Exploring Themes in Literature Universal Themes in the Oral Tradition.
ORAL LITERATURE NOTES Visit elimupedia.com for more
Transcript of ORAL LITERATURE NOTES Visit elimupedia.com for more
ORAL
LITERATURE
NOTES
ANDMODELQUESTION
PAPERS
CHAPTERONEABRIEFINTRODUCTION
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Oralliteratureisone of theareastestedinLiterature inEnglishoftheKenyaCertificateofSecondaryEducationExaminations.TheotherareasinthispaperincludeTheNovel,Drama,PoetryandtheShortStory.WhatisOralliterature?Haveyou everimagined whatlifewaslike inthe days ofourgreat–greatgrandfathers?Howdidtheyspendtheirleisuretime?Certainlytheydidnotspendtheirfreetimereadingtheworksoftheirgreatwriters.Thisissimplybecausethey could notread.The civilization ofreading andwriting was stillatitsrudimentarystagesandin somepartsoftheworldthiscivilizationwasunheardof.Booksasweknowthemtodayareamuchrecentinvention.Butarewesuggestingthatsimplybecausetherewerenonovelsorshortstoriesasweknow themtoday,therewerenostoriesorpoemsorotherartisticforms?Farfrom it!From timeimmemorial,man has always told stories.He has alwaysrecitedpoems.Thesestoriesandpoemsareareflectionofhumanityatvariousstageson development.Itisthrough storiesand poemsthatpeopledefinethemselves:whotheyare;whattheybelievein;whattheyvalue;theiroccupations;whattheyeatetc.Sincetheartofwritingwasnotaswidespreadasitistoday,howwerethesestories,poemsandsongspreservedand transmitted?Theywerepreserved inpeople’smemoryandtransmittedbywordofmouth.InadditionAfricansocietiesforinstance,theextendedfamilywouldgatheratthehearth(fireplace)intheeveningaftersupperandspendtimetellingstoriesandposingriddles.Childrenwouldmemoriesthesestoriesandriddlesandwouldsoonstartretellingthemandwhentheygrewup,theywouldhandthemdown totheirchildrenandthecyclewouldcontinue.Thissituationstillobtains inmanysocieties today.Thisespeciallythecaseinmanyruralareaswhereoneislikelytofindcommunitiesthosearelargelyhomogenous.InthesecommunitiesoralliteratureisverymuchaliveA mentionedabove,oralliteratureistransmittedbywordofmouth.Forthisreasonitiscalledoral.As you revise oralliterature,therefore,you should bearin mind thatOralLiteratureisspoken,generallyperformedand oftendramatizedbya skilled performer.Thatmeansthatifyouarereadinganarrativeforinstance,youhavetobearinmindthatthenarrativewasactuallyperformedtoaliveaudienceasopposedtoanovelorashortstorywhoseoriginalformatwasthewrittenform.Youshouldalsoconsiderthatthetargetaudienceforaparticularpieceoforalsharesacommonsocial,culturalandhistoricalbackground.Theycould,forinstancebemembersofaparticularethniccommunityorevenmembersofthesamevillageorclan.
Oralliterature:Amisnomer?Muchoftheconfusionsurroundingthestudyoforalliteraturestemsfrom theverynatureofthenameofthesubject:Oralliterature.OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionarydefinestheword“oral”as“spoken;notwritten:anoralexamination,
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storiespassedonbyoraltradition(i.e.fromonegenerationtothenextwithoutbeingwritten)…Thesamedictionarydefinestheword“literature”as“”writingsthatarevaluedasworksofartespeciallyfiction,drama,andpoetry….”
From thetwodefinitionsabovewearequicktonotethattheterm oralliteraturegeneratesanobviouscontradiction.Thatwhichisoralcannotalsobewrittenatthesame time.Itis becauseofthe contradiction by this term thatmanyscholarshavesuggestedalternativetermstodescribethesubject.Theseincludeverbalart,orature,performedartetc.Ifyouwereaskedtosuggestamoresuitabletermtorefertothesamesubject,whatwouldyouuse?
FeaturesoforalLiteratureThesearefeaturesthatdistinguishoralliteraturefromotherformsofliteraturesuchastheNovelandtheShortStory.
ThespokenwordAsopposedtotheNovel,andtheShortStorywhoserawmaterialsisthewrittenword,OralLiteraturereliesonthespokenword.Narrativesandsongsarepasseddownfrom onegenerationtothenextthroughthespokenwordpreserved inin people’smemoryasopposedtothewrittenwordpreservedin books.Itis onlyaftertheinventionofwriting thatmostoftheoralliteraturepieceshavebeenwrittendownsothattheycanbereadilyavailabletopeopleforstudyandanalysis.
OccasionAsopposedtothe“written”formsofliterature,someoftheoralliteraturepiecescallforSpecificoccasionsto beperformed.Forinstancetherewillbesongsperformedduringmarriageceremonies,funerals,whilesoothingthebaby tosleep,whenworking,beforegoingtowaretc.Inotherformsliteratureforinstancethenovel,theshortstoryordrama,theaspectofoccasionisnotimportant.Forinstanceonecanreadanovelanytime.
PerformanceOralliteraturelivesinperformanceOnecannotforinstance,fullyappreciateaweddingsongunlessitisperformedinordertounderstandandenjoy.Whenoralliteraturepiecesarewrittendown,theaspectsofperformancearelost.
Reasonsforstudyingoralliteratureinschool/importanceoforalliteratureOralliteratureformsanimportantpartofinformaleducationbyteachingpeopletoimprovetheirSelfexpression,Powersofobservationandmemory.Italsosharpenstheir
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WitsandImagination,ItteachespeopleSocialvaluesBehaviourandHowtorelatetotheworldandtoothersItalsoinformspeopleontheircollectivehistoryandculture,Itisalsoarichsourceofentertainment,Ithelpsusappreciatethecultureofothercommunitiesin our countryleading toabetterunderstanding ofthesecultures,whichcouldleadto socialcohesion(unityindiversity).
Someformsoforalliteraturecouldbeusedtomobilizethemassestowardacertaingoal.ThefightagainstHIV/AIDShasbeenlargelyconductedthroughsongs.
TypesoforalliteratureThesearealso calledgenresorformsorevenclassificationsoforalliterature.Theyinclude:1.Oralnarratives2.Songs/oralpoetry3.TheShortForms.)a)Proverbsb)Tonguetwistersc)Riddles
CHAPTERTWO
ORALNARRATIVESThesearefurthercategorized/classifieda.Mythsb.Legendsc.Etiological/explanatorynarrativesd.Tricksternarrativese.MonsternarrativesF Humannarratives
MYTHSa.Amythisastorythatattempttoexplaintheoriginsofaparticularphenomenon.b.Itcouldaccountfortheoriginsofacommunity,orothernaturalphenomena.Amythinvolvesgodsandothersupernaturalbeingsintheirstructure.Communitiestreasurethem becauseoftheirreligiousvalueandastheirofficialaccounthowtheycameintobeing.
ExampleofaMythTHEORIGINOFDEATH(Kalenjin)AccordingtotheKalenjin,thenumberofhuntersintheirlandhadincreasedsomuchthatthewildanimalsWerebeenwipedout.Thesehuntersdecidedtohuntalltheanimalsoftheplain.Onedayoneofthehuntersstoppedtodrinkfromapool.Ashewasdrinkingfrom thepool,henoticedareflectioninthewater.Thereflectionwasverybeautiful.Itwasabirdthatlookedlikeacock.Thefeatherswereverybeautifulbut
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insteadofhavingtwolegsthisbirdhadfour.Theheadwaslargeandhadabluecomb.Thehunterwonderedwhatthisbirdwas.Hehadneverseensuchacreatureinallhislife.Hethoughthewasdreaming.Hefinisheddrinkingwaterandrosetogo,butthenherealizedthatthecreaturewasareality.Thecreaturemovedandwatchedthehunter.Thehunterin turnwatchedthecreature.Certainly the creature wasstrange.The hunterdecided to aim an arrow atit.“Perhapsthemeatoftheunknowncreaturewasverysweet,”hethoughtashereleasedthearrow.Afterthestrangecreaturefelldead,therefollowedrainthatwasheavierthathadeverbeenknownbefore.Therainwasfullofthunderandlightning.Nobodyknowswherethehunterwent.Allthatisknownisthatheneverreturnedtohisfamily.Andfromthatdayofheavyrain,peoplebegantosleepforever.AstheKalenjinsay,thundergotveryangryattheshootingofhisinnocentson,andso hesentheavyrainanddeathaspunishmenttopeople.Beforetheheavyrain,peoplehadsleptandwokenupasusual.Thusthelongsleepknownasdeathwascausedbythehunter’scuriousity.
NoteThisstoryattemptsto explaintheoriginofdeath,animportantphenomenon.Itisdeliveredinaserioustoneandinvolvespowerfulsupernaturalbeing,thunder.
LEGENDSThesearenarrativesaboutmemorablehistoricaleventsandpeople.Eventsheremayincludeinterethnicwars,famines,migrationofpeopleand soon.Some ofthehistoricallysignificantpeoplewhofeatureinlegendsincludewarriorsandgreatchiefssuchasLwandaMagere(Luo),WangombeWaihura(Gikuyu),GorMahia(LUO)etc.Intheprocessofbeingpassedonfrom onegenerationtoanother,legendmayacquireelementsoffantasyasexaggerationsareadded,perhapsasawayofemphasizingthemightofthesubjectofthelegend.AgoodexampleoftheseelementsoffantasyistobefoundinthestoryofLwandaMagerewhoissaidtohavehadabodysohardthatspearsbouncedoffhisbody!
ExampleoflegendTHEARINKON(Maasai)Therewereonceapeopleknownastheilarinkonwho wereownersofthelandthattheMaasaioccupiedaftertheirascentfrom theKerioescarpment.Thesepeoplehadaleaderwhowasamightygiant.Sincehewasverymuchfeared,itwasdeemed wisetoavoid him forfearthatuponthe slightestprovocation;hemightdecidetowipeoutthewholeMaasaipopulation.ButtheArinkonremainedresentfulofthe Maasaioccupation,spreading overtheirland.They sentmessagestellingthemtoleave.ButtheMaasaiwereunwillingtoleavetherichlyendowedcountry,havingjust
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recoveredfromtheformidableascentoftheescarpment.Atthesametime,theywere reluctantto fightpeoplewhose mightthey were unsure of,especiallyhavingobservedsignsofgreatphysicalmightintheirleader.Theyinsteadplayedtricksonthem.Theystartedbybribingthem withgiftsofcattle,sheepandvariousotheritems,withthehopeofbeingpermittedtostayon.ButthesepeopledevelopedahabitofpesteringtheMaasaiwiththeintentionofgettingthem fedup,hopingtomakethemleave,eithertowherevertheyhadcomefromorelsewhere.Oneday,theArinkonchiefsentamessagetotheMaasaisaying,”Wewillletyoustayifyoubringwarmfrothingmilk.”TheMaasaisaid:”Verywell,giveuseightdaysandwewillbringit,”SincetheMaasailivedalongwayoff,themilkwouldwithoutdoubthavecooledbeforetheygottotheArinkonchief.Assoonastheygothome,theMaasaicalledameeting.Closebythemeetingplace,therewasalittleboywhowasherdingcalves.Heheardwhattheelderswerediscussingandsaidtothem:”Fathers,donotworryyourselves,goanddriveawaythatcowwhosecalveisdeadandwhentheenemieshaveassembled,milkquicklyandtakethemilkwhileitisstillfrothing.”TheMaasaiwaiteduntiltheenemyhadassembled,waitingto killthem,notexpectingthem toproducethemilk.Theymilkedthecow andquicklytookthemilk. TheArinkon werestaggeredwithshock.Theyimmediatelyknew thattheymusthavebeentricked.Therulersaid:“Verywell,theyhavebeatenusonthisone.”Hethentoldthem togoandreturnonacertainday.Onthearrangedday,theyreturnedtotheArinkon.WhentheMaasaireturnedtheArinkonrulersaidtothem,“Inowwantyoutobringmeasandalwithhaironbothsides.”TheMaasaiwereinafix,forwhohadeverseenahidewhichishairyonbothsides?Asthensayinggoes,“Abilitiesanddeterminationarenoequal.”TheMaasaisaid,“Verywell.”Backatthesamemeetingplace,theyoungboywasbriefedonwhathadtranspired.Hesaidquickly:“Itisasimplematter,goandfindadonkeyandcutoffoneear,makeasandalandtakeittohim.”Theeldersreplied:“Hehasspokenthetruth.“TheArinkonrulerreceivedthesandalwithgreatconsternationforhehadnotexpectedtheMaasaitoobtainitatall.TherulersaidtotheMaasai,”YoumaynowgobackandwhenIneedsomethingelseIshallsendforyou.”AssoonastheMaasaidepartedtheArinkonheldcounseltofigureoutthemostdifficultitem torequesttheMaasai,sothatfailuretoprocureitwouldleadtoafight.WhentheArinkonchiefnextsentfortheMaasai,hesaidtothem:“Goandfillupaguardandbringthemtomewhentheyarestillhoppingabout.”Theelderswentbackto thecleverboy,who had,bythen been nicknamedc̀leverone’andinformedhimofwhattheyhadbeentold.Whenheheardit,hesaid:”Oh!Fathers,thisisdifficult,butitiseasyatthesame time,butdo notworryyourselvesforwewillfindthem fleas.Takeholdofadonkeyandcutoffsomehairsfrom themaneandcrushinabuffalohorncontainerandputthem inagourd.When you hand the Arinkon the gourd you mustmake sure you facethewindwardside.
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Theeldersdidastheyweredirected andsoondeliveredthe f̀leas’.As theywerehandingoverthegourd,theytilteditsothatthehairswereblownaboutbythewind,creatinganimpressionthatthefleasweredashingabout.“Theregetholdofthem!”theArinkonshouted.Butcouldtheygetholdofthemwhentheyhadalreadydispersed?TheArinkonhadneverbeforebeensoflabbergasted!Anotherdaypassed,andstilltheArinkondidnotknow whattodo withapeoplethatwereprovingtoosmartforthem.TheyagainheldcounselandwhentheynextsummonedtheMalaysia,theirleadersaidtothem:“Iwantyoutobringmeonlytwomorethings.Bringmeametaltoothbrushandfindmeawaythatleadstoheaven.”TheMaasaidrewtheirhandsto theirmouthsin amazement.Theyrequested him to give them threemonthstofindthoseitems.Whentheyreturnedhome,theyheldameetingthatlastedthewholeday.Whenthecleverboywasinformedofwhathadbeenrequested,he said:“Go and bringmea clubandIwillshowyouhowtomakeametaltoothbrush.”Theywentinsearchofit.Severalclubsweretakentotheboy,buteachtimehetriedtouseoneitwouldbreak.Manyclubsgotbroken.Eventually,hesaidtotheelders:“GotoaplacecalledOletukatandgetmeaclubfromtheologol-timtree,whosestemhadbeenbittenoffbytherhinocerosandthewaterhasgonedowntotheroots.”Afteralongsearch,thetreewasfound,uprootedandtakentotheboy.Whenhetriedit,itdidnotbreak.Hesaid.“Now letusgototheArinkonwhereIwilltellyouofthemetaltoothbrush.”Atthefirstflickerofdawn,thepeoplestartedofftotheenemycountry.Theboywasamongtherestwithhisclubtuckedunderhisarmpit.TheyfoundtheArinkonhavinggatheredto receivewhatwasbrought.Themeetingwasopenedwiththeexchangeofnews.Whattheboywasgoingtodowasbynow obvioustotheMaasai.Thefatherofthecleverboystoodupandsaid:Thereheisinacrouchingpositionwiththenotoriousone**whoseshaftisblackand whose organsofsightdetectus.Ifyouarefortheaffirmativeconfirm so wecanfoldtheknee***andapproachabovetheorgansthatisbent****sothatthebrainmaypopoutthroughthenostrils.Ifyouareforthenegativeconfirmsothatwebeataretreat.”The Arinkon did not understand what was said, and started askingthemselves:”Whatarethesepeoplesaying?”Theelderanswered:”Wehavesimplysaidthatwehavebroughtthemetaltoothbrush……”theboystoodupasthoughhewasgoingtohandoverthetoothbrush.HehittheArinkonchiefandtheeyespoppedoutandthebrainoozedoutthroughthenostrils.Whiletheywerebeingbeaten,theArinkonwerebeingtold“Arinkon,here,havewhatyouhavealwayssought.”ThatwaswhentheArinkonracehasalwayssought”originated.**Thespear***Oneoftenhalfkneelsdowninpreparationtospearanobject.****Theear.
EXPLANATORY/AETIOLOGICALNARRATIVESThesearenarrativesthatattempttotracetheoriginsofphysicalandculturaltraits.Theydealwithlessseriousthemesthanmyths.
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Examplesofthesenarrativesinclude:1.Howthezebraacquireditsstripes.2.Whyhensscratchtheground.3.Whytheostrich’sneckislongAsopposedtomyths-Aetiologicalnarrativesdonotinvolvegodsandthesupernaturalworld.-Theydealwithlessimportantissues.-Aregenerallytoldtochildreninanefforttoquenchtheircuriousity.
ExamplesofexplanatorynarrativesWhycatsliketostaybythefireplace(Bukusu)The catwasformallyawildanimalandlivedin the forest.Theforestwastoodangerousforthecatso,seeking protection,itattached itselfto an elephant(whom itthoughtwasthemostpowerfulanimal).Alioncamealongandkilledtheelephant.Thecatthethoughtthatthelionwasafterall,themostpowerfulanimal.Foritsdefence,ithadtomakefriendswiththelion.Thenthehuntercamealongwithhisbow andarrowsandspear.Hekilledthelion,whichhadattemptedtoattackhim.Onhiswayhomethehunterwasfollowed followedbythecat.Whileatthehunter’shomethecatremainedhidinguntilanopportunityshowedupthecat’sdesireforthehunter’sfriendship.Oneevening,aratwhichwasdiscoveredeatingthehunter’smeatwaschasedpastwherethecatwashiding.Thecat,havinganaturalhatredforrats,joinedthechaseandkilledit.Thehunterhadnochoicebuttopersuadethecattoremaininhishouseandkillrats,whichwereathreattohisfood.Thisisnottheendofthestory.Onecoldevening,thehunterwentroundtoafireplacewhosemanagerwashiswife.Alltheordersatthefireplaceweregivenbythehunter’swifeandthehunterhadtoobey.Thecat,watchingthisrelationship,wasquicktonoticethatthehunter’swife was strongerthan thehunterhimself:she orderedhim about.Sothecatdecidedtostayaroundthefireplaceundertheprotectionofthehunter’swife.Anduptothisday,catsliketostaybythefireplace.
THEVULTUREANDTHEHENLongagothehenandthevultureusedtoliveonexcellentterms,helpingeachotheratanytimetheyneededahandtoprocuretheirdomesticnecessities.Oneday,thehenthoughtofborrowingarazorfrom thevultureto shavetheirlittleones.Theshaving wasalreadymuch overdue,butitcouldn’tbehelped,because she had no razor.Andwas depending on the kindness ofherneighbours.Sothehenwenttoseevultureandsaid,”Dearvulture,Ishouldliketoborrow yourrazor;minewaslostmonthsago.Mylittleonesarelookingveryugly,andalsoveryuntidy,withtheirlong,unkempt,overgrownhair.”Thevulturelistenedtothehenwithgreatconcern,afterashortsilence,said,DearhenIcannotrefuseyouthisfavour.Tomorrow perhapsImightneedyourhelpaswell,andwemusthelpeachother.However,youmustrememberonething.Youknow whattherazormeanstome.Ihavenoother incomeexcepttherentofthatrazor;thatistosaytherazorismyfield,whence
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Igetmydailyfood.IdonotintendtoaskyouanyfeeasIdowithothers;butpleasebecarefultoreturnittomeassoonasyouarefinishedwithyourshaving.”“Thankyou,brothervulture,Iquiteunderstandswhatyousay,andIam verygratefultoyou.I’llbringitbacktoyou.”Thehenwasverygadofthefavourandassoonasshearrivedhome,madearrangements to beshaved by anotherwoman.The following morning sheshavedherlittleones,sothatthewholefamilywasnowshininglikethemoon.Theworkover,sheputitinaleatherpurse,whichwashanginginacornerofthehut.Thedayspassedand passedawaylikethewaterunderabridge,butthenhenneverthoughtagainofreturningtherazortothevulture.Sheforgotitcompletely.Thevulturegrew impatient,anddeeplyresentedinhishearttheunkindness,naytheingratitudeofthehen.Pressedbynecessity,hedecidedtopersonallygotothehenanddemandhisrazor.“Ohdearvulture,”saidthenhenwithconfusionandgreatregret,”Forgiveme;Iamsosorryformynegligencereallyintendto returnyourrazorverysoon,butIputitmyleatherpurseandforgotaboutitcompletely.Letmegoandbringit;youw3illhaveitinaminute.”“Yes,Iknowyouareaforgetfulcreature;butlookatthedamageyouhaveme.Youhavedeprivedmeofmysustenanceformanydays.Mindyou,ifyouhavelostit,youwillpayforitandverydearly”,saidthevulture.Thehenrushedintothehousetofetchtherazor.Sheplungedherhandintotheleatherbag,butalas!Itwasempty;therewasnorazorinit.Shewasveryshockedattheunpleasantdiscovery.Shestartedsearchingonthefloortoseeifbyanychanceithaddroppedfromthebag,buttherewasnofindingit.Shelookedunderthechildren’sbed,rearthefire-stones,inthestore;buttherewasnosignofit.Havemercyonme!Iwillsearchbetter;Iam readytodemolishmyhutaltogether,andarchforitdiligentlyuntilIfinditandreturnittoyou.”“Itoldyoutobecareful,andIrepeatitagain;Iwantmyrazorback!Butmindyou,IwanttheveryrazorIgaveyou,andsosubstitute.”Thepoorhenspentalldaysearchingandsearching,butnothingcameto.Shedemolishedherhut,andstartedsearchingintheroofgrass,amongtherubbleofthewalls,betweenthepoles,intheashesandevenintherubbishpit;butnothingwasfound.Thefollowingdaythevulturecametoseetheresultsofthesearching.Hefoundthehenstillscratchingthegroundamongtheheapofdrygrassandoxdung;butnorazorwasyetdiscovered.“Iam verysorrydearhen,”saidthevulture,”butnow Icannotwaitanylongerwithoutcompensationformyrazor.Fortodayyoumustgivemeachick.TomorrowIwillreturnandseewhathashappenedinthemeantime.”Sothevultureflewawaywithachickgrippedwithinitstalonsunderitsbreast.Thefollowingdayhereturnedtothehen.Shewasstillscratchingtheground;butshecouldn’tseetherazor.Anotherchickwentawaywiththevulture.Andthesamethinghappenedinthefollowingdaysuntiltoday.Thatisthereasonwhythehenisalwaysscratchingthe ground,and the vultureswoopingon chickseven inourdays.Thehen isalwayssearchingfortherazor,andthevulturecompensatinghimselfforitsloss.
