Orenthal James (O.J) Orenthal James (O.J) SimpsonSimpson

Katie Haight and MifAnne Katie Haight and MifAnne BollmanBollman

OutlineOutline

O.J. Simpson: The early yearsO.J. Simpson: The early years O.J. Simpson: Football years and O.J. Simpson: Football years and

awardsawards O.J. Simpson: Family and friendsO.J. Simpson: Family and friends O.J. Simpson: RetirementO.J. Simpson: Retirement O.J. Simpson: The court hearings and O.J. Simpson: The court hearings and

verdictsverdicts O.J. Simpson: Still in the spotlightO.J. Simpson: Still in the spotlight

Simpson: The Early yearsSimpson: The Early years

Third of four children, born in a low income Third of four children, born in a low income suburb of San Francisco in July of 1947.suburb of San Francisco in July of 1947.1010

Father left the family while Orenthal James Father left the family while Orenthal James was a toddler.was a toddler.1010

Developed rickets shortly after birth, was Developed rickets shortly after birth, was teased through childhood as he was teased through childhood as he was pigeon toed and bow legged.pigeon toed and bow legged.1010

Mother was always supportive and a Mother was always supportive and a driving force of his athletic commitment.driving force of his athletic commitment.1010

Simpson: Football yearsSimpson: Football years

Started playing football in high school.Started playing football in high school.55

Played College ball at the City College Played College ball at the City College of San Francisco.of San Francisco.55

Named to the Junior College All Named to the Junior College All American team as running back.American team as running back.55

Earned an athletic scholarship to the Earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Southern California in University of Southern California in 1967196755

1969 was drafted to the Buffalo Bills1969 was drafted to the Buffalo Bills55

Simpson: Football awardsSimpson: Football awards

Earned the Walter Camp Award twice in Earned the Walter Camp Award twice in the first two years at the University of the first two years at the University of Southern California.Southern California.55

Earned the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Earned the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and was two-time census all-Award, and was two-time census all-American.American.55

Player of the year in 1972, 1973, played 6 Player of the year in 1972, 1973, played 6 Probowls and was 14Probowls and was 14thth on the NFL’s all- on the NFL’s all-time rushing list.time rushing list.55

Was inducted into the football Hall of Was inducted into the football Hall of Fame in 1985.Fame in 1985.55

Simpson: Family and Simpson: Family and FriendsFriends

Married in 1967 to his high school Married in 1967 to his high school sweetheart.sweetheart.11

Together they had 3 children, the Together they had 3 children, the youngest of which drowned in the family youngest of which drowned in the family before the age of 2.before the age of 2.1010

Divorced in 1979 (same year his daughter Divorced in 1979 (same year his daughter drowned)drowned)1010

Remarried in 1985, to long-time lover Remarried in 1985, to long-time lover Nicole Brown, had 2 children, divorced in Nicole Brown, had 2 children, divorced in 199219921010

Family and Friends Family and Friends continuedcontinued

Lots of friends due to fameLots of friends due to fame Well respected my the local Well respected my the local

authorities, attended yearly galasauthorities, attended yearly galas55

Frequently entertained a wide Frequently entertained a wide number of friends, including police number of friends, including police officers.officers.55

Well respected by friends, and was Well respected by friends, and was thought of as a friendly outgoing thought of as a friendly outgoing family man and role model.family man and role model.55

Simpson: RetirementSimpson: Retirement

Simpson retired from pro-ball in 1979Simpson retired from pro-ball in 19791010

Opened his own production company, Opened his own production company, dealing with mostly made for TV moviesdealing with mostly made for TV movies 10 10

Simpson had many endorsement deals Simpson had many endorsement deals and was the face of products such as and was the face of products such as Pioneer Chicken, Napa Natural’s soft Pioneer Chicken, Napa Natural’s soft drinks and Hertz rent-a-car.drinks and Hertz rent-a-car.1010

