Organasational Behaviour Introduction

8/14/2019 Organasational Behaviour Introduction

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ORGANIZATIONAL

BEHAVIOUR

(IDC)

Syllabus:

UNIT 1:-

INRTODUCTION - organizational behaviordef.nature

Contributing disciplines.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTscientific mgt.administrative mgt.human

relations approachsocial learning approachcontingency approach.

UNIT 2:-

THE INDIVIDUALorganizational applications of learningorganizational

application of personality.

PERCEPTION& managerial applications of personality.

JOB ATTITUDEjob involvementorganizational commitment.

UNIT 3:-

THE GROUPgroupdef.types of groups.

GROUP DEVELOPMENTgroup cohesivenessgroup decision making.

UNIT 4:-

MOTIVATION & LEADERSHIPmotivationmotivational processtechniques of motivation.

Leadershipleadership stylesleadership styles in India.

UNIT 5:-

ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE & DEVELOPMENTorganizational change

resistance to changeovercoming resistance to change.


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Management

People

Technology Task

Structure

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS :-

1.) Technical environment2.) Economic environment3.) People are in the psychological environment4.) People interacting with each other is an social environment5.) Cultural environment

The totality of action and activities are known asbehavior.

- Psychomotor activities- Cognitive activities-

Emotional activitiesOrganization is a collection of individuals who work towards the attainment

of particular goal.

In the mid of 19th

century USA had 2 major problems,

Decline in productivity Employees in the organization are not competitive .

INPUT

TRANSFORMATION

PROCESSOUTPUT


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Organizational behavior helps the human beings in 3 ways,

UnderstandPredict

ControlThe study of organizational behavior is concerned with,

PsychologicalInterpersonalBehavior dynamics

SOPE OF O.B. :-

1.) Personnel selectionassessing the people bya.) written test

b.)psychometric

Assessment

c.) personal interview

2.) Personnel developmenta.) Performance appraisal.3.) Human engineeringequipment & product design .4.) Productivity studyconcerning about the workers.5.) Managementactivities concerned with skills involved in

administration.

6.) Accidents & safety.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF O.B. :-

1.) Scientific management It is concerned with overall managerial aspects of management. It helps for the effective management for all levels. It starts from the lowest level to top level. Decision making techniques deals with the

a.) time study .


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b.) standardization.

Standardization means optimum level of goal. Goal setting. Both persons of people who applying scientific mgt. & org.

behavior has set the goal.

Money is considered as motivator. Scientific selectionselecting the people by scientifically. Rest passes Scientific mgt. and o.b. reaches the same goal. For better survival & prosperity of mgt. They come out with the view of increasing productivity through

scientific mgt. principles.

TAYLOR summarize in 4 views;a.)Sciencenot rule of thump

b.)It focuses on harmony not discard.c.)It is co-operation not individualizationd.)Max. output ( it is not a restricted output )

2.) Administrative management3.) Human relationship approach4.) Social learning approach5.) Contingency approach

HUMAN RELATI ONS APPROACH :-

It is emerged with the help of hawthorn studies by Elton mayo & his

associates. It was done in western electric company in Chicago. The research hadbeen done with the hawthorn plant. (19271932)

It found as the recognition of organization, better understanding of human

side of management.

Hawthorn experiment is done by 4 stages;


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1.)Illumination experiment - finding out the relationship b/w illuminationand productivity.

In this the food candles were used to experiment by illuminating the

room by reducing the one candle. The scientific experiment in sense

will reduce the productivity in normal but the productivity did not

change.

2.)Relay rooming experimentextent of productivity by measuringa.)Length of work day

b.)Rest break didnt cause change in productivityc.)Method of payment

Even the productivity remained the same.

3.)Bank wiring room experimentno changes after the study starts.Observer & interviewer were placed. The results were on the opposite

comparing to above methods. The outputs were restricted by the bank

wirers. Work standards for them is 7312 terminal connections but they

were restricted to 2 equipments. The normal equipment approved is 2

. An informal group norm prevailed in the group to have the

productivity into 2 equipments.There was a social pressure made the

group to decrease the productivity. They want to protect slow workers.The factors said by the employees are:

Small group Better supervision Earnings Novelty of the situation Attention received in the experimental room. Interest in the experimentThe last three methods called as hawthorns effect.