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TRICKSTERNARRATIVES1.Thesearenarrativesthatusuallyfeatureacharacter(animalorhuman)thatpracticesdeceitonothers.2.Thesestoriesoreoftenthannotareaimedatprovingthatbrainismightierthanbrawn.3.Thisisbecausetheweakercharacter(forinstancethehare)managestotrickabiggeranimal(forinstancetheelephant)andget5soutoftrouble.
ExampleofatricksternarrativeThemonkeyandthecrocodile(Meruversion)Onceuponatimethemonkeyandthecrocodileweregoodfriends.Thecrocodileusedtocometotheriverwhilethemonkeysatonthebranchesoftreesonthebanksoftheriver,andtherethetwofriendswouldspendthewholedaychatting.Thecrocodilewouldtakelonghourstellingthemonkeyinterestingstoriesabouttheworldofwater,andtheanimalsthatlivedintheriver.Themonkeywouldinturntellthecrocodilestoriesabouttheanimalsthatlivedonthedryland.Thefriendshipcontinuedforalongtime.However,onedaytheostrichwarnedthemonkeythatthecrocodilewasacunning,dangerousanimal.”Youwaitandsee.Itwillnotbelongbeforethecrocodilewantstoeatyou,”theostrichtoldthe monkeyashewentonhisway.Thoughthemonkeybegantobecarefulwiththecrocodiletheirfriendshipcontinued.Soonafterthecrocodiletoldhisfriendthathiswifehadanew bornbaby.Andthecrocodilewentontotellthemonkey:“MywifeandIwouldbeveryhappyifyouwouldvisitusandseeournew-bornbaby.“Themonkeywithoutasecondthought,agreedto visitthecrocodileandhiswifethenextday.Itwas arrangedthatthecrocodilewouldmeetthemonkeythenextafternoon,andcarryhimonhisbacktotheislandonwhichthecrocodile’shomewas.Onthenextdaythemonkey,fullofexcitement,wentto meethisfriend.Andhefoundthecrocodilewaitingforhimatthebankoftheriver.Afterexchanginggreetingsthemonkeyjumpedonthecrocodile’sbackandthecrocodilebegantoswim ontothedeepwaters.Theywereinthe middle of the river when the crocodile began to laugh loudly:”Haa……haaa…..haaa…..”.Themonkeywassurprisedforhecouldnotunderstandwhyhisfriendwaslaughing.“Whyareyoulaughing?”heasked.Inawarningvoicethecrocodilesaid,“AtlastIhavecaughtyou!FormonthsIhavelongedtotasteyourheartandIwilldosotoday.”Themonkeywasworried andhebegantothinkhow hewouldescape.Afterashortwhile themonkeytoldthe crocodile:“Whydidn’tyou tellme thatyouwantedtoeatmyheart?Iwouldhavegivenittoyou,butyouareunfortunatebecausemyheartisathome.“Andthemonkeywentontoexplaintothecrocodilethatwhenmonkeysgoonajourneytheyleavetheirheartswiththeirgrandmothers so thatgrandmothers spice and flavourthe hearts.The monkeypersuadedthecrocodilethatifhereallywantedtoeathisheart,heshouldtakehim backtotheshoresoftheriver.“TakemebacktothebanksoftheriverandIwillaskmygrandmothertogiveyoumyheart...”Themonkeypleadedwiththecrocodile.Thecrocodile,withoutthinking,headedbacktothebanksoftheriver.Heswam fastforhebelievedthatthemonkeywouldgivehimhisheart.Withinno
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timetheywereatthebankoftheriver.Themonkeyjumpedfromthecrocodile’sbackontoatreeandhebegantojumpfromonetreeto theother.Whenthemonkeywaswellseatedonabranchonabigtree,hespatatthecrocodileandcursed,“Mayyouandyourwifeandchildrenperish!Andasformyheart,youwillnevertasteit.“And so saying themonkeythrew adead branch atthecrocodile,whichswam backintothedeepwaters.Andthatishowtheirfriendshipended.
DILEMMANARRATIVEThesearestorieswhichshowacharacterorgroupfacedwithtwoormorechoices,usuallyofmoralnature,noneofwhichiseasierto make.Suchastoryismeanttoinitiatecriticaljudgmentanddebateamongtheaudience.AclassicexampleinAfricaisthestoryofagreatdroughtuponwhichtheoracleordainshumansacrificebemade.Thevictim isusuallythemostbeautifulgirlinthevillage.Herfamilyistornbetweenheedingtheoracle’swordanddeclining,whichwouldmeanthatthesocietyperishes.Thereisaconflictbetweentheloveoftheparentsfortheirdaughterandloyaltytothesociety.
MONSTER/OGRENARRATIVESThesearestoriesthatfeaturemafantastic,grotesquecreaturethatisusuallyrepresentativeofevil.Monstersusuallymasqueradeasbeautifulwomenorhandsomemen and usetheirphysicalattractivenesstoluretheirunsuspectingpreysintomarriage.Theirpreys sofullofthemselvesarenotabletoseethroughtheogre’sattractivefaçade.Usuallyitapersonlookeddownuponbythecommunitythatmanagestonoticetheevilnatureoftheogre.Theogreisusuallykilledandallthepeopleandpropertythatithad consumedrecovered.Mostogre narratives teach the audience nottounderestimatetheabilitiesofthosewethinklessendowedthanweare.Theyteachustolookbeyondtheapparent;notallthatglittersisgold.
ExampleofamonsternarrativeTHEGIRLANDHERMOTHERNarratedbyWambuiwaWaambuguAlongtimeago,therewasagirlandhermother.Themotherofthisgirlhadbeensickforalongtime.Whentheoldmenwenttoadivinertogetadiagnosis,theywouldcomebackandsaythattheyhadbeentoldto haveagoatslaughtered.Theywouldslaughterthegoat,eatitbutthemotherwouldnothaveherwoundhealed.Theywouldgo,againandreturntoreportthatthegoatshouldbeslaughtered.Theywouldslaughterthegoat,eatitbutthemotherwouldnotgetherwoundhealed.Onetime,thegirlfollowedthem andhidherself.She,thereforeheardthather
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motherwouldonlybehealedbythewoolthatisfoundbetweenogres,i.e,theirwoolthatgetsblownbythewind.“Now,”shesaid”Iwillgo.Ihadbetterdieandhavemymotherhealed.”Thegirlthentraveledandtraveledandclimbedupamugumotree.Whensheclimbedthemugumotree,sheclimbedhigherandhigheruntilshegottothetopmostpart.Shethengotthewoolthatwasontheogre’smugumotree.Whenshegotit,theogreheardthegirlclimbingdownthetree.Hetoldher:“Iwillcutyoung’weng’weandcutyouagainng’weng’we.”Itistheogrenowtellingthegirl.Andthegirlstartedsingingasfollows:Kamau,ourKamau,meetme,meetme.Iamcomingfromgettingthewool,yesthewoolBetweentheogres,betweentheogresAndthemono-eyedogreisstillbehindmeHesayshewillbiteme.Nowthegirlinonlyracing.Andthesmallogrecalledmono-eyedwasbehindhersaying:Iwillcutyoung’weng’weAndcutyoung’weng’weTheogrewouldthem throwhisknife.Theknifewouldcutofftreebranchesbecausethegirlisstillracing.Thegirlwouldthensing.Kamau,ourKamaumeetme,meetmeIamcomingfromgettingthewool,yesthewoolBetweentheogres,betweentheogresAndthemono-eyedogreisstillbehindmeHesayshewillbiteme.Thegirlisstillrunningandsmallogreisstillfollowinghersaying:Iwillcutyoung’weng’weAndagaincutyoung’weng’we.Nowitwouldthrowtheknife.Theknifewouldcutoffbranchesfromatree.Theogrewantedtoslashthegirl.Andthegirlwouldsing:Kamau,ourKamaumeetmeetme,meetmeIamcomingfrom gettingthewool,betweentheogresAndthemono-eyedogreisstillbehindmeHesayshewillbiteme.Theogrewouldthensing:Iwillcutyoung’weng’weAndagaincutyoung’weng’weThegirlran.Shegotnearherhome,Kamaubeganhearingechoes:Kamau,ourKamau,meet,meetme,andmeetmeIamcomingfromgettingthewool,yesthewoolBetweentheogres,betweentheogresAndthemono-eyedogreisstillbehindmeHesayshewillbiteme.Theogrewouldthensing:Iwillcut,cutyoung’weng’weAndcutyouagainng’weng’weWhenKamauheard,heranandclimbedup atree.Now whentheogrerunningafterthegirlpassedthrough,Kamauspeareditfromupthetree.Theogrewouldpullthespearoutandthrowitaway.Thegirl’sbrotherwouldgetholdofthespearand
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speartheogreagain.Whentheogrewasspearedandslashedwithasworditdied.Thegirlwenthomeandfoundhermother.Sheputwoolinthefire.Themothergainedherconsciousnessandaskedforwatertodrink.Thegirlthenputsomeofthewoolinthewoundandithealed.Sothemotherrecoveredandtheogredied.Thegirlstayedwithhermother.Themotherdidnotdieandthegirldidnotdietoo.
CHAPTERTHREESONGS/ORALPOETRYInAfricansocietiesalmostallcommunalactivitiesareaccompanied bysong anddance.Inmostsocietiestherearesongsforeeverystageandoccasion ofaperson’slife,from thecradletothegrave.Therearesongsatbirth,naming ceremonies,songs,and lullabies,singing games,songsin stories,initiation songs,marriage songs,work songs,warsongs,praise songs,worship ordivinationsongs,andlastlyfuneralsongs.Asopposedto narratives,which areprose,songand recitation areverse.Theydemandthatthecomposershouldarrangehiswordsinsuchawaythattheyshouldsoundperfectespeciallyintermsofrhythm andmelody.Thesetogetherwiththemeaningofthewordsenablethepoetorthesingertoexpresshisfeelingswiththestrongestimpactpossible.Wedistinguish between recitation and song mainlyon thebasisofmusicalcomplexity.Normally,musicalfeatureswillbemorepronouncedinsongthaninrecitation.
CLASSIFICATIONOFSONGS/POETRYTheclassificationusedinthishandbookisbasedonthefunctionsservedbysongsinquestion
RELIGIOUSPOETRYThesearesongsandpoemsperformedduringreligiousoccasionorforspiritualpurposes(prayer,incantations,andinvocations.)
ExamplePrayerbyaMulembwewomanafterachild’sbirth,recordedinCongoGodalmightycreator,GodMbuuwaMukunguaKinyama,Createdtrees,createdpeople,createdallcountries,CreatedtheBeen’EkiiyeofKalanda,createdtheBeenaandBaaMilembe,Createdthewhitewithwhitish,CreatedtheLomami,createdtheLuambaKasseya(tworivers),Createdthelandwherethesunrises,CreatedthefishatMaengye,Createdtheeldestandtheyoungestofthetwin,Createdthequidewholeads(childthatopensthewomb),Createdtheeatableandtheuneatableants.God,thouarttheLord,
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Whocomethintheroarofthewhirlwind,Outofyourdwellingplacefromwherethesunrises.Godcreator,thouartfatherandthoughartmother.OhGodIshouldn’toffendyouasifyouwereman;ThereisnogratitudeforwhatGodbestowsupontheeAlthoughhegivesyouawifewhogrindsmaize,awomanisabasket(I.e.sheleavesherfamilyinmarriage),Amanisarefuge,whenrainfallsImayenter(i.e.amanremainsinthevillageandmaybeaconsolationforhisparents).Godifhehasn’tgivenyougift,He’llrememberwhenyoupraisehim,HonourHimandyouarriveatMusengyeoftheMulobwe.Everyoneisn’tawelcomeguest,onlyachildisastrangerwhocomesquitenewinourmidst.Oheldestandyoungestofatwin,onlyachildiswelcomeasastranger.Friendgoodday,friendgoodday!
DIRGESThesearesongssung during funeralceremonies.Theyaresung during theactualburialandduringremembrancesorotherpost-burialceremonies.Dirgesrevealthecommunity’sattitudetowardsdeath.Theyalsoservetoconsolethebereaved,singpraisestothedeceasedandasalamentationtowardsdeathfortakingawaylovedones.
Example1PrayerbeforethedeadbodyThegatesoftheunderworldareclosed.Closedarethegates.ThespiritsofthedeadarethrongingtogetherLikeswarmingmosquitoesintheevening,Likeswarmingmosquitoes.Likeswarmsofmosquitoesdancingintheevening,Whenthenighthasturnedblack,entirelyblack,Whenthesunhassunk,hassunkbelow,WhenthenighthasturnedblackThemosquitoesareswarmingLikewhirlingleavesDeadleavesinthewind.Deadleavesinthewind,TheywaitforhimwhowillcomeForhimwhowillcomeandwillsay:“Come”totheoneand“go”totheotherAndGodwillbewithhischildren.AndGodwillbewithhischildren.(Namibia)
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(Source:UlliBeier(Ed).Africapoetry,Universitypress:Cambridge,1966)Thereisnoneedlewithoutpiecingpoint.Thereisnorazorwithouttrenchantblade.Deathcomestousinmanyforms.Withourfeetwewalkthegoat’searth.WithourhandswetouchGod’ssky.Somefuturedayintheheatofnoon,Ishallbecarriedshoulderhigh.Throughthevillageofthedead,WhenIdie,don’tburryunderforesttrees,Ifearthorns.Burymeunderthegreatshadetreeinthemarket,IwanttohearthedrumsbeatingIwanttofeelthedancers’feet.(Anonymous)(Source:UlliBeirer(Ed),AfricanPoetry,Universitypress:Cambridge,1966).
WARPOETRYTherearepoemsperformedbywarriorsduringawarevent.Thiscouldbesungasapreparationtowar,inordertoboostthemoraleofthewarriors.Theycouldalsobesungafterabattleasthewarriorscomebackhomevictorious.Warsongscouldalso besung in theabsenceofwarinorderto reinforcethemilitarymightofaparticularcommunity.Warpoemsalsoexpressthegeneralvaluesrelatingtowar.
Example:Fightnow!Comeandfightnow!Slaythem!We’llbrandishspears!StraightforthdothspeedyourarrowTremble!Yes!Theytremble!Whenwedrawnear,Andfarthey’llfleeasweapproachthem!Sharpenkeenyoyoarrows!BraveheadsupraisedandshoutingLoudlyyourdefianceAlltheyopposeus.QuicklyourspearsShallpiercetheirbreasts.Theywillbescattered
WORKPOETRYTherearepoemsthataccompanyrhythmicwork.Thiswouldincludechoressuchas
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paddling.Threshing,diggingorhauling.Inrecenttimesworkpoemshavealsobeeobservedamongroadworkers,minersandboulders.
Example:PoundingsongAtKitilisthereareherdsmen,bothboysandgirls,Therearegoatsandlambsandcattle:Mwesya,doInotcallyouinmypoverty?Ihavenofamily,Ihavenomother,Ihavenorelativestocallupon.Death,Iwillnotgivehim foodorwaterSeeinghehasdeniedmemyfatherandmyfamily.E!Grinding!Musyoka,Ihavenofamily,Ihavenomother,ThemotherofmysisterVika,LonzaandLinda;HowforlornIam!DidIcallyou?IdonotsharethesleepingmatwithLonza.HowforlornIam,Ihavenothingofmyown!
(source:JackMapanjeandLandegWhite.OralpoetryfromAfrica,Longman:NewYork,1983.)
LOVEPOETRYThesearepoemsaddressedtoabelovedmanorwomaninthehopeofmarriage.Theycouldalsobepoemsonfrustratedlove,orsongsinpraiseofalovedone.
ExampleWhencouldthypraisesbesung,Oloiltibili?ForthisscorchingsummerheatpreventsitThey7cannotbesunga5tmiddayForthesunweakensthecattle.TheycannotbesungatsunsetO,whenthesungetstothatpoint(Pointingtothepotionofthesunabout9a.m)Praisesofhewiththescarletonewillbesung.IdevelopedadmirationforhimNotatthedrinkinghall.IhavestoredtheloveofmyloveSinceIwasjustalittlegirl.IhavestoreditatthegallbladderTonurtureitdaybyday.Idarednotstorethispreciousloveofmylove
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Atthehead,forthemindaboundswithchanges.IthasedgedbetweenthefingersandthepalmAswellasthespleenandtheliver.TheloveofmylovehasgonedownTowheretheinfantslie.IstoreitwheretheinfantsarecarriedTokeepitgrowingdaybydaybyday.HethatdetestsmylovingthewarriorsFindonetoughloathingtodo.ScrapetheroadwithyourbuttocksUntilyouhavereachedNairobi.PutthehyenaatthesheeppenAswellastheslimbeast(cheetah)IfbymorningthesheeparesafeIwillgiveupthebrotherofTalashThenyoucanbleedthewhitenosedone(donkey)Topurgemefromthelonghairedone.(Kenya)(Source:NaomiKupury,Oralliterature of the Maasai,EastAfrican EducationPublishers:Nairobi,1983)
LULLABIESThesearesongssungprincipallytoputthebabytosleep.TheyaresunginthesofttuneThatenhancestheirsoporific effect.Theyemploysimple language;one thatchildrencaneasily identify with.Lullabies may also employ onomatopoeicwordsespeciallydesignedatensuringrhythm.Attime nurses maysing lullabies expressing theirattitudetowardstothemotherofthechildrentheyhavebeenleftinchargeof(seeexamplebelow)
BunyorolullabyHa!ThatmotherwhotakesherfoodaloneHa!ThatmotherbeforeshehaseatenHa!Thatmothershesays,”Lullthebabyforme.”Ha!Thatmother,whenshehasfinishedeating,Ha!Thatmothershesays,”Givethechildtome!”
HUNTINGPOETRYThesearesongssungbyhuntersontheirwaytoorfrom hunting.Theycouldalsobesungtoexpress disappointmentathaving failed to catch any game .Below is anexampleofahuntingsongperformedafterahippopotamushasbeenkilled:
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Chopit,chopit,Dotakeitandchopit;Dotakeitandchopityourself.Chipishya,bringtheboat.Haveyoukilledithunter?Chishyabringtheboat,Chipishyabringtheboat,Haveyoukilledithunter?
CHAINSONGSInchainsongseverysuccessivelineisderivedfromtheformer.ExampleOharcherOhArcher,OhArcher,Let’sshootateachother,let’sshootateachotherAndifyoushootmeandifyoushootme;Iwillhaveagoatslaughteredforyou.Iwillhaveagoatslaughteredforyou.Andthemeatandthemeat,Willbegiventotheblacksmith,willbegiventotheblacksmith,Andtheblacksmithandtheblacksmith,Willhavekniveswillhaveknives.Andtheknivesandtheknives,Willpiercetheheavenswillpiercetheheavens.Andtheheavenandtheheavens,Willsenddownrainwillsenddownrains.Andtherainsandtherains,Willmakethegrassgrowwillmakethegrassgrow.Andthegrassandthegrass.Willfattentheheiferwillfattentheheifer,Andtheheiferandtheheifer,Willbuyawifewillbuyawife,Andthewifeandthewife,WillpreparegruelwillpreparegruelAndthegruelandthegruel,Wewillgulpitwewillgulpit
WEDDINGSONGSThoughmanyweddingsongscapturethejoyassociatedwithweddingceremonies,manysongsexpresssorrow atthethoughtofleavingthefamiliarhomeforanuncertainfuture.Otherweddingsongssingpraisestothebride,thegroomandtheirparents.ExampleWeddingsong(from
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IisukaofwesternKenya)Itishard,Aloo,It’shardtoleaveyourhomeTogotoanother.It’shardtocallanotherYourmother.Fatherwaseducated,atKorotisAndisaclerkIhaveseentheclerk.Ihaveseentheclerk,Mamawaseducatedat“Chipyesi)(GBS:GirlsBoardingSchool)Andisanurse,MamawantedMamawantedherchildtobeaNurseWeedthegardenoffruitsWeedmama’sgardenoffruitsThattheycontinuetoyield.Aloo!Haa!Haa!
CHILDREN”SPLAYSONGSThesearesongsperformed bychildrenatplay.Thefollowing songissungbytwogroupsofchildren(markedAandBrespectively)inturns.Thechildrenjointheirhandstoform thecircleandswingtheirhandsastheysing.A:WatatawatiririourhouseisexcellentB:WatatawatiririitcannotbetbetterthanoursA:WatatawaTiririWhatisyoursmadeof?B:WatatawatiririoursismadeofstoneAWatatawatiririoursismadeoftimberB:WatatawatiririgiveusonepersonA:Watatawatiririwhomdoyouliketohave?B:WatatawatiririwewouldlikeKariukiA:WatatawatiririKariukiwhydon’tyougo?AtthispointtheboynamedKariukimovesfrom hisgroupandjoinstheothergrouptheotherteam beginsthesongagainandbytheendofthesessionthetwogroupswouldhaveexchangedmanyoftheirmembers.
SATIRICALSONGSThesearesongsthatcriticizehumanfolly.Theyaimatcastigatingthosewhodonotliveuptotheexpectationsofthesocietyandalsotodiscouragetherestfrom engagingin similaractivities orbehaviour. In mostcases such songs make use of
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hyperboleaimedatemphasizingonthewrongdone.
Example1Me-mrundeeehshestoleShestoleahen,shereallystoleeeh.
RefrainShestoleasheep,nodoubtshestoleShestoleawalkingstick,nodoubtshestoleShestoleapot,nodoubtshestole.Me-mrundeeeh,shereallystoleeehShestoleclothes,shereallystoleeeh.