Simpson was also in TV mini-series and a Simpson was also in TV mini-series and a handful of movies including Naked Gun handful of movies including Naked Gun trilogytrilogy1010

Simpson: The court hearingsSimpson: The court hearings

Low speed pursuit on the interstateLow speed pursuit on the interstate55

2 pleas of not guilty toward counts of 2 pleas of not guilty toward counts of murder in the first degree.murder in the first degree.1010

After a lengthy trial rendering verdict After a lengthy trial rendering verdict on October 3on October 3rdrd, 1995, Orenthal James , 1995, Orenthal James was found not-guilty of the charges was found not-guilty of the charges against him.against him.1010

Simpson: The verdictsSimpson: The verdicts

Although found not-guilty in criminal Although found not-guilty in criminal court, there was also a civil trial.court, there was also a civil trial.1010

In February 1997 a civil trial found In February 1997 a civil trial found O.J Simpson liable for the wrongful O.J Simpson liable for the wrongful death of Nicole Brown and her friend death of Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman and battery against Ronald Goldman and battery against each of them.each of them.1010

He was ordered to pay a settlement He was ordered to pay a settlement of 33.5 million dollars to their of 33.5 million dollars to their families.families.1010

Simpson: Still in the Simpson: Still in the spotlightspotlight

O.J. Simpson has recently O.J. Simpson has recently written a book titled “If I did written a book titled “If I did it”.it”.55

He was arrested in September He was arrested in September 2007 for an alleged armed 2007 for an alleged armed robbery in Las Vegas.robbery in Las Vegas.1111

According to FBI reports OJ had According to FBI reports OJ had been planning for weeks to been planning for weeks to stage this recovery of his own stage this recovery of his own stolen goods in hopes of media stolen goods in hopes of media attention.attention.1111

O.J. Simpson in Erik O.J. Simpson in Erik Erikson’s eyes…Erikson’s eyes…

OutlineOutline

Erikson’s Theory on the EgoErikson’s Theory on the Ego Erikson’s Eight Stages of Erikson’s Eight Stages of

developmentdevelopment O.J. Simpson’s stages of O.J. Simpson’s stages of

developmentdevelopment Summary of O.J. Simpson’s final Summary of O.J. Simpson’s final

stage of developmentstage of development

Erikson’s theory on the EgoErikson’s theory on the Ego

More emphasis on the ego, on social More emphasis on the ego, on social and historical influences than Freud’s and historical influences than Freud’s theorytheory77

Erikson’s theory elaborates that the Erikson’s theory elaborates that the ego is the mediator between the id ego is the mediator between the id and the superegoand the superego77

In childhood the ego is weak, develops In childhood the ego is weak, develops quickly through adolescence & ever quickly through adolescence & ever growing or alteringgrowing or altering77

Ego particularsEgo particulars

1) Body ego: refers to experiences 1) Body ego: refers to experiences within the bodywithin the body77

2) the ego ideal: the way we are now in 2) the ego ideal: the way we are now in comparison to pre-established ideal. comparison to pre-established ideal. 77 Is Is O.J. content with his ego ideal? Is who he has become his “pre-O.J. content with his ego ideal? Is who he has become his “pre-established ideal”?established ideal”?

3) the ego identity: the images we 3) the ego identity: the images we have of ourselves in several different have of ourselves in several different social roles. social roles. 77 O.J. enjoys social attention, and most O.J. enjoys social attention, and most likely content with the way he’s settled into his social likely content with the way he’s settled into his social surroundings.surroundings.