4.)Mass interviewing program.

SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH: -


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It is an observation of task that done by other individual. Behavior can be

explained by continuous reciprocal interaction b/w the cognitive behavior &

environmental determinants given by Albert Bandera. The persons & the

environment were bound together, with the help of actions environmental

conditions were formed. The behavior is complex and it was acquired through

observation. Cognitive representation of reality.

(Cognitive helps to understand (original environment)

the reality)

(behavior is acquired through observation)

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT :-

This was propounded by Henry Fayal, father of administrative mgt.

It is divided into 6 groups.

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL FINANCIAL SECURITY

ACCOUNTING MANAGERIAL

ORIGINAL CONTROL N THE R


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CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLI NES :-

Psychologyleadership effectiveness, needs & motivation courses,personality, training, learning, perception.

a. Micro perspectiveb.Macro perspective Sociologygroup dynamics, organizational culture, organizational

theory & structure, communication, power, conflict & inter group

behavior.

Social psychologyattitudes, communicational patterns, groupactivities, satisfying the individual needs, group decision making

process. Anthropologyit is the science deals with activity by human values,

attitudes, behavior of people in different cultures.

Political science - Structuring of conflict allocation of power, howpower is manipulated for individual self interest.

CONTIGENCY APPROACH :-

People act differently in different situations. Human behavior isunpredictable but can be understand and control. O.B. helps us to predict also. The

O.B. reflects in situation or contingency conditions.

Basement of leadership was formed by Kurt Levin, 1939. Autocratic,

democratic, laissez-faire are three types of leadership abounded for adolescent

people.

1939, Kart Levin conducting the small piece of research with 9 boys for theleadership concept.

1.Autocratic leader is dominant2.Democratic just opposite to autocratic3.Laissez- fair no leadership is there


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UNIT

2

PERSONALITY

It is originated from Greek word, persona means mask. It can be

understand by uniqueness ( giving all idea of individual differences ) possess by

an individual.

Levinearly 1930s behavior is the function of the person & environment.

Personality is the relatively stable setup characteristic that influence an

individual behavior.

Personality is determined by various factors like,

1.Hereditygenetic factor2.Environmentsurroundings3.Culture4.Socialization5.Order of birth6.Fact of educational level

THEORIES:

TRAIT THEORY :-


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Gordon defines Trait as a broad general guide that tend consistency

behavior.

CATELL :-

Identifies 16 personality traits possess by human beings and called it as 16

pf. Purely based on individual differences.

BIG FIVE PERSONALITY MODEL :-

It identifies 5 basic traits possessed by human beings. It helps to understand

the individual behavior.

1.Extroversionthe person will socially moral2.Agreeablenessperson rating others, leniently3.Conscientiousnesspeople are tough breakers.4.Emotional stabilitystable emotionally, calm & cool, self confidence5.Openers to experiencecreative, curious, culture.

PERSONAL I TY ASSESSMENT :-

Psychometric testing for testing the person,

A.Projective testTAT, Rorschachs ink, blot testB.Behavioral testpsychological tests in a lab by giving the certain no. of

questionnaire statements.

C.Self report questionnaireMMPI, MBIT, 16 PF. (mostly for the clinicalassessment)

PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTIC IN ORGANIZATION :-

Locus of control : individuals think in themselves generalized benefitsor control, what is happened is purely becoz of

1. internal controlself control2.external controlenvironmental conditions


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Self efficiency : this will help us to work effectively and perform in aparticular way in an organization. Person will be open, attempt difficult

task, more confident, express doubts, overcome abstracts, less anxious.

Self esteem : knowing both strength and weakness. Perceivethemselves. Performing better way and getting satisfaction by the

performance.

Self monitoring : checking whether everything is going smooth. Peoplepaying attention to appropriate things. Less consistent, unpredictable,

providing emotional support or help to other individuals.

LEARNING

It is a permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result ofprevious experience.

Learning is a change in a behavior through experience.

Learning is guide & direct. Learning starts with cognitive activity & it develops / leads to

knowledge.

APPROACHES :-

Behaviorist approachobservable behavior.