RefrainMe-mrunde,shereallystoleeeh.Shestoleacat,shereallystoleeeh.
Example2THELAZYMANWhenthecockcrows,Thelazymansmackshislipsandsays:Soitisdaylightagain,isit?Andbeforeheevenstretcheshimself,BeforeheevenyawnsThefarmershasreachedthefarm,Thewatercarriershavearrivedattheriver,Thespinnersarespinningtheircotton,TheweaverworksonhisclothAndthefireblazesintheblacksmith’shutThelazyoneknowswherethesoupissweetHegoesfromhousetohouse.Ifthereisnosacrificetoday,Hisbreastbonewillstickout!Butwhenheseestheyam,Hestartstounbuttonhisshirt,Hemovesclosetothecelebrant.Yethistroublesarenotfew.Whenhiswivesreachpuberty,Richmenwillhelphim marrythem.(Nigeria)(Source:UlliBeier(ed).Africanpoetry,CambridgeUniversityPress,1966)
INITIATION/CIRCUMCISIONSONGSThesearesungduringcircumcisionorotherritesofpassage.
Example
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AKipsigisinitiationsongWetellyouwearegoing,Wemendon’tmockuswomen.WetellyoucircumcisionispainfulButyoucan’tdie.WetellyousteponthegrassWhileitfallsdown.SowetellyouchildrenThosegoforcircumcisionlikeEuropeansWhogotothe3irweddingcalmlyprepared.WetellyouStayfirmlikeastoneWeshallbehappyafteryourcircumcisionEventhosewho,arepassing,evenBrothers.WetellyouIsaythanksuntilwemeet.Seeyoufather,seeyoumotherandRelativeTillwemeet.
PANEGYRICPOETRYThesearealso referredtom aspraisesongs/poetry.Theyare sungto0praise apersonaclan,oracommunity.Praisepoetrymakesuseofimagerysuchassimiles,metaphors,andsymbolism.Hyperboleisalsooftenemployed.
ExampleTheboastofthegoodfarmerIhaveploughedandIhavesweated,AndnowIamenjoyingmycrops,myfriends,Likethebushbuckwhichusesitstailtopushrice-plantsintoitsmouthAsasignofitscontentment.Godfarmingwinsrespect,myfriends.WhereIdrinkbeernowIdrinktomyheart’scontent:WhenIeatmyfoodIeatwithasettledhearts,LikeourlittlefriendthefishThismakeswhitesoupforus,WhichplaysinitspoolalldayWithoutanythingtotroubleitsheart.Afarmerisaking:Eventhewizardpayshomagetoyou.Farmingbringshonourmyfriends:Youneednottoilyourfeettobegatthehomesofjuniormen.Youseemeinmyprosperitytoday
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BecauseduringtherainsIamthefriendofthemud:Rather,Iattackthesoilwithmyspecialfriend,thehoe.Fancynotcultivating!Fancynothoeing!Fancynotcultivating!Takethelittlehoeandbreakthesoil!ThedaywhenIkilledthepartridge,Whenthechild’smotherhadgonetothefield,Theporridgeranintomymouthlikelightning,Takethelittlehoe,weedthesoil!(Zimbabwe)(Source:JackMapanjeandLandegWhite,OralPoetryfrom Africa,Longman:NewYork,1983)
POLITICALSONGSOralliteratureplaysasignificant6roleinraisingpoliticalawarenessofpeople.Italsoactsasavehicleforsocialprotest.Thisisdoneespeciallythroughsongs.Politicalsongscanbedividedinto:(a)Songsofsocialprotest.(b)Songsforcreatingpoliticalawareness©Songsforcreatingpoliticalconformity.
ExampleSerikaliyaNyanyoNiyamaendeleoFuataNyayomwenzangu,HatutakimatataKamawewewatakaKuletamatataKenya,TafutaKenyayakoHatutakiporojoRaisamesemaAtawalindawatoto,JiungenasiiwenzanguHatutakiporojo!
CHAPTERFOURSHORTFORMSThesearegenresoforalliteraturecharacterizedbytheirbrevityandtheircompactness.Theareutteredinonebreathasopposedtonarratives,songsorrecitation,whichmaytakeseveralminutestoperform.Shortformsinclude:(a)Proverbs(b)riddles©Tonguetwisters
Characteristicsoftheshortforms
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Thesearecharacteristicsthatdistinguishshortformsfrom oralliterature.Theyincludethefollowing:(a) Invariability:Theyappear inthefixedpatternandthereisverylittlescopeforimprovisation.(b)Compactness:Theyarebriefandcompressed.(c)Word play;they heavily depend on word arrangementand word play,includinguseoffigurativelanguageincludingmetaphors,similespersonificationandotherimages.(d)Informality:unlikenarrativesandsongs,whichcallforparticularformalsettingfortheirrealization,the short forms (except riddles) are most frequentlyincorporatedintoordinaryconversationandperformedinintimateandinformalsituations.
PROVERBSWhatisaproverb?Aproverbcanbedefinedasaterse,pitystatementcontainingfolkwisdom
Proverbsareconsideredtobethemarkofadultwisdomandexperienceitisnowonderthatthemostprofound discussions and pieces ofadvice in manycommunitiesareconductedanddeliveredinproverbs.Inmosttraditionalsocieties,disputesandjudicialdecisionswerecarriedoutinproverbs.Proverbsareaproductoftheexperiencesofthepeople,experiencessomeofwhich havebeenlearned thehard way.Proverbsthereforerevealwhatpeopleadore,andwhattheydespise.Astudyoftheproverbsofacertaincommunitywillthereforehelpusappreciatethecommunity’sbeliefs,attitudesandpointsofview.
Characteristicsofproverbs(a)Proverbsareshortandtothepoint
(b)Proverbsrevealapeople’swisdom,andphilosophyoflife.Proverbscallourattentiontothegeneralrealityaroundus.Themessageorwisdom oftheproverbisthecollectivepropertyofthesocietyinwhichitisused.Itisraretoknow themakerofaparticularproverb.Proverbsonlymakesensewhentheydirectlyappliedtospecificsituationsorproblems.Thevalueofaproverbthereforeliesinitsapplicabilitytoaconcretesituation,howitassessesitand possiblysuggestsasolution to it.Oftenwefindproverbsthatcabeappliedtodifferentsituationswithdifferentinterpretations.Thismayexplaintheexistenceofproverbswhichatfirst,appeartocontradicteachother.E.g.Bellshouldbemanytomakeasound&Ahoardofratsdoesnotdigitselfahole.Proverbsshould thereforebeinterpreted incontext.A scholarwho dealswithproverbsoutofcontextshouldalwaystryasapartofhisinterpretation,tor
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econstructthesituationinwhichtheproverbwouldbeapplied.Aproverbisakindofconversation shorthand.The meaning ofa proverb is usuallyHiddenandalwayshastobeworkedout.
(c)Proverbsappearinfixedpatternsnearlyallthetimeandthereislimitedscopeonthepartoftheperformer.
(d)Proverbsaresayingsthathavebeenacceptedbyandthereforepartofthesociety.
(e)Proverbsdraw theirmaterialandimagesfrom aparticularenvironmentorsociety.Henceproverbsfrom themaasaiforexample,willdifferintheiruseofimagesfrom thoseoftheLuhyaeventhoughthemaybecommunicatingthesamemessage.
ClassificationofproverbsProverbsmaybeclassifiedintothefollowingcategories:Proverbsonfate.CautionaryproverbsProverbsongreedandselfishnessProverbswarningonprideandarroganceProverbsoncommunallifeProverbsasembellishmenttospeech/communicationProverbsonauthorityProverbsoncooperationNarrativeproverbs:thosethatthatservetoreinforcewhatthethecommunityconsiderstobedesirablepatternofbehaviour.Reflectiveproverbs:thosethatmirrorthecommunity’sattitudes,thoughtprocessesandworld-view.Summativeproverbs:thosethatarelongerdrawanalogiesbetweenphenomenaandconsistoftwoparts.
FUNCTIONSOFPROVERBSAchebeinThingsfallApartsays“Proverbsarethepalm winewithwhichwordsareeaten.”TheYorubahave ametaphorto the effectthat proverbs are the horses ofcommunication.Thesetwosayingspointoutthoseproverbsarefacilitatorsofverbalcommunication.Proverbsserveseveralsocialfunctions.Theseinclude:
ReflectiveproverbsTheseareproverbsthatexpresstestedtruths.Thesetruthshavebeenarrived atthroughreflectionsofman’sthoughts.Dherariembawuongonyiedhotangiyooko(Luo)Thecustodianofaloanedcowmilksitwhilelookingout.Eiuoltung’aniosuujnaaolanya(Maasai)Aman’ssonmaybeacowardbutheisstillhisson.
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Ogwang’thonewadgi(luo)Amongoosediesinsteadofhisbrother.Achiefislikedustheapwhereeveryonecomeswithrubbish.Wealthisdew.Heisripeinsidelikeawatermelon.
CautionThingociimatu(Gikuyu)WallshaveearsVutulevumanyimwamidave(Luhya)SlipperinessknowsnokingAhuruokkoudheiro(Luo)Thedoveisneverbackbitteninsmoke.Mpandangaziushuka(Kiswahili)Hewhogoesuptheladdereventuallycomesdown.
CounselIfyouarepatientyouwillseetheeyesofthesnail.Eitomisimisiiropetailoweni(Maasai)Corruptgiftsdarkenthehandsofthewise.Ngirepelakwarotwakechengjiket(Nandi)Ifyoutakeaknifefromachild,givehimaspieceofstickinstead.Kipodinepikikiyanynyang!Donotabusethecrocodilewhileyouarestillinwater.
WarningMuginimutaareHeiswisewhohaslistenedtoadvice(neversayyouwerenotwarned).AsiyefunzwanamamayeufunzwanaulimwenguHewhodoesnotheedhismotherscounselwillbetaughtbytheworld(thehardway)Onewhoexcretesontheroadwillfindflieswhenhecomesback.(Everyactionhasconsequences)ConsolationGuturimuthenyaukiaganaungiNodaydawnswithanother;everydayhasitsjoysandpains.BaadadhikifarajaAftersorrowthereisjoy.
NormativeproverbsTheseareproverbsthatprescribethemodeofbehaviourexpectedofaperson
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inaparticularsociety.-Thesatisfiedchildhasburnedthegranary.-Kinshipiskinship.
SummativeproverbsTheseareproverbsthatareusedto summarizeasituation.Whilegivingadvice,insteadoftellingapersonthatifhecontinuesinhisbelligerencehemightendupbeinghurt.Onecansimplyusetheproverb:“Astrongman’sheadisfullofscars.”Tosummarizethelesson.
ProverbsusedasembellishmenttospeechOftentimesproverbsareusedtomaketheartofconversationmorebeautiful.
STYLEINPROVERBSProverbslikeotherformsoforalliteraturecanbeanalysedintermsofstyle.
AlliterationJaberjauloAllthatglittersisnotgold.HasirahasaraAngerbringslossLiandikwalondiloliwaloWhatiswrittencannotbechanged.Chemachajiuza,kibayachajitembeza.Goodqualitygoodsneednoadvertising,badmerchandisedoes.
AssonanceKurriukuuutatumwatawanyunguTherearethingslikeearthenpotwhichifbrokencannotberepaired.AlidhaniyeamesimamaaangalieasiangukeHewhothinksishighupshouldbecarefullesthefallsover.IdiophoneBandubanduhuishagogoChipchip!Finishesthelog.Churururu-sindo!ndo!ndo!Agushisnotthesameasadrip.
RepetitionWatenwatKinshipiskinshipHarakakarakahainabarakaHurryhurryhasnoblessings.Chovyachovyayamalizabuyulaasali
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Constantdippingwillemptyagourdofhoney.
AllusionCiakorewacumugunda(ThefoodfoundWacuinthegarden.TheproverballudestoastoryattributedtotheoraltraditionoftheAgikuyuinwhichwefindacharactercalledWacu.Wac.,isdespisedbyherhusband.Once,sheissenttotheshambasothatthehusbandcouldholdafeastforhisfavouredwifeathome.Thechoicemeatbeingroastedbythehusbandissnatchedbyahawk.ThehawkcoincidentalydropsthemeatinWacu’sgrden.Wacubenefitsfrom whatwasdeniedher.Thisproverbisusedtoencouragehardwork.The meatdidnotfind herathomebutin the shamba.Italsowarnsagainstmistreatingothersasgodhasawayoftakingcareofthem.
MetaphorWealthisdew.KukamwonikuraTobepraisedistobelost.(Onemightallow thepraisestogetintohisheadandmighteventuallyturnoutworse)MugeniniRuwiAguestisariver.(Weshouldbehospitabletoguestssincetheywillbewithusforonlyawhile).SimileHeisripeinsidelikeawatermelon.(Awater-melonlooksraw from theoutsidebutripefromtheinside.Attimesjustlikewater-melon,itisdifficulttotellwhatisinthemindofaperson.Afoolislikeabeehive.(Potentialfordanger)
PersonificationKanuaweiire!Mouthyouateyourself!TheworminthecattleKraalsays:Iamanox.”Themouththatatethegrainisthesameonethatasks,”Whatshallweeat?”Enekethebirdsays,”Sincemenhavelearnedtoshootwithoutmissingtheirtarget,Ihavelearnedtoflywithoutperchingonatwig”
Hyperbole-Youwillnotseetheelephantmovingon yourownheadonlythelousemoving onanother’s.-Hewhowaitstoseeacrabblinkwillwaitlongalongtheshore.(Yoruba)-Ifyouarepatientyouwillseetheeyesofasnail.
Humour
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UthuriwaGitongandununganga-Thefartofarichmandoesnotstink.Nyathimioroemachiethneduong.-Itisthechildthatrunserrandsthathasbiggerexcrement.-Apersonwhoneversawthemotherinheryouthmightsaythefatherwastedhisdowry.
ExamplesofproverbsLuoproverbs1.Theharemightbesmallbutitbegetstwins2.Itiswithalightbasketthattheownerelidestherain.(Youaretoblameforselfimposedburdens).3.Thedrum isheavieronthereturnjourney.4.Nowyouareoil-shinny;mayyouonedaybedry!5.EvenFulusendTilapia.(Fuluisatypeoffishsmallerthantilapia.Theproverbstressesthenecessityofco-existencebetweenthemightyandthelessmighty).6.Amightymanisnevergreeted.(Hemayunderstandthegreetingtobeaninvasion)7.it’sonlyamadmanwhoshaveshisownhair.8.Thedetractorhas holesinthebuttocks.(Thereference to buttockshereisnotliteral.Ratheritreferstotrousers.Thedetractorsspendlonghourssittingtodefamehisvictims.Thisoversettingleavesitsmarksonthebuttocksandthetrousers.)9.Thebeautifulone’sgardenissmall.10.Themediatorhastwomouths.11.Thegossipneverages.12.Donotabusethecrocodilewhilestillinwater.13Theelephantisbackbittenonceithasturneditsback.14Theflythatlovesyouistheonethatperchesonyou.15Itishewhoeatswithablindmanthatknowsthedelicacyofthefat16.Hewhohasachilddoesnotsleepinthewilderness.17.Sleepissostrongthatitevenovercomesthelunatic.18Tyhesatisfiedchildhasburnedthegranary.19.Thesameplateyouhaveservedinisthesameplatethatwillbeusedtoserveyou.20.Thebeastsstaysinthesugarplantationbutdoesnotknowthesweetnessofthesugarcane21.Eventhoughtheantistinyitcannotberobbedofitstermites.
Gikuyuproverbs1.Amanispoornotbecausehescornspossessionsbutbecausehepossessesnothing2.Eatingtoomuchleavesyouwithaswollenstomach.3.Aslaughterhouseisnotwithoutalittleblood.4.Onthewaytoone’sbelovedtherearenohills.
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5.Aparentdoesnotmindherchild’smucous6.Thescentofroastedmeatbrokethehyena’sleg.7.Hewhostealswithaboywillliveinfearuntiltheboyiscircumcised.8.Hewhostealswithawomanwillliveinfearuntilthewomandies.9.Thewomanwhohasasoredancesontheoutskirts.10.Bothhethatchasesandhethatischasedbecometired.11.Youdonotseekinformationfromahungryman.12.Anotherman’sornamenttirestheneck.13.Fromthesamewombcomeathiefandawitch.14.Onewhocannotjumpclaimsthatthefieldisstony15.Thetoothlaughsatthesightofaspear.16.Onewhonevertravelsthinksthatitisonlyhismotherwhoisagoodcook.17.Thereisnodifferencebetweengrowingoldandliving.18.Thepottermayusepiecesofapotforhercooking.19.Therestlessmongoosemissestheslaughteringceremony20.Afool’sstaffisusedbythewisemantosupporthisownwalk.21.Thewarriormaybetrippedbyamaizecomb.22.Adisunitedbattalionisbeatenwithoneclub.23.Heiscleverwhohaslistenedtoadvice.24.Toomuchsharpnesscutsthesharpener.25.Nobarbershaveshimself.Yorubaproverbs1.Onewhowantstodrinkporridgewillplaywiththechildwhosemotherispreparingit.2.Thestrongman’sheadisfullofscars.3.Letmetaste,letmetastefinishestheseeds.4.Notalleggslaidinthedryseasonhatchesout.5.Themonkeylaughsatthelongtailoftheoneinfrontofit.
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6.Thesweetnessofstolenthingsshouts.7.Hewhocomeslastdrinksmuddywater.8.Hewhohasdiarrheaknowsthedirectionofthedoorwithoutbeingtold.9.Bystumblingonit,thestumphaspushedforwardtherunner.10.Aratbitesandsoothsyouatthesametime.
Kalenjinproverbs1.Whilewaitingtoeattheheadofabull,wecontinueeatingtheheadofagrasshopper.2.Wedonotlookafteroutcropsuntiltheyhavebeeneatenbymonkeys.3.Ahyenacannotsmellitsownstench.4.Anelephantisbigyetitdoesnotgivebirthtotwins5.Weblindfoldacowwhenmilkingit.6.Acow’shornsdonotkillitcalf.7.Wedonotannoythemidwiveswhenwearestillbearingchildren.8.Nobodycanuseanother’steethtosmile.
Luhyiaproverbs1.Whereyouareguest,breakfastisnotright.2.Whateveratethedogsatethebelltoo.3.Whateveryoudenyandoldmanhemaywellhaveeatenitbefore.4.Whateveryoudenyachildhemaygrowtoeatit.5.Whatyouhide,youmayeatwithrats.6.Apersonwhoisfeelingcolddoesnotneedtobeshownthefire.7.Thatwhichrunsaloneclaimstobeagoodrunner.8.Thehenthatscratchesthegroundmayfindsomethingtoeat.9.Ifyoueatmushrooms,youaresureto,eatmaggots.10.Whenacleanpersonbreaksthewind,peopleoftenblamethedirtyperson.Intheirmidst.11.Hewhowaitsforhisdishtocoolsharesitwithvisitors.12.Abride’seyespretendnottohaveseen.13.Thepersonwhocannotclimbatreeeatstherawfruitsnearertheground.
Additionalproverbs1.Wealthisdew.2.Kingshipisdew.3.Tomarryistoputasnakeintoone’shandbag.4.Familynamesarelikeflowers:theyblossominclusters.5.Awifeislikeablanket;whenyoucoveryourselfwithit;itirritatesyou,whenyoucastnitasideyoufeelcold.6.Heisripeinsidelikeawatermelon.(Describesapersonwhohascometoaresolutionwithoutmakingitpublic).7.Theworminthekraalsays,”Iam anox”.8.Noflycatchesforanother.9.Themakerofasongdoesnotspoilit.
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10.Metalthatisalreadyweldedtogether,howonecanunweldit.11.Themanwiththedeepesteyescannotseethemoonuntilitisfifteendaysold.12.Heatefoodanditkilledhim.13.Thewon’t–be–oldmanseesbythebloodstain.14.You willnottheelephantmovingonyourhead,onlythe lousemoving onanother’s.15.Thewantforworktodomakesamangetupearlytosalutetheenemy.16.LittlerbylittlethetortoisearrivedattheIndianOcean.17.Onewhoexcretesontheroadwillfindflieswhenhecomesback.18.Nooneteachestheleopard’scubshowtospring.19.Theeyecrossesabigriver.
RIDDLESAriddleisashortsayingintendedtomakeoneusehiswitsinunravelingthehiddenmeaningInAriddle,thelistenerisfacedwithaquestionoranallusivesentencereferringtosomethingelsewhichtheymusttrytofigureout.Riddlesaretoldasapreludetothetellingofstories.Theycanalsobetoldinbetweenstories.Riddlesarealsoused inconversationstoissueveiled threats,conveysecreteinformationandasavehicleofhumour.
PerformanceofriddlesDifferentcommunities’differentwaysofperformingriddles.Kikamba:
Challenge:Kwatandai(takeariddle)Acceptance: (A)Nakwata(Itakeit)Riddle: Kavetikaninikanaanesakwimwenyu(Asmallonewhocooksbetterthanyourmother)Solution: Ninzuki(It’sbees)Kiswahili
Kitendawili (ariddle)A;tega(poseit)R:Kaahukunikaekuletumvuenguomshenzi.(Stayonthissideandmeontheothersidesothatwecanstripthisfool).Guesses:Bythecompetitortodeciphertheriddle.Ifheissuccessfulhewins;ifnot,heproceedswithnextstep.Prize:tothechallenger(mjioritija)whosolvesorrevealstheriddleinthenextstep.Solution:Nihindi.(It’samaizecob).
FUNCTIONSOFRIDDLES(A)EnvironmentaleducationRiddlesstem from observationandcomprehensionoftheenvironment.Eachcommunityusestheobjectswithinitsenvironmentinitsart.
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1.Mycamelistheshortestbutiteatsthetreeatthetop-Bird.2.WhenIslaughtermycow Idon’tthrow awayanything.Ieateverythingincludingthebones.-coconut.3.Myhousehasnodoor.-egg4.Littlethingsthatdefeatus.–mosquitoes.5.Waterstandingup.–sugarcane.
(a)LanguageTraining1.Howmanywheelsdoesacarhave?Five2.Aquestionyoucannotanswer“yes”Areyouasleep3.Thetwo-leggedsittingonthefourleggedwaitingforthefourlegged.-Abirdonacowwaitingforatick.