Eight Stages of Eight Stages of DevelopmentDevelopment

Each stage is a conflict/interaction of Each stage is a conflict/interaction of opposites between harmonious elements opposites between harmonious elements and disruptive elements. (syntonic vs. and disruptive elements. (syntonic vs. dystonic) dystonic) 77

Each conflict produces “basic strength”, an Each conflict produces “basic strength”, an ego strength or ego quality. ego strength or ego quality. 77

During each stage there is an opportunity During each stage there is an opportunity for identity crisis or turning point, these for identity crisis or turning point, these make a person especially susceptible to make a person especially susceptible to personality modificationpersonality modification77

Each stage develops in its proper time, one stage Each stage develops in its proper time, one stage emerges following the development of the previous emerges following the development of the previous stage. stage. 77

Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development99

Stage 1: Trust vs. MistrustStage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy vs. ShameStage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame Stage 3: Initiative vs. GuiltStage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt Stage 4: Industry vs. InferiorityStage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority Stage 5: Identity vs. RoleStage 5: Identity vs. Role Stage 6: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Stage 6: Intimacy and Solidarity vs.

Isolation Isolation Stage 7: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stage 7: Generativity vs. Self absorption or

stagnationstagnation Stage 8: Integrity vs. DespairStage 8: Integrity vs. Despair77

Simpson’s ego developmentSimpson’s ego development

Erikson might say that O.J.’s ego has Erikson might say that O.J.’s ego has difficulty controlling/playing mediator difficulty controlling/playing mediator to his id and superego and that to his id and superego and that perhaps social forces have managed perhaps social forces have managed to control his ego rather than his ego to control his ego rather than his ego being in controlbeing in control

O.J. is very content in being in the public eye, and through O.J. is very content in being in the public eye, and through his fame in the NFL he has gained a social circle that is his fame in the NFL he has gained a social circle that is perhaps a strong drive behind his ego.perhaps a strong drive behind his ego.

Simpson’s 8 stages of Simpson’s 8 stages of developmentdevelopment

Stage 1: Stage 1: TrustTrust vs. Mistrust vs. Mistrust (dependable care giver)(dependable care giver)

Stage 2: Stage 2: AutonomyAutonomy vs. Shame vs. Shame (learned to walk even after rickets)(learned to walk even after rickets)

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt Guilt To forceful and developed too much To forceful and developed too much

initiative, possibly attributed to the initiative, possibly attributed to the loss of his father and his noticeable loss of his father and his noticeable physical deformity, leading to guilt physical deformity, leading to guilt feelings. feelings.

Simpson’s 8 stages of Simpson’s 8 stages of development continueddevelopment continued

Stage 4: Stage 4: IndustryIndustry vs. Inferiority vs. Inferiority (O.J. (O.J. seems to fear inferiority)seems to fear inferiority)

Stage 5: Stage 5: IdentityIdentity vs. Role vs. Role (Devoted to (Devoted to his career)his career)

Stage 6: Stage 6: Intimacy and SolidarityIntimacy and Solidarity vs. vs. Isolation Isolation (developed (developed intimate relationships)intimate relationships)

Simpson’s 8 stages of Simpson’s 8 stages of development continueddevelopment continued

Stage 7: Stage 7: Generativity Generativity vs. vs. Self absorption or Self absorption or stagnation ( Is a family man, involved with stagnation ( Is a family man, involved with his children, but was conflicted with the his children, but was conflicted with the divorce of 2 ex-wives, possible murdered divorce of 2 ex-wives, possible murdered his ex-wife most of his contributions his ex-wife most of his contributions benefited him greater than others)benefited him greater than others)

Stage 8: Stage 8: IntegrityIntegrity vs. Despair vs. Despair (The novel (The novel written might be O.J.’s way of hoping to written might be O.J.’s way of hoping to accept his life and reflections have helped accept his life and reflections have helped him generate such writings)him generate such writings)

ConclusionConclusion

Made it through developmental Made it through developmental stages, great success in some areas stages, great success in some areas and perhaps much less in othersand perhaps much less in others

People are a product of the stages of People are a product of the stages of development that they enduredevelopment that they endure77

Future directionsFuture directions

Erikson’s theory doesn’t elaborate on Erikson’s theory doesn’t elaborate on personality and motivation, perhaps personality and motivation, perhaps an analysis with a social cognitive an analysis with a social cognitive theory such as Bandura’s theory or a theory such as Bandura’s theory or a trait theory such as Allport’s might trait theory such as Allport’s might generate a few more explanations generate a few more explanations about his personality along with his about his personality along with his development.development.

