Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the...

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Organ Donation and Transplantation ANA MENDONÇA LOPES N.º 1224

Transcript of Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the...

Page 1: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Organ Donation and Transplantation

ANA MENDONÇA LOPES

N.º 1224

Page 2: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• The  first  transplant  assumed  as  such  is  immortalized  in  a 

painting of Fra Angelico, of 1438‐1440, where we can see the 

Saint Cosme and Saint Damião transplantating an ethiopian’s 

leg.

Page 3: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• The  first  successful  trasplant of human organs was  in 1954, 

when Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of 

a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital.

• Murray  thought  that  there  was  no  danger  of  rejection, 

because that was being made between twins, with the same 

genome.

• However, after some days, the patient died.

Page 4: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• In  Portugal,  Linhares  Furtado  was  responsible  for  the  first 

transplant, in 20th July 1969, in Coimbra.

• In  1980,  he made  the  first  kidney  transplant  taken  from  a 

corpse.

Page 5: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• The organs and tissues donation is the removal of organs and 

tissues  of  a  body  of  a  person who  recently  died  (deceased 

donor) or a volunteer donor  (living donor) with  the purpose 

of transplantating it or to graft it to another person.  

Page 6: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• It’s more  important the state of the donated organ than the 

age of the donor. 

• There are absolute counter indications for donation patients, such  as:  an  uncontrolled  infection;  the  HIV  virus,  the  virus HTLV ½, a malignant neoplasm (except if it’s a primary tumor of  the  CNS),  a  basal  cell  carcinoma  (skin  cancer)  and carcinoma of the uterus.

• The best donors  are  those whose death  is  in  the brain  and that have no history of heart disease.

Page 7: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• Advances  in  immunosuppressive  therapy  and  in 

techniques  for  preserving  and  transporting  organs 

emphasize  the  contribution  that  dead  people  can 

give to living people.

• However, there is a big problem...

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The demand for organs is far greater than its supply!!

Page 9: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• A  transplant  (or  transplantation)  is  the  transfer  of 

cells,  tissues  or  organs  alive,  from  a  person  (the 

donor)  to  another  (the  receiver), or  from  a part of 

the body  to another part of  it, with  the purpose of 

restoring a lost function.

Page 10: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

There are three types of transplantation:

Autoplastic  transplantation occurs  when  tissues  are transplanted  in  the  same  body,  from  one  place  to  another;

Heteroplastic transplantation is the transplantation of organs or tissues from one body to another. It can be homologous if it  occurs  between  individuals  of  the  same  species;

Heterologous transplantation or xenotransplantation,  is the transplantation  of  organs  or  tissues  between  individuals  of different species.

Page 11: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

In Portugal, there are transplantation of these organs and tissues:

o lung;                                                      o pancreas;o blood vessels;o intestines;o ossicles of the ear;o skin;o heart;o heart valves;o corneas;o bone marrow;o liver;o kidneys;o tendons;o meninges.

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Scientific advances and their practical applicability to humans,  raises  legal  issues  that  are  important  to consider  because  the  progress  is  always  made  to serve Men, not to be against Him. 

José de Oliveira Ascensão

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There is a lot of international and national lawwithin  the  Organ  Donation  and  the Transplantation areas.

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Additional Protocol to the Convention of Human Rights  and  Biomedicine  concerning transplantation of organs and tissues of human origin

• Since 1st May 2006.

• Has  resulted  in  very  important  innovations  from  a legal standpoint.

• Densified  concrete  provisions  of  the  Convention  of Human Rights and Biomedicine, 1997.

Page 15: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• Applies  the Principles of  the Convention  to  the  field of 

organ  and  tissue  transplants,  respecting  its  main 

objectives:  protecting  the  dignity  and  integrity  of  the 

human being and protecting the rights and fundamental 

freedoms, with  regard  to  advances  in  Medicine  and 

Science.

Page 16: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

The Principles:

• Equality of access to patients in the transplant services;

• Transparency of rules for allocation of organs and tissues;

• Setting safety standards;

• Gratuity of donations;

• Good information for all involved;

• Confidentiality;

• Punishments in case of violation.

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CONSTITUIÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA PORTUGUESA

• Part  I: Contains provisions which supervise  fundamental values of bioethics

Principle of Equality (13º)

Right to Life (24º)

Right to Humane Treatment (25º)

Right to Health (64º)

Page 18: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Lei 12/93, de 22 de Abril

• Rules the harvesting and transplantation of organs and tissues of       

human origin;

• It was amended by Lei 22/2007, de 29 de Junho and Lei 12/2009, 

de 26 de Março.

