Immunocytolocalization of Extensin in Developing Soybean ...
Organic Ag Research & Extensin at Washington State University
description
Transcript of Organic Ag Research & Extensin at Washington State University
Organic Ag Research & Extension at
Washington State University
Carol MilesWSU Mt. Vernon REC
David GranatsteinWSU Wenatchee REC
Diana RobertsWSU Spokane Extension
Organic Vegetable and Seed Research
Carol MilesVegetable Extension Specialist
WSU Mount Vernon NWREC
Organic winter-grown lettuce research
Challenges for Organic Vegetable Production
• Pest management – disease, insects, weeds
• Seed – organically produced or untreated; quantity, quality, cost
• Variety recommendations
• Fertilizer – cover crops, rotation, compost and manure, bagged products
• General inputs – soil mix, plastics
Insect Pest ControlProcessing peas in southwest Washington
Severe root damage Establish on-farm trial, include organic control option
Rhizoctonia Pythium
Fusarium
MS students:Jaime Cummings (2008) Avi Alcala (2011)Faculty:Lindsey DuToitCarol Miles
Organic Seed TreatmentsBiological Seed and Drench Treatments for
Organic Control of ‘Damping Off’
10,000
25,000
50,000
75,000
Rhizoctonia
Results:[email protected]
Greenhouse trials – determine rates of inoculationField trials – determine product efficacy
Organic Seed Treatments
0 ppg
10,000
50,000
100,000
500,000
Icebox Watermelon
Variety Recommendations
Variety trials for region-specific production information (on-station, on-farm)Screen breeding lines to identify suitable new germplasm
Edamame Baby ButternutHoney Nut
http://vegetables.wsu.edu
Ott, K.A., R.T. Koenig, and C.A. Miles. 2009. Methods comparison for measuring tissue nitrate in leafy green vegetables. HortTechnology, 19(2):439-444.Ott, K.A., R.T. Koenig, and C.A. Miles. 2008. Influence of plant part on nitrate concentration in leafy greens. International Journal of Vegetable Science Vol 14(4):351-361.
Winter-grown LettuceExtending the season
MS students:Kristy Ott (2008) Haly Ingle (2010)Faculty:Rich KoenigCarol Miles
High Tunnels and Biodegradable Mulches
Extending the season, pest management
SCRI Funding:2008: $100,000 2009: $2 million
BD plastic mulches must be biobased:• Polylactic acid (PLA) - plant-based polyester produced from starch• Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) - polyesters produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids
Most existing BD plastic mulch formulations include: • Petroleum-derived polymers• Genetically modified plant-derived polymers• Synthetic resins or additives (for creating the polymers)
Therefore products are currently unacceptable in certified organic crop production
Issues for Organic Agriculture
New research will generate data to:• Better understand mulch biodegradation• Monitor residues and/or toxic by-products• Assess impacts on soil ecology and plant health• Measure life cycle analysis • Calculate economic feasibility• Familiarize agricultural professionals (academic, industry, producers) with BD issues and definitions• Promote new information and product development
High Tunnels and Biodegradable Mulches
Building the Capacity of Communities to Grow Healthy Food
• Promote gardening to improve community and individual health
• Encourage participation as both producers and consumers in the local food chain
• Two programs in Washington State: Grow Your Own Groceries Eat Your Yard
Growing Your Own Groceries
Extension Outreach and Publications
Organic Tree Fruit Research and Extension
Insectary planting
David GranatsteinSustainable Agr. Specialist
WSU Tree Fruit REC, Wenatchee
Sprayable mulch
Challenges for Organic Tree Fruit Production
• Match production increase to demand increase
• Replant disease – BSM, cover crops, tolerant rootstock
• Crop load management
• High cost activities – weed control, fertility
• Soil quality, GHG, water supply
• Fireblight
• Fruit quality – storage; nutritionaldifferences
‘Sandwich’ system with thyme
• Organic systems often substitute tillage for herbicides
• Impact on soil C, trees ?