O.J. Simpson, according to Carl O.J. Simpson, according to Carl RogersRogers

Humanistic Humanistic Psychology/Personality Main Psychology/Personality Main

PointsPoints Belief in the basic goodness and respect of Belief in the basic goodness and respect of

humankind.humankind.44 Roots are based in existential psychology or the Roots are based in existential psychology or the

understanding and acceptance of one’s own understanding and acceptance of one’s own existence and responsibility.existence and responsibility.44

Focus on the here and nowFocus on the here and now44 To be psychologically healthy people must take To be psychologically healthy people must take

responsibility for themselves, whether the person’s responsibility for themselves, whether the person’s actions are positive or negative.actions are positive or negative.44

Everyone possesses an inherent worthEveryone possesses an inherent worth44 The goal of life should always be to achieve personal The goal of life should always be to achieve personal

growth and understandinggrowth and understanding44 Only through self-improvement and self-knowledge Only through self-improvement and self-knowledge

can one truly be happycan one truly be happy44

Carl Rogers and OJ SimpsonCarl Rogers and OJ Simpson““It is in our nature as living It is in our nature as living things to do the very best we things to do the very best we

can!”can!”44 OJ was forced to wear homemade leg braces OJ was forced to wear homemade leg braces

as a child because of a severe case of rickets as a child because of a severe case of rickets caused by a calcium deficiency.caused by a calcium deficiency.55

Overcame his disability, and began playing Overcame his disability, and began playing football in high schoolfootball in high school55

Was the running back for the USC Trojans, Was the running back for the USC Trojans, during which time he set NCAA records, and during which time he set NCAA records, and won the Heisman trophywon the Heisman trophy55

Played most of his career for the Buffalo Bills, Played most of his career for the Buffalo Bills, ended his career in 1979 at age 32ended his career in 1979 at age 3255

Carl Rogers and OJ SimpsonCarl Rogers and OJ Simpson To be psychologically healthy people To be psychologically healthy people

must take responsibility for must take responsibility for themselves, whether the person’s themselves, whether the person’s actions are actions are

positive or negative.positive or negative.44

OJ adamantly denies committing the 1994 OJ adamantly denies committing the 1994 double murder of his ex wife Nicole Brown double murder of his ex wife Nicole Brown Simpson, and her Friend Ronald Goldman, Simpson, and her Friend Ronald Goldman, and is eventually found not guilty by a jury and is eventually found not guilty by a jury of his peersof his peers55

However, in 2006 ReganBooks announced However, in 2006 ReganBooks announced it would publish a book by Simpson entitled it would publish a book by Simpson entitled “If I Did It: Confessions of a Killer”, which “If I Did It: Confessions of a Killer”, which “hypothetically describes how the murders “hypothetically describes how the murders would have been committed.” would have been committed.” 66

Carl Rogers and OJ SimpsonCarl Rogers and OJ Simpson

Simpson and Goldman were murdered, and is considered Simpson and Goldman were murdered, and is considered by many to be a first hand confession from Simpson.by many to be a first hand confession from Simpson.66

Rogers might say that this is Simpson’s way of taking Rogers might say that this is Simpson’s way of taking responsibility for his actions on that night. (assuming responsibility for his actions on that night. (assuming that he is in fact guilty), and therefore he is striving for that he is in fact guilty), and therefore he is striving for psychological health.psychological health.44

Simpson claims the book is Simpson claims the book is fictional, and “purely fictional, and “purely hypothetical.”hypothetical.”66

““If I Did It” walks the reader If I Did It” walks the reader through the events of June through the events of June 12, 1994, the night Brown 12, 1994, the night Brown