(a)Culturalnorms(b)1.Ihaveawifeeverybodyshehasabeard.-Themaizeplant.(c)2.ThedirtyFatuma.-Broom(d)3.Mydaughterwholeaveshungryandreturnfull.-Thewaterpot.(e)4.Mydaughterhasineyeonthehead -theneedle5.ThecolourfulAgnes.Thechameleon(d)Entertainment1.Thebaldheadedmanhasentered.Ugali2.Thewhiteladyisintheoffice–thejigger3.Myfather’slittlehillwhichiseasilydestroyed-porridge4.MagiregedewalksasifhewereproudWagon5.Shiligilishigi. –thewind.
(e)RecordofchangeTheseareriddlestherecordthechangesthathavetakenplaceinthesociety.1.Mytrainisrunninginthefiled.–thecentipede.2.OnarrivalatthestationIwasshoutedat-train.3.Alittlechapwhoplaysthetype-writer.–thetongue.CLASSIFICATIONOFRIDDLES
1.RiddlesonpeopleThewhiteladyisintheoffice-jiggerIpassedwhenMumia’swiveswerequarrelling-Weaverbirds
2.CulturalobjectsAsmallgourdfullofblood-atick.WhenIbeatmychildpeopledance-drum.
3.NaturalphenomenaWhattreehasonlyonethorn? -sisal.Ameetingunderarock-Thebeard
4.DomesticanimalsWhyhavetheytakenafew forgrazingandleftsomanyresting? -becausethey
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thesheep’sdroppingsMywhitemouthedcowissharedbyall -toothbrush
5.PartsofthebodyAsmallbushinhabitedbyanimals -thehead.GoroundonesideofthemountainwhileIgoroundtheotherbutweshallnevermeet.–theears.
6.PlantsWhattreehasonlyonethorn? -sisalIpassedwhenMumia’swiveswerepregnant. -Milletheads.
7.Modern Techno logy The saloo n car carrying whites only.Charcoaliron.
8.Howmanywheelsdoesacarhave?-fiveBirdsIpassedwhenMumia’swiveswerequarrelling. –weaverbirds.Mycamelistheshortestbutiteatsthetreeatthetop. –abird.
9.WasteproductsIcutatreeandlef6titsteaming. –humanwaste.Itsteamsbutitisnotlit. –freshcowdung
10.Interrogativeriddles:Theseareriddlesthatareintheformofquestions.Whattreehaswhyhavetheytakenafewforgrazingandleftsomanyresting?Becausetheyaresheep’sdroppings.
11.Declarativeriddles:Theseareriddlesintheform ofastatement.Mostoftheriddlesgivenbelowaredeclarativeriddles
12.Epigramaticriddles:Theseareriddlesthatarepresentedinaseriesofpuzzles.Ohthseones ripebananas.Ohthoseotherones.Waterinacave.
13.Idiophonicriddles:Theseareriddlesbasedonsounds.Ciandci.Cindano“aneedle”(inreferencetothesoundmadewhenaneedleisgoinginandoutofagarment).Magiregedewalksasthoughheisproud.–wagon.
Examplesofriddles1.Njorogethecarpenter.
–Abeetle.
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2.YouholdIhold. –Cuttingofmeatintopieces.3.Ciandci.(Quietnoisemadebyaneedlepassingthroughcloth).–
Aneedle4.Itcamefrom Kambalandinatie.
Thecrow,5.Onesideofthegourdiswhite. –
Chickendroppings.6.Ihavegoneroundtheforestwitharedmotorcycle.
Rainbow.7.Itwenthungryandcamebackfull.
Thesmallbagforgreens(vegetables.)8.Awinnowingtrayintheplain.
Anelephant’sfootprint.9.Itisupsidedownbutitdoesnotleak.
Acow’sudder.10.Theyfaceupasthoughtheyareabouttoleadasong.
Thehornsofcattle.11.Ihaveapersonwholivesbetweentwoswordsbuttheynevergetcut.
Thetongue.12.Icutatreeandleftitsmoking.
Humanexcreta.13.Ihaveahomewhereonlywomendwell.
Abananaplantation.14.Myhousehasonlyonepole.
Themushroom15.Thosethingsinthecavehaveonehundredeyes
Honeycombs.16.Anelephantwithoneear
Acup.17.Abundoisbusy,Abundoisharvesting.
Thelouse.18.Adundodancesandsheisrewarded.
Fire.19.IpassedwhenMumia’swiveswerequarrelling.
Weaverbirds.
20.IpassedwhenMumia’swiveswerepregnant. Milletheads21.Iwalk,runandrunperpetually.
Water22.Theratfamily’sgun.
Matchsticks.23.Ameetingunderarock.
Thebeard.Theoldmanwhocroaksatnight
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. Afrog24.Theoldmanwhocannotclimbahill.
Thehippo.25.Theoldmanwhoneverleavesbehindtheovercoat.
Thetortoise.26.Thesalooncarcarryingwhitesonly. Thecharcoaliron.
27.Themaidenwhomdiesaftergivingbirthonlyonce.Thebananatree.
28.Mydaughterwhoworkswithoutresting.Theheart
29.Thetwoleggedsittingonthefour-leggedwaitingfortheeight-legged.Abirdsittingonacowwaitingforatick
30.Itsteamsbutitisnotlit.Freshcowdung31.Whyhaveyoutakenafewforgrazingandleftbehindsomanyresting?
Becausetheyaresheep’sdroppings.32.Mywhite-mouthedcowissharedbyall.
Thetoothbrush.33.GoroundinsideofthemountainandIgoroundtheotherside,butweshall
nevermeet.Theears.34.Thereisabareplacewherenooneeversettlesifonedidsotherewouldbe
crying.Theeyes.35.Whattreehasonlyonethorn?36.Sisal.
36.Therockyonewitheightholes.Theheadofanelephant
37.WhenIbeatmychildpeopledance.Adrum.
38.Myhouseissmallbutithasmanyholes.Afishtrap.
39.Atreehasfallenfarawaybutitsbrancheshavebreachedhere.Newsofdeath.
40.Itcanneitherbeheldnorcaught.Smoke.
41.Ialwayshearbutcannotseehim.Wind.
42.Hereisarockandthereisarock.Thegrave.
43.Littlethingsthatdefeatus.Mosquitoes44.Waterstandingup.Sugarcane.
44.Thehouseinwhichonedoesnotturnaround.Thegrave
45.Thelittlechapwhoplaysthetypewriter.Thetongue.
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SimilaritiesbetweenProverbs1.Theyarebrief.2.Theyemployfigurativelanguage.3.Theyappearinfixedform.4.Theyexpresssomeobservationofphenomena.
Differences1.Riddlesareperformedinaformalstructureandpatternwithatleasttwoparties,whereoneisachallengerandtheotheronetherespondent.Proverbsontheotherhandareinfusedinspeech.2.Thebasicfunctionofriddlesissocializationandentertainment.Proverbs,ontheotherhandexpresscommunity’swisdomandworldview.3.Dueto thefunctionsmentioned in(2)above,riddlesarecommon amongchildrenwhileproverbsareusedmainlybyadults.
TonguetwistersTongue twisters are intended to testthe speaker’s fluency.Theyrequire thespeaker to utterwithouthesitation or faltering,a sequence ofwords withparticularproblemsofarticulation.Thesewordsthemselvesusuallyhavebasicmeaningusuallyofajocularnature,and partof‘fun’ofperformingtonguetwistersconsistsin thelikelihoodthatdistortion ofutterance,duetoarticulationproblem willresult indistortion orconfusionofmeaning.Tonguetwistersteaseourearsandourbrains.Onehastobeaverygoodlistenerinordertogetthesoundsofatonguetwistercorrectly.Onemustalsohaveagood memory to repeatitaccurately.Tongue twisters also requirealotofconcentration.Thisisbecauseoneofthemainproblemsinperformingthem isthatwhattheysayneednotmakesimple,logicalsense.Theemphasisismainlyontherattleofsounds.Tonguetwistershingemainlyonbothalliterationandassonance.Somehowever,maybebasedontonalvariations.FunctionsofTongueTwisters
1.LanguagetrainingTheyhelpintrainingchildrentobefluentinlanguage.Theyalsohelpinlanguagetherapyforchildrenwithspeechimpairment.
2.EntertainmentTonguetwistersofferentertainmentasperformersstruggletoarticulatethesyllablecorrectly.
3.EducationTonguetwistershelpinenhancinglisteningandmemoryskillsinchildren.Sometongue
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twistersalsomakereferencetopeople,animalsorobjectsfoundintheenvironment.Thishelpsinenvironmentalconservation.ExamplesofTongueTwisters.
1.Akawalaakaawakaawakuawaakaawakawa?(Luganda)ThegirlswhogaveKaawabitercoffee;whereisshefrom?
2.Walewatuwaliwaliwalawaliwaliwaliwao.(Kiswahili)Thoseverypeopleoftheheadmaneatthericeoftheheadman.
3.KanakaNikorokonakoramakokorakonakanakanikorakora. (Gikuyu)Nicholas’childfledafterspottingatadpole.ThetadpolealsofledafterspottingNichols’child.
4.Ugokagututugutatugututhirari?(Gikuyu)Whenwillyoucometohelpusslash?
5.Kanakaakokiakalukikookiakakikaakookakuukwakunakokokakokekakaku?(Kikamba)Koki,kaloki’schild,doyoufearthissmallflythathascometoyourplacewithverydirtyhands?
6.ShirikalarelilaRwanda.(Kiswahili)RwandaRailwayCorporation.7.Peterpleasepauseforproperapplause.
8.Theredlorryrolledalongthelimururoad.9.Shesellssea-shellsatthesea-shore10.Theshortsoldiershotthetallsoldierontheshoulder.
CHAPTERFIVEFIELDWORKINORALLITERATUREEverystudentoforalliteraturemustrememberthatoralliteratureisactualizedinPerformance.Thismeansthatallthesongs,riddles.Proverbs,tonguetwistersnarrativesetcstudiedinoralliteraturecoursemusthavebeencollectedfrom aspecificcommunityperhapsatspecifictimese.g.afuneral,weddingafamilyget-togetherorevenintheeveningaspartofrecreation.Ifno scholarorresearchereverwentouttocollectoralliteraturematerialsthenwewouldnothaveapoolofinformationonwhichtobaseourstudies.Westudydifferentgenresoforalliteraturebecausesomeonewentoutintothecommunityandcollectedanarrative,asong,orariddle.Thisprocessofgoingoutintothecommunitytocollectoralliterature materialsand relatedinformationforstudyandanalysisisreferredtoasfieldwork
IMPORTANCEOFFIELDWORK1.Wehavenotedabovethatoralliterature‘lives’inperformance.Whenitiswrittendownvariousaspectsarelost.Letustakeasongforinstance.Whenyouwatchalifeperformanceofasongyouenjoyandappreciatethesongmorebecauseapartfromthewordsofthesong,yougettohearthemelodyofthesong,thesinger’sbeautyofvoiceandmusicalaccompanimentse.g.drums.Youalsogettoseethecostumeswornbythesingers,themovementsthatgowiththemusicandtheinteractionbetweenthesingersandtheaudience.Oneisalsoable
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toassestherelevanceofthesongtotheoccasion.Whenthesamesongisputdowninwriting,onecananalyzethewords.Allotheraspectsarelost.Fieldworkenablesonetocapturetheaspects.
2.Inorderforsomeonetofullyappreciatetheoralliteratureofaparticularcommunity,heorshehastogetintouchwiththatcommunityandobservetheirculture.Thisisbecausesomeoftheirculturalaspectscouldexplainthenatureoftheformsoforalliteratureofvariouscommunities.ForinstanceonecouldappreciatewhytheMaasaioralliteraturedrawsheavilyfrom thepastoralworldbyobservingthecloseconnectionthatexistsbetweentheMaasaiandtheiranimals.
3.Formsoforalliteraturehavebeenpassedonfrom onegenerationto thenextthroughthewordofmouth.Thiswasespeciallysointhepast(especiallyintraditionalcommunities)whenoralliteraturewasmuchmorealive.Withchangesinlifestylesofpeopleandwiththeadventofurbanizationandtheemergenceofcosmopolitancommunities,thereisneedtorecordoralliteraturefrom pastgenerationsforposterity.Thiscanonlybeachievedthroughfieldwork.
4.Throughfieldworknewareasinoralliteraturearediscovered.Onemaysetoutto collectmaterialsonacertaingenreandendupdiscoveringnewareasorsomenatureofacertaingenreoforalliteraturehithertounknown.
5.Fieldworkfacilitatesthecreationofwideinformationbaseformsafoundationforamoreextensivecomparativestudyoforalliteratureofcertaincommunities.Bycomparingtheformsoforalliteratureofdifferentcommunitiesweareabletobetterappreciatetheculturaldiversityofourcountryandlearnfromoneanother.
6.Fieldworkinoralliteratureequipsthestudentwithskillsthatwillbeusefulinothersubjectslikegeography.
StagesinfieldworkPreparationstage:Thisistheinitialstagebeforegoingouttothefield.Thisstageinvolves:1.StatingthepurposeandscopeofresearchwhendeterminingthePurposeandscopeoffieldwork,thefollowingquestionsshouldbeconsidered:Whatisto becollected?(Allorsomeoftheformsoforalliterature?)andwhyismaterialbeingcollected?(Forcomparativeanalysisorforclassdiscussion?)2.Identifyingthelocationoffieldwork.Isitandurbanorruralarea?Isiteasilyaccessiblebymeansoftransportreadilyavailabletothestudent?3.Findingoutandfamiliarizingoneselfwithwhateverearlierresearchthathasbeencarriedoutonthesamesubjectfrom thesamecommunity.
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4.Specifyingthetime(season)whentocarryouttheresearch.5.Establishingcontactwithusefulpeopleintheintendedcommunityofresearchinorderto beableto accessinformantsandartistes,andalsoforlogisticalarrangements.Thusrequiresthatthestudentvisitstheareatotalktoprospectiveassistantsandinformantsandgaugetheirexpectations,competenceandattitudebeforedecidingonwhomtorelyonforassistance.6.Decidingonthekeymethodstobeusedincarryingoutthefieldwork.Themethodchosenwilldeterminethepriorarrangementshavetobemade.Forinstance,ifaquestionnairehastobeused,therewillbeneedtopreparealistofquestions,typethemoutandmakeenoughcopies.7.Securingofficialadministrativepermissiontoconductresearchinthechosenareafrom therelevantofficials,e.g.DistrictOfficerandChief.8.Budgetingforthefieldworkto indicateexpectedexpenditureontransport,accommodation,recordingmaterialsetc.9.Acquiringandgettingreadyrecordingmaterialse.g.penandpaper,taperecorder,cameraorvideoequipmentasnecessary.2.MaterialcollectionThis is done systematically using specific techniques such as observation,questionnaires,interviewsandparticipation.3RecordinginformationThisisdonebywriting,tapingorfilming.4.ProcessingThisisthescrutinyof information collected in preparation forinterpretation,documentationanddissemination.Processing includestranscription (putting downthe recorded materialin writingword forword)and translation (writing thematerialoutinthelanguageinwhichitwillbesharedoutandofferingthenearestequivalenceofmeaningandsense,usingtheidiom oflanguageoftranslation.5.AnalysisandinterpretationThisinvolves.1.Classifyingthecollectedmaterialintogenresandsub-genresusingspecificcriteria.2.Identifyingthemes,stylisticdevices,functionsetc.3.Interpretingtheinformation.4.Drawingconclusions.
KEYMETHODSOFCOLLECTINGORALLITERATUREMATERIALSItisimportantthatwedistinguishthedifferencebetweencollectingandrecording.Collectingreferstothemethodsusedbytheresearchertoelicitinformationfromtheinformantsorartisteswhilerecordingreferstothemeasurestakenbytheresearcherinensuringthatthematerialcollectedispreservedforfuturereference.Someofthemethodsusedincollectingoralliteraturematerialsinclude:ThequestionnaireThisreferstoalistofquestionsthatwillleadtogatheringimportantpiecesofinformationfromvarioussources.Thequestionnaireisusefulin,for
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instance,ingetting theinformant’sbiographicalbackground.Itcanbeadministeredineitheroftwoways:-Theinformantfillsitoutpersonally.-Thestudentfillsitinashe/sheinterviewstheinformant.Thequestionnaireisusefulingatheringinformationongenresthatdonotcallforspecificoccasions to be performed.These include proverbs and tonguetwisters.Theonlydisadvantagewiththequestionnaireisthatitcannotbeusedtocollectsongssinceitcannotcapturethevisualandaudioeffectsofsongs.
TheinterviewThisinvolvesmeetingthesourceofthe informationfaceto faceandverballyseekingtherequiredinformation.Aninterview canfollow astructuredpattern(thestudentmovingsystematicallythroughalistofquestions)orbeunstructuredandinformal (the studentconductsageneralconversationto probeforspecificinformationwhilerecordingtheinformationontapeorbywriting.)Interviews are importantespecially ifone wants to seek details aboutthepersonallifeofanartisteorincollectingproverbsandriddlesonecouldalsouseinterviewtocollectnarratives.
ParticipationTaking partin the performance is much favoured method ofcollectinginformation because itgivesthestudentachancetoexperiencethespiritoftheactualperformance.Italsoenhancestherapportbetweenthestudentandthecommunity.Byjoiningtheperformance,thestudentbridgesrelationalgapsandfindsiteasiertoseekand getinformationinafreeratmosphere.Butthestudentmustensure thatparticipation does distracthim/herfrom making a recording ofmaterial.
ObservationUnlikeparticipation,observationisamethodbywhichthestudentstandsaloofandrecordswhatisgoingonintheperformanceandinthecommunityinatlarge.Itisnecessarytoreinforcethismethodbyconductingfollow upinterviewsonobservationsmadetodeepeninsightsandclarifyissues.
KEYMETHODSINRECORDINGORALLITERATUREMATERIALSThereareavarietyofmethodsforrecordingyematerialcollected.Thechoiceofmethoddependsonanumberoffactorsincludingthepurposeofresearch,time availableto the studentandtotheinformants,fundsavailable,student’stechnicalcompetence,etc.Themostcommonoftheserecordingmethodsare:Writingthenmaterialdownasitcomesfromtheperformersandinformants.Recordinginformationonaudio,tape.FilmingorvideorecordingtheperformanceandinterviewsMemorizingthematerial.
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Problemsencounteredduringfieldwork1.Communicationbarrier.Thishappenswhenthestudentdesnotsharethesamelanguagewithhis/herinformants.Thisproblem couldbesolvedbygettingsomeonewhounderstandsthelocallanguagetoaccompanyyouduringfieldwork.2.Transportproblems.Thisisespeciallycommoninruralareaswheremeansoftransportarenotreadilyavailableorarenotregular.Poorweathercouldalsoinhibitmovement.Apriorvisitto the place in orderto familiarize oneselfwith thetransportsystem and thestateoftheroad willhelp theresearcherto takeappropriatemeasurestocountertheproblem.3.Suspicionbymembersofthepublicespeciallyinareaswherepeoplearenotusedtohostingresearchers.Thisproblem couldbesolvedbygettingoneofthelocalsespeciallyarespectable memberofthecommunitytoaccompany you.This willinspireconfidenceinyouandalsoreduceriskofsuspicion.4.Informantsdemandingcashormaterialrewardsfromtheresearcher.Oneshouldexplainbeforehandthatthisisanacademicexercise.Andthattherewillbenomaterialbenefitsthatwillaccruefromvolunteeringinformation.5.Lossofrecordingmaterialthroughtheftorotherwise.Youcouldasksomeonetoaccompanyyou.Thispersonwillactasyoursecuritydetail.6.Lack ofcredible informants.To solve this problem one oughtto haveinformantsonstandbyin case the one you chose disappoints you.This can be organizedduringthepreparationstageofthefieldwork.7.Diseaseofdiscomfortcausedbychangeofclimate.Oneshould bereadyforthis.Heshouldcarrywithhim thenecessarypreventiveorcurativemedicineandappropriateclothingtosuittheclimaticconditionsoftheresearcharea.8.Theadministrationmaydenytheresearcherpermissiontoundertakefieldworkinacertainarea.Onecouldalwaystryanotherareathatwouldproducethedesiredeffects.
CHAPTERSIXCOMMONLYASKEDQUESTIONSINORALLITERATURECharacterAnalysis(a)DiscussthecharacterofM’Bott-the-road.Supportyouranswerwithillustrationsfromthestory)(b)DescribethecharacterofChameleon
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(c)From youOralLiteraturefieldworkgivenamesofthreeanimalcharactersthatyouhavecomeacrossandmentionthemaincharactertraitsofeachanimal.(d)Whydoyouthinkanimalcharactersaregivenhumancharacteristics?(e)Compareandcontrastthetwocharactersinthisnarrative(f)Describethecharacterofthethirdwifeandshowhowitaffectstheeventsofthestory.(g)Identifyanytwocharactertraitsofthegirlinthisstory.Illustrateyouranswer.(h)WhatdoyoulearnaboutShakascharacterfromthisPoem?(I)IdentifyandillustratethreecharactertraitsofKaria.Whenansweringquestionsoncharacterization,youmustalwaysprovide
TRAITSandILLUSTRATIONS.Ordinarilyyoushould expectasetofoneofthetraitandaccompanyingillustrationstoearnyoumarks.Thisisnotalwaysthecasehenceyouneedtogiveasmanytraitsasyoucanget.Whenthenumberoftraitsyouaresupposedtogivehasbeenspecifiedforinstancein(g)above,youshouldsticktothenumberoftraitsgiven.NBAlwaysgiveatleasttwoillustrationsforeachtraitthatyougive.Describeeachtraitonitsown.Donotlumpthem togethere.g.Chameleonispatient,wiseandgenerous.Youshouldinsteadstartwiththetrait“patient”andthem offerillustrationsforIt,then move onto‘Wise’and do the same thing and then“generous,”againfollowingthesameprocess.Writefullsentences.Useshortparagraphs;onetraitshouldoccupyoneparagraph.Thismakesiteasyforthepersonmarkingyourworktofollow yourargument.Itisadvisabletounderlinethetrait.Thisagainassiststhepersonmarkingtoquicklypointouttheimportantpartsofyouranswer.Usethepresenttense.”Chameleoniswise……”not“Chameleonwaswise……”Itisadvisable(Perhapsevenlogical)tostartbygivingthetraitandnottheillustrations.