Page 19: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• The  donation  of  organs  after  death  is  considered  a  pre‐

acquired (or suspected)  ‐ any national or  foreign citizen who 

lives  in the portuguese territory,  is considered a donor since 

birth.  It  is  not  necessary  to  perform  any  application, 

registration or authorization for the donation.

• Those who do not wish  to donate  their organs  after death, 

must register  in Registo Nacional de Não Dadores  (REENDA). 

The Decreto‐Lei 244/94, de 22 de Abril, rules REENDA.

Page 20: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• The main standard is to check the ability of regenaration after 

a partial harvest.

• In  case  of  removing  a  not  regenerable    organ,  the 

admissibility  depends  on  the  assent  of  the  Entidade  de 

Verificação  da Admissibilidade  da  Colheita  para  Transplante 

(EVA). Minors and unabled people are completly forbidden of 

donating non‐regerative organs.

Page 21: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

The general requirements that donation of organs and tissues 

must attend are:

• It doens’t matter a big risk to the donor;

• His/her  consent  must  be  informed,  enlightened,  free  and clear.

Page 22: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

MINORS and UNABLED PEOPLE have their own requirements 

to donate organs and tissues:

• There isn’t a suitable donor

AND

• The receiver must be brother or sister of the donor.

Page 23: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Besides...

UNABLED PEOPLE need a court authorization

MINORS  need  parental  consent  or,  in  case  of  this  absence, court authorization 

Page 24: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

The RECEIVER

• His/her consent has to be personal and free;

• He/she must be informed of all risks of the procedure;

• The  transplant  must  come  to  a  good  end,  improving  the duration and conditions of life of the beneficiary;

Page 25: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Principle of Confidentiality

• There  is a prohibition against  revealing  the  identity 

of  the donor or  receiver, unless  the  consent of  the 

eligible;

• It  is  important  to  safeguard  the  identity  of  the 

receiver  and  of  the  donor,  since  these  phenomena 

involves  issues  and  emotions  that  can  lead  to 

unpredictable consequences

Page 26: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Principle of Gratuity

• It is not allowed the sale of organs and tissues.

Page 27: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Other legislation:

• Lei 12/2009, de 26 de Março rules legal framework of quality and safety  for  the  donation,  collection,  processing,  preservation, storage, distribution and application of tissues and cells of human origin;

• Despacho 26 951/2007 rules about  the Entidade de Verificação da Admissibilidade da Colheita para Transplante (EVA);

• Decreto‐Lei  n.º 38/2010,  de  20  de  Abril  about  the  exemption from payment of user fees;

• Portaria n.º 367/2008, de 9 de Maio rules about the   Gabinetes de  Coordenação  de  Colheita  de  Órgãos  e  Transplantação (GCCOT). 

Page 28: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Three  ethical  principles,  related  with transplantation

The principle of inviolability of the body

The principle of solidarity

The principle of totality

Page 29: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Always connected with organ donation and transplantation is

Principle of human dignity

• There are no brain transplants;

• There are no sexual organ transplants.

Page 30: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Non‐Discrimination Principle

• The receivers selection  is made exclusively from the medical criteria.

The Right of Refusal and the Right of Acception 

• It’s based on the right to self‐determination.

Page 31: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

The majority of Religions advocates the practice of 

organ transplantation

Catholic Church;

Protestantism;

Judaism;

Islamism;

Buddhism;

Hinduism;

Jehovah's Witnesses.

Page 32: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

• They see it as an act of giving and loving the others;

• In all cases, the donation is an individual choice, 

• Almost all of  them condemn  the organs  trade, because  this 

practice  promotes  the  trivialization  of  the  body  and  its 

transformation  into  an  object, which  according  to  them,  is 

wrong because  the body  is  the  haven  of  the  soul,  and  also 

represents something sacred.

Page 33: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

The Agnostics accept organ donation and  transplantation, as 

well.  For  them  the most  important  thing  about  the  issue  is 

that all progress  in Medicine  should be done  in a clear, and 

respectable, dignifying way towards human life.

Page 34: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

When a person needs a transplant, due to 

the advanced technology, there are 

numerous factors to consider, according to 

medical jugdements, juridical judgements, 

ethical, social, religious, etc..

Page 35: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Its  up  to  us,  the  general  public,  to  promote organ donation and the consented harvest. 

Page 36: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray

Organ donation is not just a personal action. 

It is citizen action!

Page 37: Organ Donation and Transplantation - Universidade … Dr. Joseph E. Murray made an implant of the kidneys of a twin in the other twin, in the Brigham and Women Hospital. • Murray