Self-Actualizing TendencySelf-Actualizing Tendency The human “organism” has an underlying The human “organism” has an underlying

actualizing tendency, which aims to develop all actualizing tendency, which aims to develop all capacities in ways that maintain or enhance the capacities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism and move it toward autonomy. This organism and move it toward autonomy. This tendency is directional, constructive and present tendency is directional, constructive and present in all living things.in all living things.33

It encompasses all motivations; tension, need, or It encompasses all motivations; tension, need, or drive reductions; and creative as well as drive reductions; and creative as well as pleasure-seeking tendencies.pleasure-seeking tendencies.33

Each person has a fundamental mandate to fulfill Each person has a fundamental mandate to fulfill their potential.their potential.33

Can be seen as a push to experience oneself in a Can be seen as a push to experience oneself in a way that is consistent with one’s conscious view way that is consistent with one’s conscious view of what one is.of what one is.33

Core of PersonalityCore of Personality

Rogers theory of personality has only Rogers theory of personality has only two broad types: one where the self-two broad types: one where the self-actualizing tendency is vigorously actualizing tendency is vigorously functioning (the ideal fully functioning (the ideal fully functioning person), and one where it functioning person), and one where it is not (the maladjusted person).is not (the maladjusted person).22

Fully Functioning PersonFully Functioning Person

Has received unconditional positive Has received unconditional positive regard, has few conditions of worth, and regard, has few conditions of worth, and has the following characteristics:has the following characteristics:22

Openess to ExperienceOpeness to Experience22

Existential LivingExistential Living22

Organismic TrustingOrganismic Trusting22

Experiential Freedom2Experiential Freedom2 CreativityCreativity22

Maladjusted PersonMaladjusted Person

Has received conditional positive regard Has received conditional positive regard and developed conditions of worth. and developed conditions of worth. Characteristics are:Characteristics are:22

Defensive LivingDefensive Living22

Live according to preconceived planLive according to preconceived plan22

Disregards organismDisregards organism22

Feels manipulatedFeels manipulated22

Common and conformingCommon and conforming22

OJ Simpson – A Fully OJ Simpson – A Fully Functioning PersonFunctioning Person

Received unconditional Positive Received unconditional Positive RegardRegard– Mother was a stable and significant force Mother was a stable and significant force

in his life, despite gang and delinquent in his life, despite gang and delinquent behaviour.behaviour.55

– Met with football legend Willie Mays after Met with football legend Willie Mays after spending time in jail at 15 after a gang spending time in jail at 15 after a gang fight, Simpson would later credit Mays fight, Simpson would later credit Mays with being the driving force for turning his with being the driving force for turning his life around.life around.55

OJ Simpson – A Fully OJ Simpson – A Fully Functioning Person cont.Functioning Person cont.

Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience– Simpson changed roles many times in life:Simpson changed roles many times in life:

Troubled youthTroubled youth Football superstarFootball superstar ActorActor FatherFather Role ModelRole Model Return to criminal activity Return to criminal activity

– Guilty of murder?Guilty of murder?– Recent attempted theft of sports memorabilia Recent attempted theft of sports memorabilia

OJ Simpson – A Fully OJ Simpson – A Fully Functioning Person cont.Functioning Person cont.

Existential Living – Living fully in each Existential Living – Living fully in each and every moment, is flexible, and every moment, is flexible, adaptable, and spontaneousadaptable, and spontaneous– Simpson has adapted his lifestyle, Simpson has adapted his lifestyle,

including moving to another state, in including moving to another state, in order to avoid making payments on a order to avoid making payments on a $33.5 million judgment resulting from the $33.5 million judgment resulting from the civil suit brought against him by the civil suit brought against him by the families of Brown Simpson and Goldman.families of Brown Simpson and Goldman.55

