obtained to designate the location of the substituent group
4. When 2 or more substituents are present, give each a number corresponding to its location on the longest chain
Naming Hydrocarbons
When halogens are present, their numbered location must be included in the name and ending changed to “o”
Chloro-
Fluoro-
Bromo-
KC 14: Functional Groups
Alcohol: R-OH, name ends in –ol
Ketone: R-CO-R’, name ends in -one
Aldehyde: R-CHO, name ends in -al
Carboxylic Acid: R-COOH, name ends in –oic acid
Functional Groups