Organic Chemistry
-
Upload
ulric-franklin -
Category
Documents
-
view
32 -
download
5
description
Transcript of Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Carbon• Has 4 valence electrons• Can have sp3 hybridization where substituted
groups are at 109.5o to one another.• Other hybridizations are possible.• Usually shares electrons• Can easily bond to itself and many other
elements• Can make straight chains of carbons or
branched chains• Can form single, double, and triple bonds to
itself and to some selective other atoms• Can polymerize
Alkanes• Contain only carbon and hydrogen• Have only single bonds. • Tetrahedral geometry• Characteristic reactions
– Halogenation• R-H + X2 R-X + HX
• Chlorine >Bromine• Tertiary>Secondary>Primary
– Combustion• R-H + O2 CO2 + H2O
– Pyrolysis(cracking)• Alkane H2 + smaller alkanes + alkenes
Alkanes
• Nomenclature – ending is ane.– Meth– Eth– Prop– But– Pent– Hex– Hept– Oct– Non– Dec
Alkyl Groups
Alkenes
• Contain only carbon and hydrogen• Have one double bond between two carbons. • The double bond makes alkenes unsaturated with respect to
hydrogen. • Trigonal planar geometry • If there are two or three double bonds
– Alkadiene– Alkatriene
• Characteristic reactions– Addition– C=C + Y-Z C-C Y Z
Alkenes
Alkenes• Structural isomers are those which have the
same chemical formula but differ in how the atoms are attached to one another.
• A cis-isomer has the two substituted groups on the same side of the double bond.
• A trans-isomer has the two • substituted groups on • opposite sides of the double • bond.
Alkenes
• Characteristic Reactions– Addition of hydrogen– Addition of halogens– Addition of hydrogen halides– Addition of sulfuric acid– Addition of water
Alkenes• Nomenclature – end with ene
– Eth– Prop– But– Pent– Hex– Hept– Oct– Non– Dec
Alkynes
• Contain only carbon and hydrogen
• Contain one triple bond between carbons
• Linear geometry
• Characteristic reactions of alkynes– Addition of hydrogen– Addition of halogens– Addition of hydrogen halides– Addition of water
Alkynes
• Nomenclature – end with yne
Functional Groups
• Hydrocarbons may have functional groups substituted for hydrogens.
• Such substitutions give carbon the capacity to form many, varied compounds with different reactivities from the original hydrocarbon.
• The possibilities are nearly endless.
Alkyl Halides
• RX– Give the number of the carbon where the
halide(s) appear. – Give the name of the halide (chloro, bromo,
iodo)– Write the name of the longest chain of
carbons.– C5H10Cl2 dichloropentane (must have
structure to determine the numbers of carbons that are substituted)
Alcohols
• ROH– Give the name of the longest chain of carbons
and end with –ol.– Primary – carbon with OH is connected to one
other carbon– Secondary – carbon with OH is connected to two
other carbons– Tertiary – carbon with OH is connected to three
other carbons– C5H11OH – pentyl alcohol or
pentanol(structure needed to determine number)
Aldehydes
• RCHO– Write the name of the longest carbon chain
and add -al for the ending. – Remember that the functional group here
must be on the last carbon in the molecule.
– C5H10O - pentanal
Ketones
• RCOR`– Write the name of the longest carbon chain
and end with -one. – Remember that the functional group, the
carbonyl (C=O) cannot be on the end of the molecule.
– Example
Carboxylic Acids
• RCOOH– Write the name of the longest carbon chain
and end with –oic acid. – Remember that the functional group (COOH)
must be on the end of the molecule. – These are organic acids and they contain one
ionizable hydrogen. – Example
Esters
• RCOOR`
• Write the name of the group (R`) and end it with –yl.
• Then write the name of the R-C group and end it with –oate.
• Example
Ethers
• ROR`
• Write the name of one of the R groups and then the name of the other one in alphabetical order.
• End with –ether.
• Example
Cyclic compounds
• Cycloalkanes
• Cycloalkenes
• Cycloalkynes
• Example
Aromatic Compounds
• These must contain a benzene ring.
• Benzene is C6H6 and may be indicated in several different ways.
• Positions on the ring may be indicated by ortho(1,2 positioning), meta(1,3 positioning), and para(1,4 positioning) prefixes.
• Examples
Amines
• RNH2 – primary amine• RNR` - secondary amine H• RNR` - tertiary amine R• These are organic bases. • They will combine with carboxylic acids to make
amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. • Examples
Amides
• RCONH2
• Write the name of the carbon chain and end with amide.
• Examples
Thiols
• RSH
• May be primary, secondary and tertiary.
• Analogs of alcohols so they will do the same reactions.
• Name the longest carbon chain and maintain the ending.
• Add the word thiol to it.