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Orbit/Spectrum ITU International

Regulatory Framework

2nd Manfred Lachs Conference Montreal, Canada 29-31 May 2014

ITU in brief Leading United Nations agency for Information and

Communication Technologies (ICTs) Founded on 17 May 1865

193 Member States, > 700 Sector Members , Associates & Academia

750 staff & 100 nationalities

Annual budget = US$180,000,000

4 regional offices, 8 area offices HQ in Geneva, Switzerland

http://www.itu.int

5 Elected Officials

5 Elected Officials

http://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR/publications.aspx?lang=en&parent=R-REG-RR-2012

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Radio & Regulations

Prince Heinrich (Prussia) interoperability claim

1st World War Better radio technology

(e.g., spectrum efficient vacuum tube transmitters)

Beginning & expansion of broadcasting

1906 Radio Conference (Berlin) 1st Radio Regulations; interoperability provision; identification of frequencies; SOS code; International Bureau in Bern

Titanic disaster

1912 Radio Conference (London) Obligatory installation of radio aboard ships & continuous radio watch; new radio services, (e.g, meteorology); new identified frequencies

1927 Radio Conference (Washington)

Allocation of frequency bands (10 kHz - 60 MHz) to defined classes of radio users called “services”; procedures for rights to use of specific radio channels free from interference from stations of other nations; participation of private companies; establishment of a technical committee:

CCIR (Comité Consultatif International pour la Radio)

Spark transmitter phasing-out

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1932 Radio and Telegraph Conference (Madrid) • 80 countries agreed on creation of the

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) which replaced the International Telegraph Union. The new ITU Convention included the following regulations:

• the Telegraph Regulations • the Telephone Regulations • the Radio Regulations

Basic international institutional arrangements for radiocommunications : regular meetings to prepare technical & operational standards, review of Table of Frequency Allocations, collection, recording and publication of telecommunication information by a central Bureau

1932 (unification of ITU)

MARITIME, BROADCASTING, AERONAUTICAL, FIXED, AMATEUR

Radio spectrum

Notification to the Bureau:

rights & recognition

Radio & Regulations

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1938 (Radio expansion)

1947 (Birth of modern ITU)

Radio Conference (Cairo) Allocations to: intercontinental air routes, additional frequency bands to broadcasting, radar and broadcasting developments.

Radiocommunications important for post-war reconstruction and propaganda: expansion and sophistication of radio technology and use.

Radio Conference (Atlantic City) Creation of the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB): members are “custodians of international public trust” (proposed as a kind of international court of justice for disputes on the use radio spectrum); extensive change to the Table of Frequency Allocation (higher frequencies < 10.5 GHz & new services, Regions 1/2/3).

New different approach to spectrum management

Radio & Regulations

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1951

Planning period 1959 1963 1992

Radio Conference (Geneva) Plans for fixed, aeronautical & maritime services.

Development of draft plans for HF & tropical broadcasting, fixed and land mobile. But Plans are only fragments; bulk of bands still used on an unplanned basis!

Radio Conference (Geneva) No more insistence on a-priori allotment plan approach. Table of Frequencies up to 40 GHz. Introduction of the satellite service – EARC-63.

Table of Frequency Allocations

(bands & services)

Planned & unplanned

bands (procedures & standards

Notification & rights +

international recognition

RR

Special ITU Conference merged the CCIR and IFRB to the ITU-R sector directed by a Director of the Bureau

Radio & Regulations

UN Legal Framework

United Nations Outer Space Treaty (1967)

Outer space free for exploitation and use by all states in conformity with international regulations States retain jurisdiction and control over objects they have launched into outer space

States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects

ITU Legal Framework

Instruments (CS, CV, RR, RoPs, Recs)

Principles of use of orbit/spectrum

Allocation of frequency bands

Procedures, Plans, operational measures

Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference EARC-63 to allocate frequency bands

for space radiocommunication purposes First Space Radiocommunication Conference

(Geneva, 1963)

ITU Constitution Article 44 Use of the Radio-Frequency Spectrum and of the GSO-Satellite and other Satellite Orbits

Radio frequencies & satellite orbits are limited natural resources

Rational, Efficient, Economical Use

Equitable Access

Article 45 Harmful Interference

Each Member State is responsible to ensure that the stations licensed by them (CS 198) shall not cause harmful interference to radio services of other member states (CS197)

ITU Constitution

Why is ITU important for Satellite communication ?

