Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia...
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![Page 1: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing
Countries
Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is organic agriculture?
![Page 3: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Certified organic production: over 30 million hectares, 138+ countries
![Page 4: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
OA as a national sustainable development opportunity
• Economic benefits
• Food security benefits
• Environmental benefits
• Social & cultural benefits
![Page 5: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Economic benefits
Net income = (price x quantity) – total costs
Generally, organic farmers earn more.
![Page 6: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Food security benefits
• Higher incomes
• Higher yields
• Diversified production
• Improved nutrition
![Page 7: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Environmental Benefits
• Less pollution• Improved soil, incl. increased water
retention and less soil erosion
• Enhanced biodiversity
• No genetic contamination
![Page 8: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Environmental Benefits, cont’d
• Mitigated climate change
• Reduced energy consumption
• Landscape services
![Page 9: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Social & cultural benefits
• Benefits for smallholders• Women’s empowerment• Builds on traditional knowledge• Reduced rural-urban migration• Improved health & safety• Community revitalization
![Page 10: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
OA as an export opportunity—rapid global market growth
Growth of the global market for organic food and drink 2002-2006 (Billion US Dollars)
23.1 25.528.7
33.238.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Bill
ion U
S D
olla
rs
Source Source: The Global Market for Organic Food & Drink, Organic Monitor 2007
![Page 11: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OA as an export opportunity
• Global sales growth rates at least double those of conventional food products
• Acute supply shortages since 2005
• Developing country exports rising fast
• Price premiums
![Page 12: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Regional Distribution of Organic Food Sales 2006
Region Billion USD %Western Europe 20.0 52North America17.3 45Asia 0.78 2Oceania/Australia 0.34 1
TOTAL 38.6Source: Sahota (2008)
![Page 13: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Regional Distribution of Organic Food Sales 2006
Distribution of Global Revenues by Region 2006
Europe52%
North America45%
Asia/Pacific2%
Oceania1%
Source: Sahota 2008
![Page 14: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Regional distribution of certified organic production 2006
![Page 15: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Export opportunities include
• Fresh and processed tropical products
• Counter-seasonal fresh produce
• Other products with demand-supply gaps
• Ingredients for food processing industry
![Page 16: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Production challenges
• Little or no government support (policies, ag extension, R&D)
• Conversion period
• Knowledge intensive
• Sometimes lack of organic inputs
• Lack of secure land tenure
![Page 17: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Export challenges
OA exports must:• Meet SPS requirements in import mkt
(same as for convent’l products)• Meet requirements of OA regulations
& be certified by approved cert. body• Meet additional requirements of
private standards (sometimes)
![Page 18: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Export challenges
• Agric. Subsidies in import markets
• Need for market information
• Consumer preferences for local food
• Lack of harmonization, equivalence & mutual recognition
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Recommendations to developing country governments
• Assess national organic sector & policies
• OA action plan• Consider supporting OA R&D,
extension services, certification costs, development of domestic market, exports, harmonization
![Page 20: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Other factors contributing to success
• Community organization
• Group certification
![Page 21: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Recommendations at international level
• Pursue harmonization and equivalence
• Take into acct special conditions in developing countries
• Provide market info
• Support TC/CB in OA
![Page 22: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
UNCTAD initiatives
• Publications
• UNCTAD-FAO-IFOAM International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence on Organic Agriculture (ITF)
• UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and Development (CBTF)
![Page 24: Organic Agriculture: A Trade and Sustainable Development Opportunity for Developing Countries Sophia Twarog, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da05503460f94a8b961/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thank you!