Featuresoforalnarratives/poetry(a)Identifyandcommentonanythreeoralfeaturesofthistale(b)Whatfeaturesoforalnarrativesareevidentinthisstory?(c)Identifyfourfeaturesinthisstorythatarecharacteristicoforalnarratives(d)Identifyanythreecharacteristicsoforalnarrativesinthisstory.(e)Identifyandillustrateanythreeliterarydeviceswhichmakethisnarrativeanoralpoem.(f)Whatfeaturesofthisstoryshowthatitisatraditionaloralnarrative?(g)Identifyandillustratetheoralfeaturesofthispoem.(h)Whatevidenceistherethatthisisanoralpoem?Identifyandillustrateany
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twosuchfeatures.Thefollowingarethecommonfeaturesoforalnarratives:
TheopeningFormulae:Alongtimeago,onceuponatime,Longago”,etc.Theopeningformulaeiseffective-Arrestingtheattentionoftheaudience-Introducingtheaudiencetotheworldofmakebelief-Identifyingthenarrator-Introducingthenarrative.
Theclosingformulae-Markstheendofthenarrative-Releasestheaudiencefromtheworldofmakebelief-Givesachancetothenextnarrator.Theuseofanimalcharacters(youmustmentionwhichanimalcharactershavebeenused)-Mostcharactersrepresentcertainmembersofsociety.Theelephantmayrepresentthemighty;theharemayrepresentthesmall/insignificantmembersofsocietywhosurvivebyusingtheircunning.-Itiseasiertopassthemessageto theaudiencewithoutoffendingthembypresentinganimalsinsteadofhumancharacters.Peoplecaneasilyidentifywithanimalssinceanimalsarereadilyavailabletothem.(Theycoexistwithanimals.)Theuse ofsong.Song is saidtobe a multi-purposeaspectofstyle inoralnarratives.
Thisisbecauseit.-Linksepisodesinanarrative-Revealsthecharactertraitsofthesingersorthosementionedinsongs.-Involvestheaudienceinthestory.-Helpstorelievetheaudienceofthetensionaccumulatedduringthenarration.-Attimescouldbeusedtocreatesuspensebyheighteningtheintensityofcertainpartsofthenarrative.-Breaksthemonotonyofthenarration.Elementsoffantasy/Useofthesupernatural-Innarrativestheremaybecertainthingsthatthecharactersmaydothatappearto beintherealm offantasy.Forinstanceasnakemaybeseencrying,orastonetalkingtopeople.Onemayravenfindtreesintheforestsinging.Inoralliterature,anythingispossible.Presenceofmorallesson-Ineverystoryyouwillfindalessonthattheaudiencearesupposedtolearnfrom it.Thelessoncouldbedirectlygivenorimpliedinthestory.Seethenextsectionforthepresentationofthelesson.
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Thefollowingarethecommonfeaturesoforalpoetry.Repetition-Inoralpoetrycertainpartsofthepoem arerepeatedtoform thechorusortoemphasizetheirimportance.Repetitioncouldalsobeusedtoensurerhythm inthepoem.
Hyperbole.-Someaspectsfoundinoralpoetrymayappearexaggeratedorevenfantastic.Forinstanceinpraisingapersonimagessuchas“heisthunder”or”thelionofthevillage”maybeused.Insatiricalsongssomeonemaycastintheextreme.
Directaddress-Onemayencounterphrasesthatimplythepresenceofalivingaudience.E.g.KamausonofWambuiwerewenottogetheratManyani(detention)?
Morallesson.-Likeoralnarrativesoralpoetryusuallycontainamorallesson.Someofthemaremarkedanonymousastheyarenotproductofanindividualbutthecollectivepropertyofthecommunity.
Freetranslation-SomepoemsmaycontainphrasesorwordsthatareinStandardEnglish.Thisisbecausewhiletranslatingthepiecesinquestionfrom the sourcelanguageintoEnglish,anartistmaychoosetotranslatewordforwordresultinginphrasesthatmaynotbereadilyaccessibletoEnglishe.g.“whenthesunstoodinthemiddleofthevillage”i.e.atnoonor“shewasmeasuredadressatChogoria”
Referencetolocalplacesandnamesofpeople.-Mostoralpoemsweremeantforaparticularaudience.Thiscouldforinstancebemembersofthesamevillageorpeopleofthesameagegroup.Forthisreasononemayencounternamesofpeopleandplacesthathemaynotbefamiliar.
Morallessons(a)Mentiontwolessonsthatwelearnfromthistale.(b)Withillustrations,identifythreelessonsthatcanbelearntfromthisnarrative.©Innotmorethatfivesentences,statewhatthemainmessageofthestoryyouheardwas.(d)Whatmorallessondoyoulearnfromthisstory?(e)Stateandillustratetwomorallessonsyoucanlearnfrom thisoralpoem.(f)Mentionanytwomorallessonslearnedfromthisoralstory.(g)Stateonethemeofthisnarrative.Whenaskedtostatethemorallessons,youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:WhatistheaudiencesupposedtolearnfromthisstoryORWhydidthenarratorchoosethisstory?You mayuseaproverbto summarisethe lesson oruseaplain statementtopresent
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it.Afterthatyouaresupposedtosupportthelessonstatedwith
ILLUSTRATIONSFROM THETEXT.DoNotstatelessonsthataretoospecificasnottobeuniversal,E.g.-Weshouldbeobedientsoasnottobepunishedbyourparents.-Weshouldnotstealbecauseifwearecaughtwewillbekilled.-WeshouldobeyGodbecauseifwedonot,thenGodwillpunishus.Intheexamplesabove:itdoesnotfollow thateverytimeweobeyourparentswearepunishedoreverytimesomeoneiscaughtstealingheiskilled.
Examplesoflessonslearntinclude:-WeshouldrespectGod--Weshouldbedutiful--Oneshouldnotcryoverspiltmilk-Wisdomisstrength-Youreapwhatyousow-WeshouldbegratefulWhenillustratingthelessons,youshouldfollowthreesteps:-Statethelesson-Statewhodidnotactaccordingtothelessonlearned.-Explaintherepercussionsofnotactingaccordingtothelessonlearnt.ForExample:“From thestorywelearnthatweshouldbegrateful.Inthisstory,theanimalsshowedingratitudetotheirgodCheptailelbynotgiving partoftheirharvestasasign ofgratitude.Becauseoftheir ingratitudetheywerepunishedwithaseveredrought.Citingproverbsthatsummarisethelessonslearned(a)Giveoneproverbfrom youfieldworkandexplainhow itappliesinanylessonyouhaveidentifiedin(c)above(b)StateandexplainaproverbthatcouldbeusedtowarnthepeopleofRanisi.(c)Giveoneproverbthataccuratelysummarisesthistheme.
Whenaskedtosummarisethelessonlearntusingaproverb,youhaveto:-Statethelessoninplainlanguage.-Satetheproverb-Explainthemeaningoftheproverb.-Explainhowitcouldbeusedtosummarizethemessagethatyouhaveidentified.
Forexample-Thelessonlearntinthis narrative is thatthosewho havecertain weaknessesshouldnotcastigateotherswhoseem tohavethesameweakness.Aproverbthatcouldbe
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usedtosummarizethislesson is“Thosewho livein glasshousesshould notthrowstones.”Inthisnarrative,weseethehyenacastigatingthehareforhisgreed. Heevenwantshimkilled.Lateronweseethehyenabeingvilifiedforbeinggreedy.Thehyenacanthusbecomparedtoapersonintheproverbwholivesinaglass-houseandisbusythrowingstones.Hewillonlysucceedinharminghimself.-Youmustalwaysexplainhow theproverbsummarizesthemessagelearntevenwhenyouhavenotbeenasksto.
Aspectsofperformance(a)Withreferencetoaperformanceofanarratoryouhavewatched,statewaysinwhichsheorhemadehisorhernarrativelively.(b)Trytopictureyourselfasthestory-tellerchargedwiththeresponsibilityofnarratingthisparticularstory.Whatstorytellingdeviceswouldyouemploy?(c)Ifyouwereto doasolo performanceofthisoralpoem,what wouldyouemphasise?
Someaspectsofperformanceinclude-Changeofvoicetoimitatethedifferentcharacters(mimicry)-Useoffacialexpressionstocapturedifferentemotions-Dramatizationoruseofgesturestocapturetheactioninthestory-Useoftonalvariationtocapturedifferentmoodsinnthenarrative.-Involvementoftheaudiencethroughaskingofquestionsorinvitingthem tojoininthesinging(ifthereisasonginthenarrative)-Whengivingthesetypesofaspectsofperformance,youmustpointoutexactlywhichpartsofthetexttheaspectswouldbeemployedin.Ifyoufailtodothis,thenyouwon’tgetanymarks.
-Forexampleonecansay“Iwouldusemyhandsandlegstodramatizetheogrerunningaftertheboy.Iwouldusemyhandstoenactthekillingoftheogrebythewarrior.Iwouldalsovarytoneofmyvoicetocapturethepanicoftheboyashewasbeingchasedbytheogre.Iwouldusefacialexpressionstoexpressthejoythattheboyfeltathavingbeingrescuedfrom theogre”
CLASSIFICATIONOFORALLITERATURE
(a)Whattypeoforalnarrativeisthis?Givereasonforyouranswer.(b)Explainwhythisnarrativecouldbeclassifiedaslegend(c)Whatdoyouunderstandbythewordgenreinoralliterature?(d)Identifytwotypesoforalnarratives.
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(e)Giveanexampleandashortexplanationofeachtypeyouhaveidentified.(f)Whattypeoforalpoemdoyouthinkthisis?Giveareasonforyouranswer.(g)Whatkindoforalpoemisthis?-Youareexpectedtodemonstrateamasteryofthevariousclassesthatarethereinoralliterature-Apartfrom merely stating them;you should also be able to give reasonsjustifyingyouchoiceofclassification.
Economicactivities(a)Listtheeconomicactivitiesofthecommunitydepictedinthisoralnarrative.(b)Describetheeconomicactivitiesofthecommunityinthisstory.(c)Identifytwosocio-economicactivitiesofthecommunityinthisnarrative.-Whenaskedtostatetheeconomicactivitiesofthecommunityfrom whichanarrativeorpoem istakenyouaresupposedtogothroughthepoem ornarrativeandlookforpointers.Forinstance,ifcowsarementionedinthenarrative,thentheeconomicactivitycouldbelivestockkeeping.Ifmaizeismentioned,thenperhapsthiscommunitypracticesarablefarming.-Youmustshow how youarrivedatyourconclusionsabouttheeconomicactivitiesevenwhenyouhavenotbeenaskedto.Mostcandidateslosemarksforeassumingthattheexaminerhasreadthenarrativeandthereforemustknowhowtheyarrivedattheanswer.-You havetoassumethattheexaminerhasnotreadthenarrativeand issolelyrelyingontheinformationthatyouaregivinghim.
Theaudience(a)Whatkindofaudiencewouldthisnarrativebesuitedforandwhy?-Whenanswering thisquestionyouhaveto askyourselfthefollowingquestion:Whatclassofpeopleinsocietywouldbenefitfrom thelessonslearntinthisnarrativeorpoem?ORgiventhelanguageused,whichmembersofsocietyarelikelytodrawmostbenefitsfromthetext?-Thenarrativeorpoem couldbesuitableforchildren,theyouth,elders,girls,boys,youngmenorwomenetc.-Themostimportantthinghereisthatyouareabletoidentifythecorrectgroupandsupportyourchoiceofaudiencewithevidencefrom thetext.Mostcandidateslosemarksfromerelystatingthegroupthattheythinkwouldbestbenefitfrom thetextwithoutgivingthereasonswhy.Thisistreatedasmerespeculation.
Reasonsforstudyingoralliterature(a)Statetworeasonswhyyouthinkitisimportanttostudyoralliteratureinschool.-teachingaboutculture-makingusgainsconfidenceinourculture
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-Teachculturalvaluesormorals-Teachinggoodneighbourliness-Provideheroesforustoemulate-Teachesabouthistoryofthepast-Teachesusabouttheworldofourancestors-Teachesusaboutourselves-Entertains-Sharpenswit/speech/creativity/listeningandlanguageskills.-Afterstatinganyofthepointsabove,youshouldofferashortexplanationforthepointssated.-Forinstance:-Oralliteratureteachesusaboutourculture.Bylisteningtonarrativeswegettoknowthedifferenteconomicactivitiespracticedbythecommunity.Someoftheculturalpracticesforinstanceweddingceremoniesandsomeofthevaluesthatthecommunitiesapprovedof.Alltheseareimportantaspectsofculturethatgetstousviathestudyoforalliterature.
Generaladvicetocandidates1.Pleasebeneat.Neatworksgivesagoodimpression.Untidyworkmay
easilyputofftheexaminer.Rememberyoursisnottheonlyscriptbeingmarked.
2.Planyouranswersbeforewritingthem down.Thisensuresthatyouarelogicalandthatyouwriteexactlywhatyouintendtosay.Donotbeinahurrytofinish.Usuallytherewillbeenoughtimeto finishthepaperatacomfortablepace.
3.Wherepossibleunderlinetheimportantpointsinyouanswer.Thiswillhelpindrawingtheattentionoftheexaminertotheanswerandmaysimplifyhiswork.
4.IfyoudonotimmediatelygettheanswerstoacertainquestionDON’TPANIC!Youarenottheonlyoneintheroom facedbytheproblem.InsteadofpanickingTHINKthrough theproblem itisbyfarthemostprofitablewayofgoingabouttheproblem.
5.Rememberthatinliterature,markslieinILLUSTRATION!Shouldyouforgeteverythingelseinthehandbook,keepthispointinmind.
ORALLITERATUREMODELPAPERSEXERCISEONEReadthefollowingnarrativeandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.THEFALLOFTHEDOGInthebeginning,thedogusedtobeoneofGod'sfavouritecreatures.Hewasnotcalled
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dogasheiscallednow,butwascalledLenanu,forhewasverymuchpampered.Andsinceheavenandearthwerenotasfarapartastheynoware,LenanuusedtopayfrequentvisitstoMan,afterwhichhewouldreturntoheavenwhereheresided.Oneday,GodcalledLenanutohimandsaid,"Myfavouriteone,youmaytalktoManasyouplease,butdon'tyouevertellhimofthegentle-one,forIdonotwanttopartwithher."Lenanusaid:"Verywell,Iwillnevertellhim."Butassoonashewasinthecompanyofhisfriend,Man,LenanucouldnotkeepGod'ssecret.Hesaidtohim,"Man,shallItellyousomething?Godhasonethingthathedidnotgiveyou,andwhichhecallsthegentle-one.Thiscreatureisveryfatandhumblebutifeveryoumanagetoprocureit,allyourproblemswillgoaway.Goandaskforit,forHewillnotdenyThereuponManwenttorequestGodforthegentle-one."OhGod,"hepleaded,"Ihavecometoaskyoutogivemethegentle-one."GodwasstartledbythisrequestandaskedMan,"Whotoldyouofthatgentlecreature?""ItisLenanuwhotoldme,"Mananswered.GodthensentMantogoandcallLenanu,andhespoketohimthus:"Lenanu,youhaveindeedletoutthesecretofmygentle-onewhichIbidyounevertotell!"Lenanukeptmumoutofshameasthoughhewasnottheonewhowasbeingspokento."Becauseofwhatyouhavedone,"Godcontinued,"Iwillmakeyouadog.Fromthisverydayyouwillnotresideinmyhome,butyouwillgotoearthandbe aservantto Man,and foryourfood youwillfeedonexcrement."Onhearingthis,Lenanuregrettedhisactionsverymuch,butwasitnottoolate?LenanuthensaidtoGod,"Ohfather,nowthatyouhaveindeedcursedme,Ihavefourthingstorequestofyou,sothatIcanatleastsurvive.Grantmeanosethatcanwithstandthedistastefulsmellofexcrementnowthatyoufateittobemyfoodgrantmeanosethatcandetectthescentoffoodfromlongdistances,sothatIdonotdiefromstarvationgrantme,too,hairsthatfaceonedirectionsothatifIamdelayedatthehuntIcanmaneuverthroughthethornfenceswithoutmyhairsgettingcaughtbetweenthorns,for,asyouknow,noonewishestoletservantsinatnight.AndthelastthingthatIshallaskofyouisanagileandlightbodythatcangoacrosswatersandsqueezethroughnarrowspacesnowthatyouhavedisownedme."Godthensaidtodog,"Ihavegrantedyouallthatyouhaveaskedfor,butblamenoone,foryouhaveremovedyourselffrom ahousethatwasalreadybuilt."ThatwashowLenanafelloutoffavourwithGodandearnedthename'dog',andwasthrowndowntoearthtoserveMan."Thereasonwhythedogateexcrementisnotforlackofsoundadvice,itisbecauseheatethedeafear."ThiswasalsothetimewhenManprocuredthegentle-one,whichhelaterrenamed'sheep'.
Questions1.HowwastherelationshipbetweenGodandMan,andbetweenGod?andLenanu?2.Whatstylisticdevicehastheauthorused?3.Howhasthewriterusedpersonification?4.HowwouldyoudescribeLeannescharacter?5.Whatdoyouthinkthewritermeantwhenheusedthefollowing
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Sentences:(i) "Youremovedyourselffromahousethatwasalreadybuilt'(ii) "Thereasonwhythedogateexcrementisnotforlack ofsoundadvice,itisbecauseheatethedeafear"Thefollowingsentencesinthenarrativeareindirectspeech.Changethemintoindirectspeech.a) Mansaid,"Ihavecometoaskyoutogivemethegentle-one'b)"Lenana,youhaveindeedletoutthesecretofmygentle-onewhichIbidyounevertotell!"Godsaid.c)"Becauseofwhatyouhavedone,"Godcontinued,"Iwillmakeyouadog.-"d)Lenanusaid,"Nowthatyouhaveindeedcursedme,Ihavefourthingstorequestofyou,sothatIcanatleastsurvive."c)Goddeclared,"Fromthisverydayyouwillnotresideinmyhome,butyouwillgotoearthandbeservanttoman."Givethemeaningofthefollowingwordsandphrasesasusedinthenarrative'pampered keptmum bid renamedreside manoeuvre procure agilestartled felloutoffavour1.TherelationshipbetweenGodandmanwasnotveryfirmbecausethereisasecretGoddidnotwantmantoknowButtherelationshipbetweenGodandLenanuwasintimateforLenanuwasGod'sfavouritecreaturetowhomHetoldeverything.
2.ThefollowingareexamplesofstylisticdevicesusedbythewriterUseofdirectspeech,e.g.,"Verywell,Iwillnevertellhim."Useoffigurativelanguage,e.g.,"...ahousethatwasalreadybuilt.""...heatethedeafear".Useofpersonification,e.g.,ThedogpaysvisitsandtalkslikeamanUseoffantasy,e.g.,Lenanupaysvisittomanonearthandreturnstoheaven.
3Thewriterhasusedpersonificationbygivingthedoghumanqualities.e.g.,ThedogcantalktomanandGod.
4.-Lenanuwasfriendly;heusedtovisitmanfrequently-Hewasaliar,hecheatedGodthathewouldkeeptheirsecret.-Hewasunfaithful;herevealedGod'ssecretdespitethepromisehehadmadenottodoso.-Hewasremorseful/repentant;heregrettedandwasashamedofhisactions-Hewaspolite;hepleadedwithGodandrequestedHimtogranthimafewthingsinordertosurvive.
5."Youhaveremovedyourselffromahousethatwasalreadybuilt.".ThissentenceisusedtoshowLenanuhisfoolishactionforheusedtoliveincomfortinGod'shousewherehewasthefavouritecreature.Hisactionshavecausedhimproblemsforhewould,fromthenon,fendforhimselfandserveman.
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"Thereasonwhythedogateexcrementisnotforlackofsoundadvice,itisbecauseheatethedeafear."ThissentencemeansthatthedogsufferedforhedidnotheedGod'sadvice.
6.a)MansaidthathehadgonetoaskHimtogivehim(man)thegentle-one.b)GodtoldLenanuthathehadindeedletoutthesecretofHisgentle-onewhichHebidnevertotell.c)Godcontinuedandsaidthatbecauseofwhathe(Lenanu)haddone,Hewouldmakehimadog.d)LenanusaidthatnowHe(God)hadindeedcursedhim,he(Lenanu)hadfourthingstorequestofHimsothathecouldatleastsurvive.e)Goddeclaredthatfromthatveryday,he(Lenanu)wouldnotresideinHishomebuthewouldgotoearthandbeservanttoman.7.pampered- overprotected/spoiltbycuddlingreside - liveprocure - obtain/acquirestartled - surprisedreprimandedrebukedsharplyKeptmumkeptquietWithstandresistManeuvermoveskilfullyagilenimble/active/quickfelloutoffavournolongertreatedwithpartiality/nolongerfriends.
EXERCISE2Lookatthefollowingproverbsfromvariouslanguagecommunitiesandwritedowntheirapplication.Forexample:
1.Guthimbalikuura(Gikuyu)HavingcloudsisnotthesameashavingrainApplication:Thisproverbisusedtowarnpeopleagainstmakingmajorplansforthingsthathavenothappened.TheEnglishequivalentofthisproverbis"Don'tcountyourchickensbeforetheyhatch.”