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International Legal Framework for Space Services

UN Outer Space instruments

(on space objects)

- free “exploration and use” - non appropriation

under international law

States

- “responsibility” & “licensing”

- “jurisdiction & control”

States

“liable” for damage

ITU Instruments

(on radio frequencies)

- Equitable access and rational use of spectrum under international law

State

- must license transmitting radio stations

- shall not cause harmful interference

No liability clauses

• “The Union shall effect allocation of bands of the radio-frequency spectrum, the allotment of radio frequencies and the registration of radio frequency assignments and, for space services, of any associated orbital position in the geostationary-satellite orbit or any associated characteristics of satellite in other orbits, in order to avoid harmful interference between radio stations of different countries.”

Purpose of the Union

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“To ensure rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services - including those using the geostationary satellite orbit or other satellite orbits - and to carry out studies on radiocommunication matters” (ITU CS 78 & 196)

ITU-R Mission

assistance to administrations

international regulations

global standards

& guidelines

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Rights of access to the spectrum Efficient use of spectrum Operation free from interference Economies of scale Interoperability and roaming Global harmonization Guidelines for national

& regional regulations

GOOD QUALITY AND LESS COSTLY EQUIPMENT MORE FAVORABLE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT (CLEAR & STABLE )

TRANSMITTING

EARTH STATION

RECEIVING

EARTH STATION

GSO

SATELLITES

INTERFERENCE

TERRESTRIAL

STATION

Non-GSO

SATELLITES

Interference

Radio Regulations (RR)

• Laws of physics

• Radio waves do not stop at national borders

• possible between radio stations of different

countries

• This risk is high in Space Radiocommunications

• One of its main purposes - Interference-free

operation of Radiocommunications

Propagation of Radio waves

Intergovernmental Treaty – legal bindings on all Member states, governing the use of spectrum/orbit resources by administrations

Define the rights and obligations of Member

States in respect of the use of these resources

Principles of use of orbit/spectrum

Allocation of frequency bands and services

Procedures and Plans

Updated every 3-4 years by World Radiocommunication Conference, (WRC)

ITU Radio Regulations

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Radio Regulations Mechanisms - 1

Control of Interference

ALLOCATION Frequency separation of

stations of different services

POWER LIMITS PFD to protect TERR

services / EIRP to protect SPACE services / EPFD to protect GSO

from Non-GSO

RECORDING In the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR)

International recognition

COORDINATION between Administrations to

ensure interference-free operations conditions

MONITORING International monitoring

system

• Rights & obligations + applicable procedures

• Two mechanisms of sharing orbit / spectrum

Coordination Approach First come, first served for actual

requirements

Planning Approach Equitable access Plan for

future use

International Recognition Registration in MIFR

Radio Regulations Mechanisms - 2

RR Article 15 - Interferences Infringement of the ITU CV or RR

• All stations are forbidden to carry out unnecessary transmissions, or the transmissions of superfluous signals, or the transmission of false or misleading signals or the transmission of signals without identification. (RR No.15.1)

• The station which is causing harmful interference shall immediatly eliminate this harmful interference

• This assumes a legal link between the transmit station and the administration under the jurisdiction of which it is placed. This is the purpose of the licence (ART18)

RR No. 1.169 Harmful Interference

“Interference which endangers the functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety services or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radiocommunication service operating in accordance with Radio Regulations (CS).”

• No Distinction between

Deliberate/Intentional and

Unintended Interference

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Harmful Interference definition in the ITU RR

Latest ITU Statistics on Interference

Statistics are based on Information and Statements provided by Notifying Administrations to the Bureau

One Case of Harmful Interference Reported to the Bureau may involve several short or long time occurrences.

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Affected Services:

• Fix Satellite Service • Aeronautical Mobile Sat.