OJ Simpson – A Fully OJ Simpson – A Fully Functioning PersonFunctioning Person

Organismic Trusting Organismic Trusting – Experience is the highest authority; “If it Experience is the highest authority; “If it

feels right, it probably is”feels right, it probably is” Simpson lives his life according to what he Simpson lives his life according to what he

feels is right, and what works for him.feels is right, and what works for him.55

OJ Simpson – A Fully OJ Simpson – A Fully Functioning PersonFunctioning Person

Experimental Freedom – the freedom Experimental Freedom – the freedom to choose among alternativesto choose among alternatives• ““It is irrelevant whether or not people It is irrelevant whether or not people

really have free will, just that they feel really have free will, just that they feel that they do”that they do”11

– Simpson feels he has choice in his day to Simpson feels he has choice in his day to day life, which allows him to experience day life, which allows him to experience the sensation free will.the sensation free will.

– He chooses to live an altered lifestyle to He chooses to live an altered lifestyle to avoid paying the judgmentavoid paying the judgment

OJ Simpson – A Fully OJ Simpson – A Fully Functioning Person cont.Functioning Person cont.

Creativity – the ability to produce Creativity – the ability to produce new and effective ideas and thingsnew and effective ideas and things– Took the double murders of Nicole Took the double murders of Nicole

Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman and Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman and used them to create “If I Did It: used them to create “If I Did It: Confessions of A Killer”Confessions of A Killer”66

Real Self vs Ideal SelfReal Self vs Ideal Self

Real Self - The “you” that, if all goes well, Real Self - The “you” that, if all goes well, you will become.you will become.11

– Requires actualization, organismic valuing, Requires actualization, organismic valuing, positive regard, and positive self-regard.positive regard, and positive self-regard.11

Ideal Self – The standard we can’t meet; Ideal Self – The standard we can’t meet; always out of our reach.always out of our reach.11

– We are forced to live with conditions of worth We are forced to live with conditions of worth that are out of step with organismic valuing, that are out of step with organismic valuing, and receive only conditional positive regard.and receive only conditional positive regard.11

Incongruity = neurosisIncongruity = neurosis

The gap between the real self and the The gap between the real self and the ideal self, the “I am” and the “I should”.ideal self, the “I am” and the “I should”.

Being out of synch with your own self.Being out of synch with your own self.– Simpson’s real self shone through during Simpson’s real self shone through during

his younger years, when he was given his younger years, when he was given unconditional love from those around him.unconditional love from those around him.

– During and after his football career, During and after his football career, Simpson was given conditional positive Simpson was given conditional positive regard, and as a result began to experience regard, and as a result began to experience incongruity.incongruity.

Threatening SituationThreatening Situation When there is an incongruity between When there is an incongruity between

your image of yourself, and your your image of yourself, and your immediate experience of yourself.immediate experience of yourself.11

When in threatening situations, we When in threatening situations, we use defenses:use defenses:– Denial-you block out the threatening Denial-you block out the threatening

situationsituation– Perceptual distortion-you reinterpret the Perceptual distortion-you reinterpret the

situation so it appears less threatening situation so it appears less threatening

Simpson’s Perceptual Simpson’s Perceptual DistortionDistortion

In “If I Did It: Confessions of a Killer”, In “If I Did It: Confessions of a Killer”, Simpson claims that Nicole Brown shared Simpson claims that Nicole Brown shared much of the blame for her own death, by much of the blame for her own death, by calling her the enemy and expressing calling her the enemy and expressing anger that she flirted openly with other anger that she flirted openly with other men in front of their children.men in front of their children.66

Ronald Goldman is also partly to blame for Ronald Goldman is also partly to blame for his own death because he got involved his own death because he got involved during Simpson’s altercation with his ex during Simpson’s altercation with his ex wife.wife.66

ConclusionsConclusions Overall, Rogers would see OJ Overall, Rogers would see OJ

Simpson as a psychologically healthy Simpson as a psychologically healthy person. person. – Strives to make the very best of his Strives to make the very best of his

existence and experiencesexistence and experiences– Remains flexible in the face of life’s little Remains flexible in the face of life’s little

and big disastersand big disasters– Criminal acts are only a distortion of his Criminal acts are only a distortion of his

natural tendencynatural tendency

QuestionsQuestions

According to Erikson’s theory which According to Erikson’s theory which stage do you think O.J. Simpson had stage do you think O.J. Simpson had the greatest conflict with? How did the greatest conflict with? How did that alter his ego quality?that alter his ego quality?