Weed Control
Wonder Weeder440 ft/min
Weed Badger20 ft/min
Wood chip mulch
TRT 2005 2006
Fruit yield
Fruit Size 80-88
Gross Fruit
Value*
Fruit Yield
Fruit Size 80-88
Gross Fruit
Value*
TCSA increase
Canopy volume
lb/tree % $/ac lb/tree % $/ac cm2 m3 /5 trees
Wood chip 44.9 15.5 a 14,354 32.3 39.0 11,032 3.7 a 56.7 a
Control mow
40.9 6.6 b 12,003 31.5 33.5 9,748 3.0 b 47.6 ab
Cultivator Z 3x
35.2 7.0 b 9,556 29.3 22.0 10,162 2.3 c 39.2 b
p= 0.150 0.014 0.805 0.076 0.001 0.008
Tillage Trial results
Weed Fabric in Sweet Cherry
OSU, Hood River, OR – 2001-2007
• Fabric groundcover vs. bare ground in tree row
• 2001-2004 – fabric $2125/acre increased costs
• 2004 – fabric trt gross returns $3240/ac more than bare ground (1st yr of production)
• 2005 - $1633/ac more with fabric
• Fabric – trees produced more fruit at an earlier age, maintained higher yields
(Tomasini et al., 2007)Photo: H. Ostenson
Spray
No spray
Ladino clover: - direct seeded in the drive alley
Growing Our Own Nitrogen
Home for alternate prey for leafroller Home for alternate prey for leafroller parasitoids (over winter)parasitoids (over winter)
Insect Management
Wild Rose
Rose gardens planted in 2000; parasitism increases thru the summer and has increased from 2001-2005
Courtesy: T. Unruh
Redesign with Rose Gardens
Apples – Washington State
Rosa woodsii
Cherry fruit fly(Rhagoletis indifferens {Curran})
• 5-7 weekly applications, starting 3 day after first trap catch of CFF
• 2.7 qt/ac solution/ha (1:4 bait dilution)
• 6 mph, every other row, D2 nozzle Standard: $50-75/ac
GF-120: $17/ac
Courtesy: H. Ostenson
RED 715K 542K 75.8 18.0
RED O 119K 101K 84.9 20.0
GALA 604K 499K 82.6 18.6
GALA O 256K 236K 92.1 21.3
Storage Quality
ORGANIC: ● 10% more fresh market packs than conventional ● Packed to same grades ● CA storage 6-7 months ● No storage fungicide ● Need to store larger crop for more months ● Internal quality – alternate bearing, nutrient ratios
Extension Outreach• WSHA annual meeting, other grower meetings
• Trend data to companies, USDA, IFOAM world organic report
• 3rd North American Organic Tree Fruit Research Symposium
• Web site, field tours, publications
Organic Grains In Washington State
Diana Roberts, PhDArea Extension Agronomist
WSU ExtensionSpokane, WA
Challenges for Organic Grain Production in
WA
• Soil fertility
• Weed management
• Crop rotations for diversity Limited by lack of summer rainfall
• Soil fertility and weed management
Lentils
Sustainability of organic grain
• Direct seeding (no-till) Conserves soil Utilizes synthetic
fertilizers & pesticides
• Organic farming Eliminates synthetic
fertilizer & chemicals May include soil building
practices May include intense tillage
Picture by John Aeschliman
Types of organic farmers• Stereotypical lifestyler
(back to the land) Small scale Often value-added
marketing Independent
• Stereotypical conventional farmer Organic adds value,
diversity Transition from CRP Interest may fluctuate
Organic research in WA
• 1970’s – Energy usage comparison
• 1980 – USDA report on organic farming
• Present - >30 WSU and USDA faculty involved in organic research Portion of work Biocontrol, pea cultivar
selection, composting, livestock integration, organic no-till
T. Julis wasp stinging cereal leaf beetle larva.Photo by Terry Miller
InsectaryBeetle bank
Irrigated circle of peas
Organic grain research
• Steve Jones et al. – evaluation and selection of wheat cultivars in certified organic ground
• Rob Gallagher et al. – dryland organic transition Crop rotations – alfalfa
important Weed management – surface
tillage• Pat Fuerst et al. – USDA organic
funds $1.2 million - foster sustainable dryland organic grain farming systems in the dryland PNW – reduced tillage!
Rotary harrow
Rotary hoe
WSU Extension• Grower interest
fluctuates
• Successful workshops 2004 (87) and 2005 (45)
• Organic grain listserv >80 subscribers Workshop & program
announcements Link buyers and
sellers Q&A
• Irrigated farm tour 2009
On-farm testing
• Extension integral part of USDA grant
• Collaboration with ID and OR – 2 sites each
• Farmer won $50,000 NRCS CIG (Conservation Innovation Grant) Testing surface
tillage research on farm scale
On-farm testing
• Grower driven Farmer choice Team design
• Replicated over field & (4) years
• Farmer does field work• Farmer speaks at
workshops, tours• Farmer compensated $$• Comparing commercial
fertilizer products
Nature Safe 13-0-0
Perfect Blend 4-4-4
Project outcomes
• Research data on dryland cropping systems
• Economic budgets
• Learning from tours & workshops
• Extension publications
• And much more…