Learning

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning


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Ivan Pavlov -Skinner

a. Modify the behaviorb. (+ ive)&(-ive) consequences to

modify the behavior

c. Strategies to modify behavior1.Reinforcement (desirable)2.Punishment3.extinction

1.Reinforcement is provided for change in the behavior. 2 types ofreinforcement, they are continuous & intermittent.

2.Punishment, it comes out with undesirable form.3.Extinction, it makes an attempt to diminish undesirable form of behavior.

It is considered as alternative to punishment without any (+ive) & (-ive)

consequences.

SHAPING BEHAVIOR :-

Provide reinforcement to produce / bringing change in behavior.

1.Fixed interval schedule : reward spaced at uniform time intervals.2.Variable interval schedule : reward as distributed in time but

reinforcements are unpredictable.

3.Fixed ratio schedule : rewards are initiated after.a. Fixed or constant no. of responses

4.Variable ratio schedule : the reward varies relative to the behavior of theindividual.

PERCEPTION

Introduction Perceptual process (P.P.) Sensation & perception


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Def. of P.P. Perceptual selectivity External attention pattern

a. Intensityb.Contrastc. Movementd.Sizee. Reputationf.Novelty

Perceptual sets Organizational application of perception

a. Social perceptionb.Hallow effectc. Stereo typingd.Attribution

Perception means giving meaning to sensation It is one of the important cognitive process (bits of information) Perception takes place b/w the situation & behavior. It can be understood as the unique interpretation of the situation It is a complex cognitive process that yields the unique picture of the

world.

Recognition of the diff. b/w the perceptual world & the real world isthe key to understand O.B.

SENSATION & PERCEPTION : -

Depends on their own sensesSensation deals with raw in putThere is a controversy b/w them


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Sensation deals with very elementary func. form of behavior.DEF. OF P.P. :-

P.P. can be def. as a complicated interaction of selection, organization &interpretation.

PERCEPTION PROCESS :-

- Selection- Organization- Interpretation

PECEPTUAL SELECTIVITY :-

We select the stimulity from the environment. The attention is paid for the

dominant character which attracts our attention.

i. External attention factorthe attraction will be more on particularcharacter.

ii. Intensityiii. Sizeiv. Contrastv. Repetitionvi. Motionvii. Novelty & familiaritynovelty is something new to us. Familiarity is

something which we knew already. E.g. rob rotation in bank.

PERCEPTUAL SET :-

It is based on internal factors.

(i) Learning (ii) motivation (iii)personalityPERCEPTUAL GROUPING :-

Closure


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ContinuityProximitySimilarity

SOCIAL PERCEPTION :-

The social perception is not applicable for co-ordination. The superior and

the subordinate manner are successful. The treating of people equally differs

perception b/w them.

HALLO EFFECT :-

It serves as a screen to prevent from perception. E.g. performance appraisal.

STERES TYPING :-

E.g. coping in exam, it becomes a stable idea that student copy in exams all

though his studies.

1.Within the org.the manager should design the structural & theenvironmental stimuli.

2.The individual filtering the stimuli & the type of stimuli that is filteredinfluence the behavior.

3.The manager should determine the reward functioning of the stimuli.4.Misperception can lead to problems & conflict5.Training facilities can be organized to overcome misperception which will

lead to perceptual accuracy.

JOB SATISFACTION :-

It is a favourable / unfavorable attitude about the org. It is the agreement b/w

ones expectation & rewards by the form of org.

1.Strikes2.Slow down3.Absences


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4.Employee turnoverAspects of job satisfaction are

i. turnover ii. absenteeism iii. age iv. occupation v. strike of the org.

By the job satisfaction survey, they order to provide the needs of jobs satisfactionof the employees & the motivation to them.

UNIT 3

GROUP

It is a collection of two or more individuals who interact and interdependent

on each other.

DEF . :-

Scheineh defines A group may be defined as a social phenomenon in which2 or more persons decide to interact with one another, share common ideology &

perceived themselves as group

NEEDS :-

1.Sense of belongingness & satisfy the needs of belongingness.2.Warmth & support


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3.Power is that the authority provided by the group to its members.4.Security5.Recognition & status, the group recognize & appreciate the members.6.Proximity means close of members is affiliation b/w the members.

