Organic Chemistry In a nutshell... Important Elements CARBON is the most important element in...
-
Upload
lee-ophelia-thompson -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of Organic Chemistry In a nutshell... Important Elements CARBON is the most important element in...
Organic Chemistry
In a nutshell..
Important Elements
• CARBON is the most important element in organic chemistry
• Also important…– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Sulphur– Phosphorus– Chlorine
Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds occur when electrons are SHARED between non-metals.
• Carbon has 4 bonds
CValence Electrons
Other Bonds
• Hydrogen one bond• Oxygen two bonds• Nitrogen three bonds• Sulphur two bonds (varies)• Phosphorus three bonds (varies)• Chlorine one bond• Bonds = # valence electrons needed to be
Happy
One, Two, Three….
• Elements can form Single, Double, and Triple Bonds– Single bonds share 2 electrons– Double bonds share 4 electrons– Triple bonds share 6 electrons
H H O O N N
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons are made up of hydrogen and carbon only.
• They are divided up based on the number of bonds.– alkanes have Single Bonds– alkenes have Double Bonds– alkynes have Triple Bonds
Prefixes
• Prefixes are used to describe the number of Carbons in the compound.
• Meth = 1 Carbon Eth = 2 Carbons
C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Prefixes
• Meth1 carbon Hex 6 carbons
• Eth 2 carbons Hept 7 carbons
• Prop 3 carbons Oct 8 carbons
• But 4 carbons Non 9 carbons
• Pent 5 carbons Dec 10 carbons
Prefix + Suffix
• Methane Ethylene
C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Functional Groups
• Functional groups contain combinations of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, that are attached to the carbon chain and determine chemical properties.
C C C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Functional Group Examples
• The –OH functional group is characteristic of all organic alcohols.
H
H
H
OHC
Methanol: Meth = 1 carbon ol = functional group OH
Functional Group Examples
• The –COOH functional group is characteristic of all organic carboxylic acids
O
H
OHC
Methanoic Acid: Meth = 1 carbon oic acid = OOH functional group
Benzene Ring
•
H
CCC
C CC
H
H
H
H
H
Name that Compound!
C C C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Pentane
Name that Compound!
C C C C CH
H
H
H
Pentene
Name that Compound
O
H OH C CH
H
Ethanonic acid
Name that Compound
H
H OH C CH
H
Ethanol
H
Name that Compound
Propyne
C C CH
H
H
H
Crystal Meth
N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
Answer These Questions
• Pg 686 in HOLT Chemistry Book
• # 3, 4, 7, 9, 11
#3
• All are hydrocarbons
• Alkanes contain only single bonds
• Alkenes contain at least one double bond
• Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
#4
#7
• A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that gives characteristics properties to organic compounds
#9
H C C C
H H H
H H
C C C H
H H H
H H
# 11• Any structure that contains 7 Carbon
atoms, an appropriate number of Hydrogen atoms, and at least one triple bond is correct.