Organic Chemistry
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Transcript of Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Simple Organic FamiliesOrganic Nomenclature
Organic Molecules • Organic chemistry is the chemistry of
carbon compounds.• Carbon has the ability to form long
chains.• Without this property, large
biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form.
• Carbon is the only element capable of forming stable chains of atoms bonded through single-double-triple bonds.
Structure of Carbon Compounds• There are three hybridization states and geometries
found in organic compounds:– sp3 tetrahedral– sp2 trigonal planar– sp linear
HYDROCARBON FAMILIES• Divided into four groups based on the kinds
of carbon-carbon bonds present
#1. Alkanes#2. Alkenes#3. Alkynes#4. Aromatics
Alkanes
• Alkanes contain only single bonds.• They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.– They are “saturated” with hydrogens, only contain single
bonds.
Common Alkanes
Writing Formulas for Alkanes• Lewis structures of alkanes to the left below.• They are also called structural formulas.• They are often not convenient to attempt to
write so condensed formulas are typically used.
Properties of Alkanes• The only force is the London dispersion force.• The boiling point increases with the length of the chain.
Structure of Alkanes• Carbons in alkanes are sp3 hybrids.• They have a tetrahedral geometry
and 109.5 bond angles.
Structure of Alkanes• There are only -bonds present in
alkanes.• There is free rotation about the C—C
bonds.
What is an Isomer? P. 1009
Isomers have the same molecular formulas, but the atoms are bonded in a different order.
STRAIGHT
STRAIGHT
ISO
MER
SIS
OM
ERS
Common Naming Schemes
• Common Names listed in 1st column.
• “ n “ indicates an isomer of the normal structure
• When a CH3 group branches, the isomer prefix –iso
• When another CH3 group branches, the isomer prefix -neo
-iso
-iso
-n
-n
-neo
AFTER THIS – CRAZY TOWN!
Organic Prefixes based on Carbon Chains
Organic Nomenclature• There are three parts to a compound name:– Base: This tells how many carbons are in the longest continuous
chain.– Suffix: This tells what type of compound it is.– Prefix: This tells what groups are attached to the chain.
Naming Simple Alkanes
Watch this link to learn to name simple alkanes!
Let’s try some!
How to Name a Compound
If there is more than one type of substituent in the molecule, list them alphabetically.
GOT IT??? YEAH RIGHT! WATCH THIS!
Cycloalkanes• Carbon can also form ringed structures.• Five- and six-membered rings are most stable.– They can take on conformations in which their bond angles are
very close to the tetrahedral angle.– Smaller rings are quite strained.
Reactions of Alkanes
• Alkanes are rather unreactive due to the presence of only C—C and C—H -bonds.
• Therefore, they make great nonpolar solvents.• Make great Combustion fuel!