2.Wekseiurwomboket(Nandi)Whatyoudotometodaymightbedonetoyoutomorrow.Application:Thisproverbisusedtoadvisepeopletotreatotherswell.ABiblicalequivalentofthisproverbis"Dountoothersasyou
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wouldwantthemtodountoyou"3 MurnerataOlaiyioniootamenve.(Maasai)Aboyisneverreallycircumcisedwhilehisfatherisstillalive.4 Meetaemotonyinerneiroekenyua.(Maasai)Thereisnobirdthatdoesnottalkatdawn.5.Medung'unoyuen'uditioitoi.(Maasai)Onedoesnotmakeawalkingstickwhileontheway.6.Unyinyinotaunmu(Gikuyu)Youthislikefoolishness.7Hatirikiegakiurnagahega.(Gikuyu)Nothinggoodcomeseasily.8.Rurigirwetagiririamukwa.(Gikuyu)Astringcoulddowhileyouwaitfortherope9.Bintombiamochikare.(Gusii)Thingsareforthosewholivelong.10.Mwanaabandemaniriamakendu.(Gusii)Anotherperson'schildiscoldmucus.11.Nyumbanjemasimlango.(Kiswahili)Agoodhousecannotbejudgedbyitsdoor.12.UmqjaniNguvu.(Kiswahili)Unityisstrength.13.Chemachajiuza,kibayachajitembeza.(Kiswahili)Agoodthingsellsitself,abadthingpersuadespeopletobuyit14.Nandaulilakalikushilaekombe.(Luhya)Onewhodoesnotlistenwillhavehisearsopenedintheafterworld.15.Nandakaywayatsianakoebukhwe.(Luhya)Hewhocannotbeadvisedwillgovisitinghisin-lawsinamess.16.Nzuyukhaneyayiaameno.(Luhya)Hewhohurriesup.getshisteethburned.17.Kwamwikathiikuyaangunguni.(Kamba)Youcannotmissliceinthehouseofabraggart.8.Ndukatumiemwanautemusyaengoi.(Kamba)Donotmakeababy-carrierbeforethebabyisborn.19.Syalisyaitinaitileaunywamuluu(Kamba)Thelastonesareboundtodrinkthemuddywater.20.Choseitanyagobokelyenang'wan.(Nandi)Toerrishuman.21.Makibelchindoskorokonaeng.(Nandi)Noonecanservetwomastersatatime.22.Kirigikirinjagagitiagagagiakwooga.(Meru)Aropelyingoutsidemaybeuseful.23.Nzorukaremazwanipebeze.(Giriama)Anelephantalwayscarriesitstusks.24.MviIwanjenaoniomonimfwanya.(Taita)
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Theoneyouarebornwithistheoneyoudiewith.25.Lookingataking'smouth,onewouldthinkheneversuckedathis'mother'sbreast.(Ibo)26.Thosewhosepalm-kernelswerecracked/orthem byabenevolentspiritshouldnotforgettobehumble.(Ibo)27.Abirdinhandisworthtwointhebush.(English)28.Astitchintimesavesnine.(English)c) Lookfortenmoreproverbsfromvariouslanguagecommunities.GivetheirdirecttranslationintoEnglishandtheirapplications
Answers1.Thisproverbisusedtoemphasizetheauthorityoftheeldersinthecommunity.Italsowarnsagainstconflictbetweenoldpeopleandtheyouth..2.Thisproverbcautionspeoplewhospeaktoomuchbutinactualfactsaynothingworthwhile.Itisusedtodiscourageidletalk.3.Properarrangementsforatripshouldbemadebeforeonestartsoffbutnotontheway.Theproverbisusedtoencouragepeopletoplanthingsbeforedoingthem.4.Thisproverbisusedtoshowthelittlewisdom theyouthhaveintheeyes oftheelders.Mostofthethingsthattheyouthdoaredonefrom lackof wisdom.Youthereforecannotpunishapersonfordoingsomethingoutoffoolishness/ignorance.5.Thisproverbadvisespeopletoworkhardforunlessoneisreadytoworkhardanddirtyhishands,hewillnotacquirewhathedesiresinlife.6. Thisproverbmeansthatyoushouldutilizethelittlehelpthatyougetand;thatyoushouldnotrejecthelpevenwhenitseemstobeinsignificant.7.Thisproverbisusedtoemphasizeandencouragethequalityofpatience.Peoplewithpatiencealwaysbenefitintheend.8.Thisproverbisusedtoshowthatyoucannottreatanotherperson'schildexactlyasyourown.Itremindspeoplenthatitisnaturaltoconsiderone'schildfirst.9.Thisproverbisusedtowarnpeoplenottojudgeothersorthingsmerelybytheiroutwardappearance.Whatmightlookgoodorattractiveontheoutsidemightnotbethesameontheinside.10.Thisproverb isused toadvisepeopleto beunited in orderto overcomeproblems.Whenpeopleareunited,itbecomesdifficulttodestroythem.11.Thisproverbcautionspeopleagainsttalkingtoomuchaboutthemselves.Agoodpersonwillbejudgedfromhisorhergoodactionsandbehaviour.12.Inthisproverb,oneisadvisedtolistentoadviceorelseitwillbeveryembarrassingwhenhefindshimselfinasituationthatrequireshimtobehaveinaspecialway.13.Thisproverbtoowarnsapersonagainstdisobedience.Ifonedoesnotlistentoadvice,hewilldiscoverthetruthwhenheisinatotalmess.14.Thisproverbcautionsonetodothingsslowlybutcarefullyinordertodothemwell..Workdoneinahurryendsupbeingshoddy.15.Theproverbisusedtocautionpeopleagainstpraisingthemselvesfortheyhave
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weaknesseswhichtheydonotpointout.16.Theproverbcautionspeopleaboutmakingtooelaboratepreparationsinregardtoananticipatedhappening.Thisistoavoidembarrassmentincasethereisfailure.17.Thisproverb isusedtocautionpeopleagainstarrivinglate atafunctionorappointment.Suchpeopleshouldnotcomplainiftheymissthefunctionoriftheygetthedregs/leftovers.18.Thisproverbmaybeusedtoconsolesomeonewhohasdonesomethingwrongunintentionally.Itmayalsobeusedtocautionthosewholaughatothers'mistakes.19.Theproverbisusedtoadvisepeopletodoonethingatatimeinordertosucceed.20.Peopleusethisproverbtoadvisepeoplenottodiscardthingsthattheyarenotusingforsuch thingsmaybehandyinfuture.Italsoemphasizestheimportanceofeachmemberofthefamilyregardlessofhisage,sexorsize.21.Theproverbisusedtoencourageotherstoacceptwhatmayhappentothem.Itisalsousedtomencouragepeopletodotheirworkwellnomatterhowhardthejobmightbe22.ThisproverbisusedtoremindpeoplethatpeoplewithbloodrelationsarecloseandwillalwayssidewitheachotherAnEnglishequivalentofthisproverbis,"Bloodisthickerthanwater".23.Thisproverbisusedtoencouragepeopletoworkhardinordertorisefrompoverty.Thisproverbisusedinasocietywhereeveryindividualisgivenachancetobecomeimportantthroughhardwork24 Thisproverbcautionsthosethatareluckyandhavebecomerichnottolookdownuponthepoorpeople.Thepoorpeoplearejustunfortunate25 Thisproverbisusedtoadvisepeopletomakeuseofwhattheyhave,nomatterhowlittle,andnottostayidlewaitingforbetterthingsthatmightnevercomeatall.26.Theproverbisusedtocautionpeopleagainstleavingthingsundone:itadvisespeopletocorrecterrorswhentheyhappen.Thisisbecauseifworkisleftundoneforlong,itwillbedifficulttodo.Again,ifanerrorisnotcorrectedwhenithappens,itwillgrowoutofhandtherebymakingitmoredifficulttocorrect.
EXERCISE3Readthenarrativebelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.KONYEKIANDHISFATHEROnceuponatimetherewasanogrewhousedtoturnhimselfintoahandsomeyoungman.Onedayheattendedatraditionaldanceinaneighbouringvillage.Hewassmartlydressedandhedancedsowellthathebecamethecentreofattractionformostofthe girls present.One girlwas soattracted tohim thatshedancedwith himthroughout.Sheevenbecamefuriousifheapproachedanothergirlforadance.Whentheyweredancingthelastdance,he requested herto accompany him to hishousetoseehishouseandgreethismother,withapromisethathewouldtakeherbackhomeafterthevisit.Theogrewassocourteousthatthegirlbelievedhim.Apartfromthis,hewassoattractivethathehadconqueredherheart.Afterthelastdance,theysetofftowardstheogre'shome.Theywalkedandwalkedpa...pa...pa...kilometreafterkilometre,acrossrivers,hillsandvalleys.Thegirlwasgettingtiredandshestoppedandaskedhim howfarhishousewasfromwhereshestood.Hetold herthathishomewasashortdistanceaway.Itwastrue
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becauseafterashortdistance,shesawalonelyhouseinthemiddleofaforest.Hepointedatthehouseandtoldherthatthatwashishome.Thehousewaslockedfromtheoutsideandtherewasnosignoflife.Hesaidthathismotherhadlockedthehouseandgonetothefarm.Heaskedhertowaitoutsideandexcusedhimself.Hewentintothehouse,sayingthathewasgoingtowarm thehouseforher.Shewaitedoutsideandatthetimeshebegantoshiver.Somethinginsidehertoldherallwasnotwellandshebecamesuspiciousoftheyoungman.Hecameoutofthehouseandinvitedherinside.Whenshewassettled,heexcusedhimselftogooutformorefirewoodfortheroom wasstillcold.Hemadesurehelockedthehousefromoutside.Afterheleft,thegirlgotcurious and started looking around.To herhorror,shefoundhuman skullsandlimbstuckedunderthebed.Shebecamesoscaredthatshefainted.Whenshecameto,shefoundherselfonabed.Theogrehadremovedtheartificialhairhehadputonduringthedance,therebyexposinghisothermouthatthebackofhishead.Shestartedcryingandsayingtoherselfthatshewishedshehadheededhermother'sadviceandthatallthatglittersisnotgold.Itwastoolatenowandtherewasnopointcryingoversplitmilk.Shestoppedcryingandpleadedwiththeogrenottoharmherandtolethergohome.Theogretoldhertosavehertearsforshewashiswifefrom thenon.Shecouldnotleavebecausehethreatened tokillherandherfamilyifsheranawayfromhimShedreadedherstaytheredaybydaybutshehadnoalternativebuttostay.Shestayedintheogre'shouseandaftersometime,shegavebirthtoababyboywhom shecalledKonyekiWhenKonyekigrew up,hetookafterthefather.Hehadhisfather'scharacteristicsbutwasmuchmoreinquisitiveandgreedy.Heandhisfatherusedtogototheforesttohuntforallsortsofcreatureswhichtheyusedtobringhomeforthemothertocook.Themotherdetestedthethingstheyateandshenevertasted any ofthem Sheusedtocookherownfoodm Oneday,Konyeki'smaternalauntcametovisithersisterafteralongsearchforherShemetKonyeki'smotheroutsidethehousedryingsomeanimalskins.Whentheymet,theycriedon each other's shoulderswith happiness.Afterexchanging greetings andenquiringabouttheothermembersofthefamily,Konyeki'smothertoldherhowshecametotheogre'shouseandhowshehadanotheryoungerogre,worsethanthefather.TheystayedhappilytogetheruntillateafternoonwhenKonyeki'smothertoldhersistertoleavefortheogreswereabouttoreturnhome.Shetoldthesistertoresthalf-waythejourneyonathicktreeandwaitthereuntiltheogreshadpassed.Shetoldherthatsometimestheyusedtorestunderthetree.Incasetheydid,shewasnottomaketheslightestnoiseunderanycircumstancesheaskedherwhetherthatwasclearandthesisternoddedherheadinagreement.Shethenlefthersister,Konyeki'smother,withtearsinhereyes.Whenshereachedthethicktree,shedecidedtorestasshewasaskedtodobyhersister.Sheclimbed thetreeandmadeherselfcomfortablebysitting on a thickbranch.Thetree'sthickfoliageconcealedherpresence.WhenKonyekiandhisfathercame,theydecidedtorestabitunderthetreewhenthewomansaw theiruglyfacialfeaturesandespeciallytheirmouths,shestarted
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urinatingandtheurinefellonKonyeki'shead.Hewonderedwhetherithadstartedraininghotrainandhelookedupthetree.Hesawalegdanglingupthetree.Hisfatherhadastiffneckandhethereforewasnotinterestedinlooking up.Hefeltexcruciatingpainanytime hemoveditKonyeki.Ignoring hisfather'sindifferenceclimbedthetree,aslow,shysmilecreepingaroundthecornersofhismouth.Thewomanheldtightly ontothetreetrunkbutKonyekiwascunning.Hewhisperedthatifshelethim eatherfingersonly,hewouldleaveheraloneandnottellthefatheraboutherpresencethere.Thewomangaveinandwhenherfingerswereeaten,shecouldnotholdontothetreeanylonger.Shewaspulleddownstillscreaming.Herstomachwasopenedand theyfoundtwinbabies.They wereboth boys andKonyekitookthemhometohismothertocookthem forhim.Whenhismothersawthetwobabies,sherealizedwhathadhappenedtohersister.Shetookthebabies,wrappedthem upandtookcareofthem.Inplaceofthem,shecaughttwomoles,cutofftheirtailsandcookedthem forKonyeki.Konyekiatethem althoughhecomplainedthathiskidneys(ashecalledthem)seemedtohaveshrivelledandthattheywerenottasty.Hismotherretortedthatshewouldnevereatthestrangethingsthattheyate.Herhusbandtrustedherandstopped Konyekifrom accusing hismother.Konyekiwasnotsatisfiedwiththeexplanationbuthekeptquiet.Days,monthsandyearspassedandtheboysgrewtallerandstronger.Theywerewellhiddenatnightbuttheywereallowedtogooutduringthedaywhentheogreswentouthunting.Onedayonarainyday,Konyekireturnedintheeveningfromtheirusualhuntingtripsandhefoundmanysmallfootprintsnearthedoorofthehouse.Hebecamesuspiciousandaskedhismotherwhohadmadesomanyfootprints.Hismothertoldhimthatthemarksweremadebyherasshewentouttogetwater,firewood,foodandwhenshedidotherhouseholdchores.Hesaidthefootprintsweretoosmalltobehers.Themotherthensaid theymustbehisfortherewasnootherchildintheirhome.ThefatherdidnotdoubthiswifeandtoldKonyekithefootprintswerehis(Konyeki's).Thechildren hadbeenwarned nevertomake noise andtheyobeyed.Theyalsonevercried.WhenKonyeki'smotherthoughttheboyswerebigenough,shecalledthemoutonemorningandtoldthemabouttheirmother;whoshewas,andthatherlifeandtheirswereindanger.Iftheythoughtofescaping,thentheyhadtopractisehow tofightsothattheycould killthe ogres.Theyagreed with theirauntand sheboughtthemswords,spears,bowsandarrows.Theyspentmostoftheirtimetraininghow tofighttheogres.Aftertheyweresureofthemselves,andconfidentthattheycouldkillthem,theyaskedtheiraunttoallowthemtogoaheadandkilltheogres.OnedaywhenKonyekiandhisfatherreturnedhomeexhausted,theywentstraighttosleepandafterafewminutestheyweresoundasleepandsnoringloudlyasusual.Thetwinscameoutoftheirhidingplaceandattackedtheogres.Konyekiwasthefirstonetowakeupanddefendhimself.Ashewasfightingback,heshoutedathisfather,blaminghim forignoringhiswarningwhen hereportedhe hadseen otherfootsteps.Hisheadwashackedoffand hedied instantly.Hisfatherwokeupwithastartandhetoogotafatalblowbeforehecoulddefendhimself.Thetwinsandtheiraunttookallthattheycouldcarry,burntdownthehouseinwhichthedeadogreswereandlefttheplacetogobacktotheirhome.
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Questions1.Whatisthethemeofthestory?2.Whydoyouthinkthetwinsarenecessarytotheplot?3. WhatqualitiesarebroughtoutinthesestoriesthatmakeKonyekiandhisfatherobjectsoffear?4.Whatmoralteachingdoyougetfromtheproverb,"Alltheglittersisnotgold?"5.Identityanidiophoneinthisnarrativeandsaywhyitisused.6.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheproverb,"Don'tcryoversplitmilk"7.Whattypeofstoryisthis?Answers1.Thethemeofthestoryisgreedandruthlessnessoftheogresthatdestroythemintheend.2.Twinsarenecessarytotheplotbecauseitisthroughtheiractionsthatthestoryends;theykilltheogresand,togetherwiththeirauntgobacktotheotherhumanbeings.3.QualitiesbroughtoutinthisnarrativethatmakeKonyekiandhisfatherobjectsoffearare:-theycanchangeintohumanbeingsandtrickrealhumanbeings;-theykillandeathumanbeings;-theyaregreedyandferocious;-theyareneitherhumansnoranimals;-theyarecunning4.Themoralteachingfromtheproverb"Allthatglittersisnotgold"isthatweshouldnotjudgepeoplebytheirlooksThegirlwentwithanogrethinkingthatitwasanattractiveyoungman.Thisbroughtherproblemslater.5.Theidiophoneispa..pa…pa…itisusedtoshowthesoundmadebythefeetastheywalked.6. Thisproverbmeansthatoneshouldnotblamehimself/herselfoveranactionthathappenswhenoneknowsthathe/shecannotreversethe action.Alloneshoulddoistrytodosomethingbetternexttime7.Thisisanogreormonsterstory.
EXERCISE 4READTHEORALNARRATIVEBELOW ANDANSWERTHEQUESTIONSTHATFOLLOW.HAWKANDHENAlongtimeagoHenandherfriendHawk.Thetwofriendsweregoodfriendsandlivedneareachother.Theysharedwhatevertheypossessedandthechildren
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tooweregoodfriends.Everymorningaftertheplantingseason,onecalledupontheothertogoouttothewoodsandtorubbishDumpstolookforwormsandothertypesoffood.Oneday,astheypreparedthemselvestogoouttolookforfood,Harecalledonthem and toldthem,“Myfriends,asyouknowafriendinneedisafriendindeed,I’vecalledyouthis morningto invite you to mydaughter’s wedding.Icannotforget,”shecontinued,“how you,especiallyyouHen,fedmychildrenwhenIwassickandbed-ridden.Please,comeandenjoywithus,”sheconcluded.HenandHawklookedateachother andnoddedtheirheads.TheypromisedHaretheywouldgo totheceremony.Haretthankedthemandranofftowardsherhome.AfterHarehadleft,theylookedateachotherandburstoutinlaughterAsfarastheywereconcerned,theydidnotconsiderHarearealfriendbutjustoneofthem.Theyhowever,decidedtoattendtheweddingpartyoutofcuriosityHawk’ssonhadmarriedaverybeautifulgirlthepreviousyearandtherewasalotofeatinganddrinking.HawkcouldremembervividlyhowHyenadrankanddrankbeeruntilhisfourlegscouldnotcarryhim.Hehadtobetakenhomecompletelyunaware of whatwas happening.Could Hare's party match hers? Hawkwondered.Shebecamecuriousandwantedtofindout.Onthe weddingday,HenandHawkdressedthemselvesintheirbestpartycostumes.Theywarnedtheirchildrennottoleavetheirhomecompoundsduringtheirmothers'absenceTheythen lefthomeandwalkedhappilytowardsHare'scompoundHaresawthem :nadistanceandhurriedtomeetthem"Oh!Howareyoumyfriends?Welcomehome.Thepartyisgoingtostartinanhour’stime'TheywenthomewhileHarewasholdingHen'shand.Hawknotedthis withdispleasurebutshesaidnothing.Whentheyreachedhome,Haresaid:"Sitdownandhaveadrinkwhile Ipreparemyself”Sheaskedoneheryoungsonstoservethem withdrinks.Whenthedrinkswerebrought,againHawknotedthatHenwasservedthedrinkinaglasshutHawkwasservedinacupwithcrackededges.ThiskilledHawk'sspirits.Shemaynothavebeen as beautifulas Hen but that was no reason whyshe should bediscriminatedagainst.Afterall,hadn'tshegoneoutofherwaytodressinherbestclothes,justforthepartyHawkthoughtbitterly.Afteranhour,Hareemerged from aninner room,dressed magnificentlywithmatchingshoesandnecklace.Theyallproceededtotheparty.Haremade sureshesatnexttoHenbutHawksatalittlebitfartheraway.ShewonderedwhatwashappeningHenseemedveryhappyduringthepartyandshelaughedallthetimewithHare,ignoringHawk'spresence.Hawkbecamemoodyanddecidednottotalktoanyofthem fromthenon.Afterthe partyasover,Harebidthetwogoodbyeandtheyleftforhome.Itwasgettingdarkastheywalkedhome.HentriedtoinvolveHawkinconversation"Howdidyoufindtheparty“Ithinkitwaswonderful“HawkdidnotanswerHenandshewonderedwhyHawkwasbehavinginthatmannerHenwantedtodiscussthematterbutHawksaidshewasnotinterestedtheywenthomewithouttalkingtoeachotheruntiltheyreachedtheirrespectivecompounds.Hen,asusualinherhighspiritsbidHawkgoodbyebutHawklookedathersneeringly,swungherhipsmore
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thanusualandshuthergatewithoutaword.Henclosedhergatetooandwenttocookforherchildren.VeryearlythefollowingmorningHawk’schildknockedatHen’sdoorandafterHenopenedthedoor,shesaid,“Mummysentmetoyoutotellyoutogivebackallthethingsthatbelongtous.Hereareallyourthingsthatwereinourhouse.”Henwasdumbfounded.ShecouldnotimagineendingthefriendshipwithHawk.Theyhadbeenfriendsforsuchalongtime.Nevertheless,shegavethechildallthethingsthatwerenotherstotaketohermother.Thechildleftbutafterashortwhileshereturned."Mummytoldmeyoudidnotgiveherallthethings.Sheneedsourhoeandpangawhichyouborrowedlastweektocultivateyourfarm.Shealsoneedstherazorwhichyouborrowedyesterdaytoshaveyourchildren."Henwentbacktothehouseandcameoutwiththepangaandthehoebutwithouttherazor.Shecouldnotfindtherazoratall.ShetoldHawk'schild,"GoandtellyourmotherthatIhavesearchedfortherazorbladeeverywherebutIcannotgetit.TellherIshalllookforitlateronandIwillsendoneofmychildrenwithit."Hencalledoutallherchildrentolookforthemissingrazorbladeandtheyscratchedallaroundtheircompoundwithoutanysuccess.Thatevening,Hensentoneofherchildrentoreportthattherazorbladewaslostandtheycouldnotgetit.Hen'schildknockedatHawk'sdoorandwhenthedoorwasopened,shewaspulledinbyHawkandkilled.HawkinsistedthatshehadtohavebackherrazorbladeandshesworetoeatallHen'schildrenunlessshegotitback.'Thefollowingmorning,HawkandherchildrenhoveredoverHen'scompoundtryingtogetachancetosnatchoneofHen'schildren.Hencluckedloudlycluck...cluck...runningalloverhercompoundfrightenedandfranticallycallingherchildrentocometoherforprotection.TheyallranHenwasdumbfounded.ShecouldnotimagineendingthefriendshipwithHawk.Theyhadbeenfriendsforsuchalongtime.Nevertheless,shegavethechildallthethingsthatwerenotherstotaketohermother.Thechildleftbutafterashortwhileshereturned."Mummytoldmeyoudidnotgiveherallthethings.Sheneedsourhoeandpangawhichyouborrowedlastweektocultivateyourfarm.Shealsoneedstherazorwhichyouborrowedyesterdaytoshaveyourchildren."Henwentbacktothehouseandcameoutwiththepangaandthehoebutwithouttherazor.Shecouldnotfindtherazoratall.ShetoldHawk'schild"GoandtellyourmotherthatIhavesearchedfortherazorbladeeverywherebutIcannotgetit.TellherIshalllookforitlateronandIwillsendoneofmychildrenwithit."Hencalledoutallherchildrentolookforthemissingrazorbladeandtheyscratchedallaroundtheircompoundwithoutanysuccess.Thatevening,Hensentoneofherchildrentoreportthattherazorbladewaslostandtheycouldnotgetit.Hen'schildknockedatHawk'sdoorandwhenthedoorwasopened,shewaspulledinbyHawkandkilled.HawkinsistedthatshehadtohavebackherrazorbladeandshesworetoeatallHen'schildrenunlessshegotitback.'Thefollowingmorning,HawkandherchildrenhoveredoverHen'scompoundtryingtogetachancetosnatchoneofHen'schildren.Hencluckedloudlycluck...cluck...runningalloverhercompoundfrightenedandfranticallycallingherchildrentocometoherforprotection.TheyallranHenwasdumbfounded.ShecouldnotimagineendingthefriendshipwithHawk.Theyhadbeen
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friendsforsuchalongtime.Nevertheless,shegavethechildallthethingsthatwerenotherstotaketohermother.Thechildleftbutafterashortwhileshereturned."Mummytoldmeyoudidnotgiveherallthethings.Sheneedsourhoeandpangawhichyouborrowedlastweektocultivateyourfarm.Shealsoneedstherazorwhichyouborrowedyesterdaytoshaveyourchildren."Henwentbacktothehouseandcameoutwiththepangaandthehoebutwithouttherazor.Shecouldnotfindtherazoratall.ShetoldHawk'schild,"GoandtellyourmotherthatIhavesearchedfortherazorbladeeverywherebutIcannotgetit.TellherIshalllookforitlateronandIwillsendoneofmychildrenwithit."Hencalledoutallherchildrentolookforthemissingrazorbladeandtheyscratchedallaroundtheircompoundwithoutanysuccess.Thatevening,Hensentoneofherchildrentoreportthattherazorbladewaslostandtheycouldnotgetit.Hen'schildknockedatHawk'sdoorandwhenthedoorwasopened,shewaspulledinbyHawkandkilled.HawkinsistedthatshehadtohavebackherrazorbladeandshesworetoeatallHen'schildrenunlessshegotitback.'Thefollowingmorning,HawkandherchildrenhoveredoverHen'scompoundtryingtogetachancetosnatchoneofHen'schildren.Hencluckedloudlycluck...cluck...runningalloverhercompoundfrightenedandfranticallycallingherchildrentocometoherforprotection.Theyallrantoherandsheprotectedthem,andHawkfledawaydisappointed.From thattimeuntiltoday,hensgetfrightenedandhidetheirchildrenanytimetheyseeHawknearby.HawkontheotherhandisstillangryandshelooksforHen'schildrentokill.Shesaidshewillneverstopuntilshegetsherrazorbladeback.HenstilllooksfortherazorbladeeverywhereandthatiswhyHensarealwaysseenscratchinghereandtherelookingforHawk'srazorblade.TheywonderwhethertheywilleverrestorepeacewithHawkandfamily.