TYPES OF GROUPS :-

1.)Formal groups : it is created by the organization. The work which hasbeen formally grouped within the org. to do their own works that has been

assigned.

i.Secondary group : it is general group. The members about havepersonal association within them. There is no need of face to

face interaction.ii.Command groups : the subordinates directly report to their

superior. The command group have a place in the org.

iii. Task group : group of employees work together to get donethe task.

iv. Committee group : it is a group work together to solve theproblem. It explore, analyses, discuss & solutions were done by

the committees.2.)Informal group : it refers to the group formed to satisfy their own social

needs.

i.Primary group : it is the group were intimacy, interaction,informal communication & co-operation is maintained.

ii.Interest group : people from groups in common quality e.g.political parties.

iii. Friendship groups : refers to group of individual havingcommon or same age, religion, community, etc.

iv. Reference group : it is referred to more constrainship.STAGES :-

Forming stage : it is the initial stages were groups were formed.Norming stage


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Storming stagesPerforming stagesAdjourning stages

FEATURES OF GROUP DYNAM ICS :-

It outlines how the interaction has to go on.Estimate the pressure from other groupsAffects the work of the group by the pressure from other group.Estimate decision making process of the groupMeasures & increase the satisfaction level of the group.

GROUP DECISION MAKING :-

It refers to the decision taken as a whole. The analyzing of problem &

solution is made in final. Certain techniques were adopted in it. They are

Electronic meeting : the members interact through online, not on directcommunication.

Brain storming : the members encourage to bring out their own ideas ofeach & come to a conclusion.

Nominal group technique : individual write their own ideas & pass it totheir group members & to the group leaders, he collects all ideas from all

members.

ADVANTAGES OF GROUP DECISION MAKING :-

1.Considering all facts2.Creating alternatives3.Ensuring acceptance towards solution

DI SADVANTAGES :-

1.Time consuming2.Pressure to confirm3.Under responsibility


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BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF GROUP DECISION MAKING :-

1.Political forcesthe decision may be (+ive) & (-ive) way2.Individual & group behaviorrefers to the commitment of the idea given

by the group.3.Escalation of commitmentindividual will develop the idea of group

rather than his own idea

4.Risk propensity5.Ethics

GROUP COHESSIVENESS :-

Where there is much & more interaction & agreement with the members

there is a greater extent of collusion. Likewise there is lesser extant of

absenteeism. There are certain factor bring greater cohesion.

1.Degree of dependency on the group2.Size of the group3.homogeneity & stable membership4.Outside pressure5.

Competition - If there is competition there is less cohesion. Group will notfunction.

i. Intra group : within groupii. Inter group : outside group

Destructive forces that affects cohesion is detoriating.

UNIT-4


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MOTIVATION :

Motivation is originated from Greek term movare which means to act or to

move. It is a driving force to move. It comes from motive which means the

expression of human need. Behind every action we have a motive or need. A needis lack of something.

(Tension) (Tension)

Need want need satisfaction

(Motives)

DEFENCE MECHANISM :-

1.RATIONALISATION2.FANTACY

-Needs may be physical or psychological desires-

Want include for which a person has money

- Behavior is the action & activities behind every action & activity thereis a need.

- For motivation of human F.W.Taylor introduced price rate system.-Need based- Expectation based 3 set of theories-Nature based

TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION :-

Monetary & non monetary benefits - salary components & alsoincluding in the terms of fringe benefits. Non- monetary like vouchers,

electronic gazettes.


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Job enrichmentadding more ingredients is known as enrichment.Making more competitive and it makes the person to integrate them

with the job.

Goal settingassigning diff. roles & responsibilities to the individualswithin the organization.

Job rotationhelp the employee to set the goal and think in terms ofattaining the goal.

Alternative work schedule - employee may have chance to chooseflexible work time.

Employee skill up gradationproviding improvement of the skill byproviding training and development. This makes an opportunity to

upgrade the skill of an employee.

LEADERSHIP

1.IOWA leadership research study : it conducted by LEWIN LEPPITTfather of group dynamics and WHITE in 1930 and conducted the series of

leadership study. m

Organasational Behaviour Introduction

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