Service (R) related to Safety and Regularity of Fights

• Amateur Satellite Service

Affected Freq. Bands:

437 MHz 3-4 / 5-6 GHz 10-14 GHz

UnAuthorized Use 25%

No Coordination 12%

Unnecessary Transmission

50%

Regulatory 0% Technical

13%

Nature of Interference: JAN-APR 2014

Nature of Interference 1. No coordination : It concerns all the cases of harmful interference caused by the operation of non-coordinated frequency assignments

2. Unauthorized use: Accessing transponders without having the required authorization either deliberately or by mistake

3. Unnecessary transmission: Cases of harmful interference as described in RR No. 15.1:

“All stations are forbidden to carry out unnecessary transmissions, or the

transmission of superfluous signals, or the transmission of false or misleading signals…”

In case of space services, typically, it refers to harmful interference caused by a high power CW carrier.

4. Technical: Spurious emissions, excessive transmitting power, transmitting stations that are not in conformity with frequency tolerances, miss-pointing of antennas associated to earth stations, cross-polarization interference, transponder saturation, etc.

5. Regulatory: Out-of-band operations

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Definitions used for HI Statistics Purposes

• Study Groups 4,7,1,WP-4A,WP-4B,WP-4C New REC Access Procedures for FSS GSO Occasional Use development of REC on Carrier ID

• JTG-4-5-6-7 Compatibility Studies between FSS and mobile (IMT) in C Band

•Radiocommunication Assembly -15

•World Radiocommunication Conference-15

•Coordination and Notification of Satellite Networks and Earth Stations in the MIFR

•Application of the Radio Regulations Provides International Recognition and Protection

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ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Measures

• Article 15 and Appendix 10 to RR + ITU-R SM. 2181: To report a case of Harmful Interference to the Radiocommunication Bureau

• ITU Radio Regulatory Board Decisions

From early stages of planning to the final operational phase

Preventive:

Corrective:

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ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Actions -1

ITU can contact not only 45 Administrations responsible for Satellite Networks recorded in the MIFR but also 193 Member States operating Earth Stations under their jurisdiction.

Signature on 17/12/2012 of an ICAO/ITU-MOC for enhanced protection of Civil aircraft reception of RNSS emission

Planning to sign Cooperation Agreements with Monitoring Stations: BR is investigating possibility to use existing monitoring stations of the International Monitoring Systems to perform measurements related to cases of reported Harmful Interference in order to help to their prompt elimination.

Antenna 3

130 MHz-1 GHz

Antenna 1

1.5-2.3 GHz4.3-8.5 GHz

10.7-12.75 GHz

Antenna 2

3.2-4.2 GHz

Antenna4

1-26.5 GHz

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Extension of the International Monitoring System

• Promoting the exchange of experience, cooperation, co-organization and participation in related For a

Providing Assistance to ITU Members

• Development of a New Rec. on Access Procedures for FSS Occasional Use, Transmissions to GSO Space Stations in 4/6 GHz and 11-12/13/14 GHz FSS Bands

Development of a Potential New Recommendation on Carrier ID (Expected to be approved by Q3 2014)

• Development of an International Registry of Interference to Space Services

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ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Actions -2

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WRC-15

Regional preparation

Resolution 72 (Rev.WRC-07)

Coordinated

common proposals Member States

CPM Report

Result of SG activity

Final Acts

Informal Group (Structure & Chairmanship) Proposals

Director’s

Report

Agenda: draft in WRC Res. & final in Council Res.

Radio

Regulations

(CS89)

Conference

Secretariat

WRC-15 preparation

Proposals

Mobile broadband (IMT) PPDR (emergency comms) Amateur service

UAS satellite component FSS in 7-8 GHz, 10-17 GHz MSS 22-26 GHz MSS feeder links in 5 GHz (non-GSO) EESS in 7-8 GHz & extension of 9.3-9.9 GHz ESV regulations SRS in 400 MHz Maritime mobile: on-board comms & AIS Aeronautical mobile: WAIC Radars for ITS in 78 GHz UTC

WRC-15 Space related Agenda

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Orbit/Spectrum ITU International Regulatory

Framework

2nd Manfred Lachs Conference Montreal, Canada 29-31 May 2014

Thank you for your attention !