QUESTIONS1.-Whatisthemainoccupationofthecharactersinthisnarrative?Supportyouranswerwithtwodifferentphrasesfromthenarrative.2.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheproverb:"Afriendinneedisafriendindeed'?3.HowdoyouthinkHenhidherchildrenfromHawk?4.Narrativesusuallyhavethreemainparts:abeginning,amiddleandanending.Writeoutthethreesentencesthatsignalthebeginningofeachsectioninthisnarrative.5.WhatincidentsforcedHawktobreakherfriendshipwithHen?6.Thewriterusesanidiophoneinthisnarrative.Identifyit.7.Identifyfivewordsthatshowthatthestorywasnarratedinamodernsetting.8.WhatHawk'scharacteraspectscanyouidentifyinthisnarrative?9.Inonesentence,summarizetheconflictinthisnarrative.10.Whatmainfeaturesandstyleoforalliteraturehasthewriterused?11.Thestoryendsinacertainmood.Whatmoodisthis?12.Whatdoyoucallthistypeofnarrative?
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ANSWERS1.Thecharactersinthisnarrativearefarmers.Theevidencefromthenarrativeis:ourhoeandpanga-tocultivateyourfarm-aftertheplantingseason.2."Afriendinneedisafriendindeed"-Yourrealfriendistheonewhocomestoyouraidwhenyouneeditmost.3.HenhidherchildrenfromHawkbycoveringthemwithherwings.4.Thethreemainpartsinthisnarrativearesignaledbythefollowingthreesentences.Beginning-"Alongtimeago,therelivedHenandherfriendHawk"Middle -"Veryearlythenextmorning,Hawk'schildknockedatHen'sdoor..."Ending-"Fromthattimeuntiltoday,Kensgetfrightenedandhidetheirchildren anytimetheyseehawksnearby."5.HawkbrokeherfriendshipwithHenbecauseshebecamejealouswhen:-HareheldHen'shandtowelcomethemtoherhouseandnotHawk'shand.-HawkwasservedadrinkinacupwithroughedgeswhileHenwasservedthedrinkinaglass.-Intheparty,HareandHenignoredHawkandleftheroutoftheirconversation..TheyevensatneareachotherwhileHawksatabitfarther.6.Theideophonethatthewriterusesis'cluck-cluck-cluck'todescribethesoundHenmade.7.Fivewordsthatshowthatthestorywasnarratedinamodernsettingare:cut,glass,party,dress,shoes,panga.8.Hawk'scharacteraspectsinthenarrativeare;jealous revengeful insistentadamant moody....... observantcurious untrustworthy Heartless/ruthless9.TheconflictinthenarrativeisbetweenHenandHawkwhoneedsbackherrazorbladewhichHenhaslost.10.Thewriterhasuseddialogue,narrativeisgivenbythe thirdperson,animalshavebeengivenhumancharacteristicsandthewriterhasusedsuspense.11.Themoodthestoryendsinisthatoffear,anger,vengeance,desperationandhopelessness.12.Thistypeofnarrativeiscalledexplanatoryoraetiological.
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EXERCISE5Readthefollowingoralnarrativeandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.LWANDAMAGEREMagerewaslikeamystery,forhewasimmenselystrongandinarmedcombatquiteinvincible.Thushewasaheroamonghispeople.OftenundercoverofnighttheLang'omadecattleraidsintoLuoterritory;butwheneverMagereappeared,theysufferedheavylossesandthoseabletoescapealivesoonshowedacleanpairofheels. Then,afterMagerehadwoncountlessbattlesagainstthem,theLang'oeldersassembledtodiscusswaysofendingthegloriouscareerofthisall-'conqueringhero."Howbestcanwedestroyhim?"theyaskedthemselves"HowisitthatMagereseemstohaveabodyofstonewhen,liketherestofus,hehasawifeandchildren?Surelyhehasbloodsomewhere."Theydebatedtheproblematlength,untiltheydecidedtogiveMagereaLang'ogirlwhomightdiscoverthesecretofhisstrength.AndsowordwentoutthatthemostbeautifulgirlknownamongtheLang'oshouldbefoundandsenttotheelders'assembly.Agirlwasfound,alovelymaidenasbrownasaripeosayefruit:noothergirlcouldmatchherforgraceandbeauty.TheysenthertoMagereandhefellinlovewithheratonce.WhenMagere'smikayi,orfirstwife,sawthathewasabouttomarryastranger,sheupbraidedhim."Husband,"shesaid,"Idon'tlikeyoumarryingthisdaughteroftheLang'o.Whydidn'tyoufindabeautifulLuogirlinsteadofthisjambetrewhohasbeensenttospyonyou?"Magererefusedtolisten.Women,hethought,arethesametheworldover:spitefulandfullof-jealousy.Magerelivedhappilywithhisnewwife.Timewentbyandthoughshewenttoreporttoherpeoplemoonaftermoon,shehadnonewsforthem..Oneday,however,Magerefellillwhilehisfirstwifewasoutworkinginhergarden.Itwascustomarythenforthefirstwifetodothefarmingoratleasttosowtheseedsfortheharvest.ThusthejuniorwifenursedMagere.Nextdayhisillnesswasworseandinthelatemorning,whenthesunreacheditsheightandpeopleinthegardenshadtoleavetheirworktoshelterfromitsheat,Mageretoldhisyoungwifetobringabladecuthisbodywithit,andthenrubsomepotentashintothewounds.Themedicinewasmadefmm burntherbswhichhehadstuffedintodriedsealedreeds.Hehadstoreditinaskinbaginhisownduolawayfromtheeyesofhiswives.Magereaskedhisyoungwiretomaketheincisions.Shereplied,"Husband.whydoyoudemandtheimpossible'Athinbladecannotcutthroughrockandyou'reallrock"ThenMagerepointedtohisshadow."Cutthere,'heordered.Now.shewenthalf-heartedlytoMagere'sshadow,andwiththebladecutthepanofhisshadowcastbyhisforehead.Inthe samewayshemadeanotherthreecutsonthe cheeksandthenappliedthemedicine.Asshewatchedthebladesinkintotheshadowitseemedtohertimeitwassinkingintotheearth.Shewasastonished,therefore,tolookupandseebloodtricklingfromthe'rock'Thedeeperthebladesank,themoretorrentiallythebloodflowed.SheknewnowthatMagere'sstrengthlayinhisshadow,andnotinhisbody.Hertreacherousheartwaswarmedbyitall.Besidesnursing Magere,she hadtofetchvegetablesfrom the fieldsandwaterfrom theriver.So,shortlyafterherdiscovery,shetoldMageretositintheshadowofhisduolwhileshewenttoperformthese
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tasks.Meanwhile,ofcourse,shewenttoherhouse,packedherbelongings,andfledtoherpeople.WhenMikayiarrivedfromthefields,sheaskedhowMagerewasfeelingHesaidhisillnesshadadvancedsofarthathehadaskedhisLang'owife tocuthimandapplysomemedicine."Oh,my husband,"shecried,'"you'vesteppedonhotash!You'vesteppedonhotash with both feet!Whereisthis girl?"Shesearchedeverywherebutwithoutsuccess.Awareofwhatthediscoverymeant,shenowbeggedherhusbandnottogotowaragain.ButMagerereplied,"IwasbornaheroandI'lldieahero!I'llneverhesitatetodefendmypeople!"Theyoung wifesoonarrivedin thelang'o heartland.WordquicklyspreadtoallpartsofthecountrythatshehadreturnedwithexcitingnewsfromLuoland.Theleadersgatheredatonce.Some,whohaddoubtedthewisdomoftheplanasked,"Hasshereallycomeback?"andthereply,"Yes!!"wasgivensofirmlythatitpiercedtheinnermostdepthoftheirears.Peoplepouredinfromthecountryside.Questionandanswerwereconstantlyrepeatedamongswellingcrowds.Soon,withthehometightlypacked,thegirlrosetospeak,andtoldthestoryofMagere'ssickness."Ifyouwanttokillhim,"sheannounced,"lookforhisshadowandaim atitwithwhateverweaponyou'recarrying.Shootnowhereelse,fortheuprightpartsofhisbodyaresolidrockthatwillblunt,curl,orbreakallyourspearsandarrows."Herwordssankintotheirears.Theyroseandreturnedtotheirhomes.Theelders,however,nowplannedaseriesofbattlesagainstLuo,battlesthatwouldbeginatnightandlastuntilwellafterdawnonthemorrow.Afewdayslater,therefore,theylaunchedafiercenightattackontheLuoandthebattlecontinueduntilwellintothefollowing daywith manylivesloston both sides.Seeing thatthe struggle was dragging onunnecessarily,thesickMagere,whonormallyenteredthefieldonlywhenhisjuniorwarriorsseemedespeciallyhardpressed,nowcalmlyhandedhistobaccopipetohismisumba."Preparemyarms!"heordered.Norwouldhelistentohiswife,whobeggedhimceaselesslynottojointhebattle."I'mgoingtodefendmypeople.Onedeadherodoesnotpreventtheworldfrombearingmore."Soherushedintothefield,andallafternoonvictoryhunginthebalance.Withhisclubsandspears,withhisbows,arrows,andshield,Magere hurled himself againstthefoe,takingthem unawaresandslaughteringcountlessnumbersofthem.Thelightlyinjuredfled;thegravelywoundedlaybleedingbeneaththesun.Stillclingingtolifetheysweatedintheheatwithoutwatertoquenchtheirthirst.Theysawdeathapproachinglikeanarrowshotfromthebow,wingingitswaytohittheeyeofitstarget?TheLang'oresistedstubbornly.TheystrovetostemMagere'sattack,buthedispersedthehardcoreoftheirtroopsanddrovethemintothehills.Racingalonginpursuit,heslaughteredeveryonewithinreach.Then,feelingweary,hedecidedtobreakoffabattlethatwaswonalready.HeaskedhispeopletolettheLang'oescape.Cowards,theysay,areheroesonceawarisover,perpetuallyboastingoftheirscars.TheLang'owhoescapednodoubtboastedoftheirwounds,andtheLuo,victorious,wouldretellahundredtimesthestoryoftheirbrilliantstrategy.Thegloryduetoasingleherowouldbesharedbyall.
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Andnow,returningfrom battle,theLuochantedwarsongs.Warriorspraisedtheirfellows,slam orliving,andtheairwasfilledwiththeblaringofhorns,theboomingofdrums,andtheclangingofspearsandgain.AfterhishardfightMagerewasweakandhecamedownslowlyfromthemountainswherehehaddriventheLang'o. It waslateevening,whenthelongshadowsannouncedthatsoonthesun.mustfallbehindthemountains.Magere,unabletoam,waspickinghiswayalongthehomewardpath.Andatthistime,too,aLang'owarriorrememberedtheadviceofthegirl.Heupbraidedhiscomrades,'"Arewegoingtoletthismanescape,"heasked,"'afterkillingsomanyofourbrothersandsonsCome.,let'sfindhim.Todayhemustdie."With the cunning ofwinch hispeople werefamous,theLang'owarriorsetofftosearchforMagere.Likeasnake,heslidfrom,bushtobush,carefullyconcealedfromtheeyesofthereturningLuoWhen,finally,hecaughtupwithMagere,hedodgedabout,thiswayandthat;andthenwithamightythrust,hedrovehisspeardeepintoMagere'sshadow.ThelastgreatherooftheLuocrasheddeadtotheearth.Lang'owarriorswhosawhimfallshriekedatthetopoftheirvoices.Agreatsigalagalawentup."Theirheroisdead!Theirheroisdead!"But,wonderofwonders,whenMagerefellbeforetheLang'o,hebecameamightyrockand,awe-stuckbyhismysteriousdisappearance,theLang'otrembledwithfear,thinkingthattheLuoherohadassumedanotherbodyandwasabouttoriseagainandslaythem.Now,unliketheLang'o,whowereashappyasswallowscatchingworms,orfliesblownfar,theKanopeople(Luo)wentweepinghomewards.Forthosewhoknew thatmightywarrior,thiswasthesaddestdayoftheirlives.Thisandmanydaysthatfollowed weregreyand gloomy.To makematters worse,theLang'o,stilldoubtfulwhethertheyhadkilled Magere,launchedthreemoreheavyattacksontheLuotomakesure.TheysweptthroughLuovillages,wreakingslaughteronevenside.ButnomanlikeMagereappearedandtheywenthomeconvincedhewasdead.Fromthatdaytothis,allwhosharpentheirweaponsonMagere'srockbeforesettingofftogohuntingneverfailtokillorcapturetheirquarry.Evenwhentheirspearonlylightlyscratchesthebeast,itsinkstothegroundinitsdeaththroes.TohonourMagereasagreatdefenderofhispeople,hismemoryisenshrinedforeverinoneofourmostpopularsayings.Whenamanexceedsanotherincrueltyheisasked,proverbially."AreyouLwandaMagerethatcan'tbetrifledwith''ThoughMagerehasnowbeenlongdead,theLuohaveneverforgottenhim:heispartandparceloftheirhistoryWhentheylovesomeonedearly.theLuocomposesongsofpraiseabouthim,and thistheyhavedoneforLwandaMagere.
QUESTIONSI Whattypeoforalnarrativeisthis'?2.Quoteonephrasethatshowsthatthenarrativeistoldinamodernsettingj.Whatdoyouunderstandbythefollowingproverbasitisusedinthenarrative:"Cowardsareheroesonceawarisover,perpetuallyboastingoftheirscars.”?Explainyouranswerwithanexamplefromthenarrative.4.WhatfourcharacteraspectsofLwandaMagerecanyougetfromthisnarrative?5.WhattypeofcommunitiesweretheLuoandtheLang'ointhisnarrative?
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6.Identifythreesentenceswheresimileisused.ANSWERS1 Thisoralnarrativeisa'legend',2.Thefollowingphraseshowsthatthenarrativeistoldinamodem setting:'thegloriouscareerofthisallconqueringhero'.3 Theproverbmeansthatpeoplewhohavenotachievedmuchkeeponboastingwiththelittletheyhavedone.Forexample,LwandaMagerewhowasaherodidnotboastofallthebattleshehadwonunliketheotherwarriorswhokeptonre-tellingoftheirvictories.4. AnyofthefollowingcharacteristicaspectsofLwandaMagerecanbegiven:hewasbrave,humble,patriotic,tootrusting/unsuspecting,adamant,stubborn,commanding.5.Theywerewarringcommunities.6.a)Magerewaslikeamystery.b)Theysawdeathapproachinglikeanarrow.c) ...whowereashappyasswallows.
EXERCISE6ReadthefollowingoralnarrativeandanswerthequestionsthatfollowWHYTHEDOGISTHEFRIENDOFMANLong,longagothejackalandthedogwerebrothersandlivedtogetherinthewildbush.Eachdaytheywouldgohuntingtogether,andwheneveningfelltheywouldreturntothevalleywhichwastheironlyhome,andsharetheirfood.Onenighttheybothcameback empty-handed andravenouslyhungry,and tomakemattersworse,acoldwindwasblowingacrossthebushandtheanimalscouldnotfindanyprotectionfromthegale,"Alas'"said the dog."Itisaverybadthingtofeelhungry,hutmuchworsetofeelhungryandcoldatmesametime.""Liedownandgotosleep,"suggestedthejackal"Thenwhenthemorningcomeswecangohuntingagainandperhapscatchthatyoungdeerwesonearlycaughttoday."'"Jackal'"heexclaimed."Whatisthatlightoverthere'?""'That'savillage,andtheredisaman'sfire,"explainedthejackal."Fire iswarm,"'saidthedoglongingly"Won’tyou goandfetchmesomefire,Jackal.YouarebraverthanI.""Certainlynot!"growledthejackal,"Youfetchityourselfifyouwantit.Itwasyouridea."Butthedogwasafraidofmanandhecurledupevensmalleronthebaregroundtotrytokeephimselfwarm.Ashelaythere,hethoughtthatperhapsthepeopleinthevillagewereeating and hewonderedwhethertheymightleavesomeboneslying on thegroundaftertheirmeal,whichhecouldcreepinandsteal.Thethoughtmadehim hungrierandhungrier,sothatpresentlyheforgothisfearandsaidboldlytothejackal:"Ican'tstayhereinthecoldanylonger.Iamgoingtothevillageandwilltrytogetsomefire.PerhapsImayevenbringbacksomebonesforyoutoo.IfIdon'tgetbacksoon,callme,incaseIcannotfindmywaytoyou."Sooffranthedogtowardstheredglowinthevillage,andwhenhewasnearlytherehesloweddownandcreptinonhisstomach,hopingthatnoonewouldhearhim.Nearerandnearerhegottothefire,sniffingeagerlyashesmelttheodourofapastmealstilllingeringintheair.Justashe
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reachedthedyingembersofthefireoutsidethedoorofahut,somefowlsroostinginanearbytreegavethealarm.Amanrushedoutandcaughthim,liftinghighhisspearandsaying:"Whatareyoudoinginmycompound?""Oh,pleasedon'tkillme,"beggedthedog."Ihavenotcometoharm anybodyhere,butonlytogetalittlewarmthfromyourdyingfire.Ibegyou,letmeliedownhereandrestandwarmmyself,andlaterIwillgobacktothebushandnevertroubleyouagain."Thedoglookedsocoldandmiserablethattheman,whowaskindatheart,feltsorryforhim.Heputdownhisspearandsaid:"Verywell.Ifyoupromisenottoharmanyoneinthisvillageyoumayliedownbythefire.Butwhenyouarewarm,youmustgobacktothebushagain."Thedogthankedhimprofuselyandlaydownbesidethefire,onwhichthemanpiledsomemoresticksandblewthemintoablaze.Nowthedogwashappyindeed,forunderhisverynoselayabone,whichsomeonehadthrowndownattheendoftheirmeal.Hegnawedawayhappilyforsometime,whiletheheatfromthefirewarmedhisshiveringlimbs.Neverhadhebeensocontentedorsocomfortable.Suddenlythemancalledfrominsidehishut:"Aren'tyouwarmyet?""Notquite,"answeredthedog,whohadjustseenanotherbonenearbythathewantedtochew."Well,I'llgiveyoualittlelonger,"saidtheman,andallwasquietagainexceptforthecrackingofbonesunderthedog'sstrongteeth."Aren'tyou warm yet?"asked theman presently.Butthedog thoughtunhappilyofthecoldwindblowingacrossthebush,andcreepingevenclosertothefirehebegged:"Letmestayalittlelonger'Itwassometimebeforethemancalledoutagain,forbothheandthedogathisdoorhadbeenfastasleep'Youmusthavefinishedwarningyourselfbynow,"saidtheman,risingtohisfeetandcomingoutofhishut.Thedog,decidingthathonestywasthebestpolicy,lookedintotheman'seyesandpleaded:'YesIamwarm,butIdonotwanttogobacktothebushwhereIamsooftencoldandhungrywillyounotletmestayinthehousewithyou''Iwillhelpyouhuntthebirdsthatflyintheforest.IwillteachyouthecunningwaysofthewildanimalssothatyoucankillthemforfoodandIpromiseyouthatunlikemybrotherthejackalIwillneverrobyouofourgoatsandchickens.AllIaskinreturnisaplacebyyourfireandtheremainsofyourmeals.Themannowlookedcloselyintothedog'seyesandsawthathewasspeakingthetruth."Verywell,"hereplied."IfyoupromisetoserveandobeymeIwillgiveyouwarmthandfood."Eversincethatday,thedoghaslivedwithman.Butwhenatnightyouhearthejackalcalling'Bo-aa!'fromthebushyouwillknowthatheiscallingforhisbrotherthedogtoreturntohimwiththefireandthebonesthathewenttofetch.Butthedogneveranswersthecallandthejackalwandersthebushesalone
Questions1.Theplotofthenarrativehasthethreemainpartsofanarrative.Statewhatthesethreepartsareandgiveasentencefromthenarrativethatstartseachpart.2.Throughwhatactionsdoesthedogtrytosolvehisproblem?