According to Rogers’ theory, would According to Rogers’ theory, would you say Simpson has developed a you say Simpson has developed a real self or an ideal self? real self or an ideal self?

ReferencesReferences 1) Boeree, C.G. (1998). 1) Boeree, C.G. (1998). Carl RogersCarl Rogers. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from . Retrieved October 26, 2007 from

http://webspace.ship.edu/chboer/rogers.htmlhttp://webspace.ship.edu/chboer/rogers.html.. 2) (2007). 2) (2007). Carl RogersCarl Rogers. Retrieved October 26, 2004 from . Retrieved October 26, 2004 from

http://psych.eiu.edu/spencer/Rogers.htmlhttp://psych.eiu.edu/spencer/Rogers.html.. 3) Pescitelli, Dagmar. (1996). 3) Pescitelli, Dagmar. (1996). An Analysis of Carl Rogers’ Theory of PersonalityAn Analysis of Carl Rogers’ Theory of Personality. .

Retrieved Retrieved October 26, 2007 from October 26, 2007 from http://pandc.ca/?cat=carl_rogers&page=rogerian_theoryhttp://pandc.ca/?cat=carl_rogers&page=rogerian_theory..

4) (2001). 4) (2001). Carl Rogers’ Self TheoryCarl Rogers’ Self Theory. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from . Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/72.htmlhttp://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/72.html..

5) (2007). 5) (2007). OJ SimpsonOJ Simpson. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from . Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/topic/o-j-simpsonhttp://www.answers.com/topic/o-j-simpson..

6) (2007). 6) (2007). “If I Did It”: The Quasi-Confession of O.J. Simpson“If I Did It”: The Quasi-Confession of O.J. Simpson. Retrieved November 4, . Retrieved November 4, 2007 from 2007 from http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Simpson/ifididit.htmlhttp://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Simpson/ifididit.html

7) Feist, J & Feist G.J. (2006) 7) Feist, J & Feist G.J. (2006) Theories of PersonalityTheories of Personality. New York: McGraw Hill.. New York: McGraw Hill. 8) Harder, A.F. (2002). 8) Harder, A.F. (2002). The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson.The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Retrieved Retrieved

October 26, 2007 October 26, 2007 from http://www.learning from http://www.learning placeonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htmplaceonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htm

9) (2007). 9) (2007). Introduction to Erikson’s 8 StagesIntroduction to Erikson’s 8 Stages. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from . Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/stageint.HTMLhttp://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/stageint.HTML

10) (2007). 10) (2007). OJ Simpson – The Early YearsOJ Simpson – The Early Years. Retrieved October 29, 2007 from . Retrieved October 29, 2007 from http://sports.jrank.org/pages/4446/Simpson-O-J-Early-Years.htmlhttp://sports.jrank.org/pages/4446/Simpson-O-J-Early-Years.html

11) Deutsch, L & Ritter, K. (2007). 11) Deutsch, L & Ritter, K. (2007). FBI Knew of O.J. Simpson Plan in Advance. FBI Knew of O.J. Simpson Plan in Advance. Retrieved Retrieved November 1, 2007 from November 1, 2007 from http://http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gGwO_KHE1hijwbiO-4A8kOXN-vOAD8SM4JSO0ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gGwO_KHE1hijwbiO-4A8kOXN-vOAD8SM4JSO0