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3.Whydidthedogdeserthisbrotherthejackal?4.Statethreecharacteraspectsofthedogaspresentedinthenarrative.5.Givethethemeofthisnarrative-6.Whattypeofstoryisthis?Explainbriefly.7.Thewriterusesdirectspeechinthisnarrative.Changethefollowing conversationbetweenthejackalandthedogfromdirectspeechtoreportedspeech.“Fireiswarm,”saidthedoglongingly.“Won’tyougoandfetchmesomefirejackal?YouarebraverthanI.”“Certainly!”growledthejackal.“Youfetchityourselfifyouwantit.Itwasyouidea.”
ANSWERS1.Thethreemainpartsofthenarrativeareabeginning,amiddleandanending.- abeginning:"Long,longagothejackalandthedogwerebrothersandlivedtogetherinthewildbush."- Middle:"Sooffranthedogtowardstheredglowinthevillage,andwhenhewasnearlytherehesloweddownandcreptinonhisstomach,hopingthatnoonewouldhearhim.”- Andending:"Eversincethatday,thedoghaslivedwithMan."2.Thedogtriedtosolvehisproblemsby:- goingtoMan'scompoundtowarmhimself- requestingMantolethimstayawhiletowarmhimself- eatingtheleftoverbonesthatManhadthrownaway-prolonginghisstaybythefiresidebysayingthathewasnotyetwarm- requestingMantolethimstayforgoodtoservehim3. ThedogdesertedhisbrotherthejackalbecauseitwastoocoldintheforestandhefoundwarmthandsatisfactionbystayingwithManinthevillage.4.ThefollowingarecharacteraspectsofthedogthatonecanchooseThedogisgreedy,acoward,unreliable,determined,polite,cunning,andselfish.5. Thethemeofthenarrativeisthedog'sselfishnessandhisdesertionofhisbrotherthejackal.6. Thisisanaetiologicalorexplanatorynarrative.Itexplainswhythedogbecameadomesticanimal.7.- ThedogsaidthatfirewaswarmandrequestedJackaltogethimsomebecauseJackalwasbraverthanhim.- Growlingly,Jackalsaidhecertainlycouldnotandaskedthedogtofetchithimselfifhewanteditbecauseitwashisidea.
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EXERCISE7Readthefollowingoralsongandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.I myhusbandrejectsmeBecausehesaysThatIamamerepaganAndIbelieveinthedevil.HesaysIdonotknowTherulesofhealth,AndImixupMattersofhealthandsuperstitionOcoltroublesmyhead.10HetalkstoomuchAndheheapsinsultsonmeAswellasmyrelatives.Butmostofhiswordsaresenseless,Theyarelikethesongs. 15Ofchildren'splays.AndhetreatshisclansmenAsiftheyareenemies.OcolbehavesAsifheisawitch! 20IV ItistrueWhiteman'smedicinesarestrong,ButAcolimedicinesArealsostrong.V ThesickgetcuredBecausehistimehasnotyetcome:ButwhenthedayhasdawnedForthejourneytoPagakNoonecanstopyouWhiteman'smedicines 30AcolimedicinesCrucifixes,rosaries,Toesofediblerats,ThehornoftherhinocerosNoneofthemcanblockthepath35ThatgoestoPagak!VI WhendeathcomesTofetchyouShecomesunannounced,Shecomessuddenly 40Likethevomitofdogs,AndwhenshecomesThewindkeepsblowing
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ThebirdsgoonsingingAndtheflowers 45DonothangtheirheadsTheagoyabirdissilentTheagoyacomesafterwards,Hesingstotell,Thatdeathhasbeenthatway!50VIIWhenMotherDeathcomesShewhispersCome,AndyoustandupAndfollowYougetupimmediately,AndyoustartwalkingWithoutbrushingthedustOnyourbuttocks.68VIIIYoumaybebehind60Anewbuffalo-hideshield,Andatthemock-fightOrinbattleYoumaybematchlessIX YoumaybehidingIntheholeOfthesmallestblackinsect,OrinthedarkestplaceWhereratsbreast-feedtheirpuppies,OrbehindtheAgorohills.OkothP’BitekQuestions1.WhydoesOcolrejectLawino?Giveexamples.2.GivereasonswhyLawinoblamesOcol.3.Whatdoyouunderstandbythisline:"ForthejourneytoPagak"?(line28)4.Whatthingsdopeopleusetowardoffdeath?Arethesethingseffective?5.Whatdoyouunderstandbythefollowinglines:"ThewindkeepsblowingThebirdsgoonsingingAndtheflowersDonothangtheirheads."?(lines43to46)6.Thewriterstartswithonethemewhichleadstoanother.Whatarethetwothemes?7.
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Intwosentences,statewhatthewritersaysaboutdeath.ANSWERS1.OcolrejectsLawinobecausehesaysthatsheissuperstitious Forexample,inhisopinion,sheisapagan,andsheisnotclean.2.LawinoblamesOcolbecause:hetalkstoomuchheabusesLawinoandherrelativeshemistreatshisclansmenhebehaveslikeawitch3.Pagakmeansthelandofnoreturn.Therefore,thelinesmeanwhenonedies.4. Peopleusemodernandtraditionalmedicines,crucifixes,rosaries,toesofedibleratsandthehornoftherhinocerosascharmstowardoffdeath.Noneofthesethingsiseffective.5.Thelinesmeanthatevenwhendeathcomestosome,lifestillgoeson.6.Thetwothemesare:superstitiousbeliefsdeath7. Thewritersaysthatwhendeathstrikes,thereisnothingonecandoaboutit.Nomatterwhereyouhideorthemedicinesyoutakeorthecharmsyouuse,deathwillstillcome.
EXERCISE8Readthefollowingnarrativeandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.ORIGINOFTHEAGIKUYUAtthebeginningofcreation,MweneNyaga,Ngai,thecreatorandproviderforallmankind,calledonhisservantGikuyu.Hesaidtohim,"MysonGikuyu,Iamgoingtogiveyouyourshareofland.ThelandIamgoingtogiveyouisfoilofravines,rivers,valleys,forestsandplentyofgameforyoutohuntforyourfood.Thelandisfertileandyourchildrenandyourchildren'schildrenwillnevergohungryifyoutillitwell."GikuyustoodstillwithdisbeliefMweneNyagasawGikuyu'shesitation.Hetookhim tohisresidenceontopofthemountainofmystery,"Kirinyaga",whereHeresided.From here,HecommandedagoodviewofallHislands.HethereforewantedGikuyutoseeforhimselfallthelandhehadbeengiven.Heshowedhimallthelandanditsbeauty.Hesaid,"Myson,allthisisyours."ThenHesatbackandwatchedGikuyu'shappinessashemovedfromplacetoplace,tryingtolocatetheboundariestohisland.Butnomatterhow hardhelooked,hislandseemedtorollformilesandmiles.Havinginspectedthepanoramaofhisland,hequicklycomposedhimselfandrantoMweneNyaga'sfeetandcriedwithhappinessthankingHimforthegreatgift.Hewassurethathewouldbehappyeverafter.Butthen,hefeltakindoflonelinessandhishappinesssubsided.Whatwouldhedowithallthatlandallbyhimself?MweneNyagaknewwhatwasgoingoninGikuyu'smind.Ashewasleaving,MweneNyaga
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calledhimbackandpointedtohimaspotfaroffinthemiddleofthecountry,whereafigtree,Mnkuyu,grew.He ordered Gikuyu to settle there and callthis place"MukurwewaNyagathanga."WheneverGikuyuwasinneedofMweneNyaga'shelpinwhateverway,heshouldofferasacrificetoHimatthefigtree.Heshould raisehishandstowardsKirinyaga,MweneNyaga'sresidence,and stateallhisproblems.MweneNyagawoulddefinitelyseehimandcometohisrescue.HealsotoldhimthatHehadgivenhimapresent,themostpreciouspresentinhislife,andthathewouldgetthepresentonhisarrivalathisnewhome.Gikuyu thanked MweneNyaga and,beingunableto contain hiscuriosityanylonger,hehurried straighttoMukurwewaNyagathanga.Tohissurprise,seatedtherewasayoungbeautifulwomanwhom hecalledMumbi(moulderorcreator).Theylivedtogetherasmanandwifeandwereblessedwithninedaughtersbutno sons.ThedaughterswereWachera,Wanjiku,Wairimu,Wambui,Wangari,Wanjiru,Wangui,Mwithaga and Waithera.Gikuyunneededanheir,and nothavingason disturbedhim.HethenrememberedMweneNyaga'sadvice,"I'llcometoyourrescue."oHeorganizedasacrificeattheMukuyutree.Heslaughteredaramandakidfromhisflockandpouredtheirbloodandfatonthetrunkofthesacredtree.HewenttohishouseandcalledMumbiandtheirdaughters.TheyroastedsomemeatandofferedittoMweneNyaga.TheyraisedtheirhandstowardsKirinyagaandprayed,"ThaaithathaiyaNgaithaai,.".Helater leftandwenthome.Mwene Nyaga quickly answered Gikuyu's prayers.On the following morning,Gikuyuwenttothesacredtreeandhecouldn'tbelievehiseyeswhenhefound,seatednearthetree,ninestrongyoungmen.HewasovercomewithjoyandhelookeduptothemountainandthankedMweneNyaga,hisbenefactor.Hewelcomedthenineyoungmenandtookthemtohishomewhereheintroducedthemtohiswifeanddaughters.Foodwascookedforthemandafterbathingandeating,theywenttosleep.Thenextmorning,theninemenwokeupearlyinthemorning,havinghadagoodnight'ssleep.Afterthemorningmeal,Gikuyucalledthemoutsidetodiscussmarriage.Hetoldthemtheywouldmarryhisdaughtersononecondition;theyhadtolivewiththemonhisland.Bythistime,themenhadalreadymadetheirchoices.Theywere so fascinated by thedaughters'beautyand thefather'skindnessthattheyagreed to hisproposal.GikuyuandMumbiwereoverjoyedfortheynowhadsonstoinherittheirvastlands.Thedaughtersontheotherhandhadalreadystartedtoshowtheirpreferenceofthemen.Theywerealsohappywhenthemenagreedtotheirfather'swishfortheyknewtheynowhadmentoprotectthemandgivethemcompany.Gikuyudidnotwaitlongbeforemakingarrangementsforhisdaughters'weddingsaccordingtotheGikuyucustomarylaws.Hedidnotaskforbridewealthfromtheyoungmenforheknewtheydidnothaveanyandinactualfacttheywereablessingtohim.Thedaughtersgotmarriedtotheyoungmenandtheystartedninedifferentfamilies.Theywere,however,unitedunderonename,'MbariyaMumbi',whichmeans'Mumbi'sfamilygroup'.ThiswasinhonouroftheirmotherMumbi.GikuyuandMumbiweretheheadsof'MbariyaMumbi'andtheninefamiliesremainedunderthem.TheyarethemotherandfatheroftheGikuyupeople.Astheyearspassed,GikuyuandMumbibecameolderandolderandeventuallytheydied.Beforetheydied,Gikuyucalledhisdaughtersandtheirhusbands.Hetoldthem,"Mychildren,asyoucanseeyourmotherandIareabouttoleaveyoubutbeforewego,wewouldliketoleaveyouwiththesewords.Allthelandandwhateverelsewe
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possessisyours.Divideitequallyamongyourselves.Rememberthatonefingercannotkillalouse."Withthesewords,GikuyuandMumbibreathedtheirlastbreath.Theninefamiliescontinuedtolivetogetherandthenumberoftheirchildrenandgrandchildrenwasincreasing.They became somanythatitwasimpossibleforthefamiliestolivetogetheranymore.Theycalledameetingwheretheyresolvedthateachfamilyshouldtakeallitschildrenandgrandchildrenandlivetogetherasoneclan,Muhiriga.TheclansweretobecalledaftertheninedaughtersofGikuyuandMumbi.ThisdecisionisthebasisofthenineprincipalGikuyuclans.TheyareAcheera,Agachiko,Airimo(orAgathigia),Ambui,Angari,Anjiru,Angui,EthagaandAitherando.ThenineclanslivedinGikuyu'slandandoccupieddifferentpartsofit.
Questions1.Whatdoyoucallthistypeofstory?2. ThecreatorwantedGikuyutotakeupakindofoccupation.Whatisit?Supportyouranswerwithasentencefromthenarrative.3.WhyisthefigtreesignificantinGikuyu'slife?4. Whatdoyouunderstandbythefollowingproverb:"Onefingercannotkillalouse."?GiveoneEnglishproverbequivalenttothisone.5.BrieflyexplainhowthenineGikuyuclanswerestarted.6.Whodoyouthinkaretoldthistypeofstoryandwhy
ANSWERS1.Thistypeofstoryiscalledamyth.2.ThecreatorwantedGikuyutobeafarmer/hunter. ‘Thelandisfertile"(farmer)"Yourchildren'schildrenwillnevergohungryifyoutillitwell."(farmer)"Plentyofgameforyoutohuntforyourfood."(hunter)3.ItisunderthefigtreethatGikuyupraystoGodandofferssacrifices,itisunderthesametreethathisprayersareanswered.E.g.,Mumbiandthenineyoungmenwerefoundatthefigtree.'4. "Onefingercannotkillalouse"meansthatyouneedcooperationfromotherpeopleforyoutoperformcertaintaskssuccessfully."Unityisstrength."5.ThenineGikuyuclanswerestartedaftertheninefamiliesincreasedinnumberinawaythattheycouldnotlivetogetherunderoneroofanymore.Thefamiliesdividedandeachfamilytookthenameofthemotherofthefamilytostartaclan.6.Thistypeofstoryistoldtotheyoungpeopletoteachthem abouttheoriginoftheirethnicgroup.Italsoservestoperpetuatethecultureofaparticulargroupofpeople.
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EXERCISE9Readthefollowingnarrativeandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.HAREANDANTELOPEThereoncelivedaHarewho,oneday,asshewassaunteringaboutinthebush,foundanarrowwhichshepickedup.Onherwaybackhome,shecameuponagroupofhunterswhowereskinningananimaltheyhadkilled,andshesaidtothem:"Ifyougivemeafatpieceofmeat,Iwillgiveyousomethingniceinexchange."Thehuntersasked:"Andwhatcouldthatbe?"Harereplied:"Itisanarrowheadgiventomebygod."Harewasgivenafatpieceofmeatinexchangeforthearrowhead.Shebidthehuntersgoodbyeandwentonherway.Nextshecameuponwarriorswhowereapplyingochretotheirbodies,andrealisingtheyhadnofat,shesaidtothem:"Heyyouwarriors,ifyougivemeanecklace,Iwillgiveyouafatpieceofmeatthatyoucoulduseasfat."Thewarriorsconsentedandgaveheranecklaceinexchangeforthefatpieceofmeat.Whentheexchangewasfinalised,Haretookleaveofthewarriorsandcontinuedonherway.NextshecameuponAntelopetowhom shesaid:"Lookatmynecklace."Onenquiringwhereshehadgotit,Harereplied:"Itismyfriendsthewarriorswhogaveittome,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,themeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhom Igavemyarrow,myarrowwhichmygodgaveme."AntelopelookedatHare'snecklaceadmiringly,andsaidtoher:"MayIpleasetryiton?"OnwearingthenecklaceAntelopesoughttheopinionofherfriendbyasking:"Doesitsuitme?"TothisHareinnocentlyreplied."Itsuits youperfectlywell."ThereuponAnteloperanasfastasherlegscouldcarryher,runningawaywithHare'sbeads.AftertryingtopursueAntelope,Haresoonrealisedthatshewouldnevercatchupwithher,andsogaveupthechase.Walkingawaysorrowfully,Haresooncameuponanothergroupofhuntersandsaidtothem:"Heyyouhunters,pleaseshootthatantelopeforme."Tothisthehuntersasked:"Whatissheguiltyof?"Harereplied:"Shetookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhom Igavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."AfterhearingofHare'scomplaint,thehuntersdeclinedtoshootAntelope.Takingleaveofthehunters,Harecameacrossaburningfire,towhomshesaid:"Heyyoufire,couldyoupleaseeatthosehunters?"Fireasked,"Whathave theydone?"Harereplied."Theyrefused toshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookmynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."Again,onhearingHare'scomplaint,Firetoosaid:"Iwillnoteatthehunters."HarenextcameuponWaterandsaidtoit:"Heyyouwater,couldyoupleaseputoutthatfire?"Waterasked,"WhathasFiredone"HarerepeatedtoWaterallthatshehadtoldFire.WateronlisteningtoHare'scomplaintdeclinedtodoasshewasbid.HareleftWater,feelingdisappointed.Soonshefoundaherdofelephants,towhomshespokethus:"Heyyouelephants,couldyoupleasedrinkthatwater."OnenquiringwhyWaterhadtobedrunk,Harereplied:
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"WaterrefusedtoputoutFire,Firewhorefusedtoeatthehunters,thehuntersthatdeclinedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."OnhearingHare'sstorytheelephants,too,declinedtocarryoutHare'srequestasalltheothershaddone.Undauntedbyherinabilitytoconvinceanyonetotakeactiononherbehalfsofar,Haremovedon,nextcomingupontreestowhomshespokesaying:"Heyyoutrees,couldyoupleasefallonthoseelephants?”Onenquiringthe wrongcommittedbytheelephants,Harereplied:"TheyrefusedtodrinkWater,WaterthatrefusedtoputoutFire,Firethatrefusedtoeatthehunters,thehuntersthatdeclinedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."WhenthetreeshadheardHare'sstory,theytoosaid,"Wewillnotfallontheelephants/'Harethenleftthetreesandcameupontermiteswhomsheaskedtofellthetrees.Thetermitesdemandedtoknowthewrongcommittedbythetrees.Haretoldtermitesofhowthetreeshadrefusedtofallontheelephantsandwentonenumeratingwhateveryoneelsehaddoneorrefusedtodointhesamewayshehadtoldtheothers.TherefusalbybtermitestofellthetreesupsetHare,butshewasbynomeansdaunted.Movingonwithpersistence,Haresooncameuponsomedonkeyswhomsheaskedtotrampleonthetermites.Onhearingwhatthetermiteshaddone,thedonkeystoodeclinedtotrampleonthem.BythistimeHarewasbeginningtofeelexasperatedandweary,havingwalkedalldaywithnosuccess.Itwasnotlongbeforeshecameuponagroupofhyenas,towhomshesaid:"Heyyouhyenas,couldyoupleaseeatthosedonkeys?"Thehyenasasked:"Whathavethedonkeysdone?"Harereplied,"Theyrefusedtotrampleonthetermites,thetermiteswhichrefusedtofellthetrees,thetreesthatrefusedtofallontheelephants,elephantswhorefusedtodrinkWater,WaterwhorefusedtoputoutFire,Firewhorefusedtoeatthehunters,thehuntersthatdeclinedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."AgreeingtocarryoutHare'srequest,thehyenassaid:"Verywell,wewilleatthedonkeys."Ontherealisationthattheywereabouttobeeaten,thedonkeyssaid:"Wewilltrampleonthetermites.Thetermitessaid:"Wewillfellthetrees."Thetreessaid:"Wewillfallontheelephants."Theelephantssaid:"WewilldrinkWater."Watersaid:"IwillputoutFire."Firesaid:"Iwilleatthehunters."Thehunterssaid:WewillshootAntelope."Antelopesaid:"IwillreturnHare'snecklace."SoHarewasgivenbackhernecklaceandshewasveryhappy.
Questions1.Givetwoexamplesofpersonificationusedbythenarrator.
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2."TothisHareinnocentlyreplied."Whydoesthenarratorusethewordinnocentlyhere!3.Whatisthemoodinthisnarrative?4.Give,withillustrations,threecharacteraspectsofHare.5. 'Hyena'spresenceinthisnarrativeinindispensable."Brieflystatehow" trueorfalsethisstatementis.6.Whatmajornarrativetechniquedoesthenarratoruseinthisstory?Whateffectdoesthishaveonthedevelopmentofthestory?7.Whattypeofnarrativeisthis?Supportyouranswer.7475ANSWERS1.Examplesofpersonificationare:- Hareisreferredtoas"she"/"her".- "Antelope""Hare""Fire""Water"beginwithcapitallettersasiftheyarepersonalnouns.Theyalsotalklikehumans.- Antelopewearsanecklacelikeahumanbeing.- Fireisreferredtoas"whom",arelativepronounthatisusedwithhumansonly.2.Thenarratorusestheword"innocently"becauseHaredidnotknowthatAntelopeadmiredhernecklaceandshewouldrunawaywithitafterbeingtoldbyHarethatitsuitedherwell.3.Themoodinthisnarrativeisoneofdisappointment,sadnessandanger.4.ExamplesofHare'scharacterare:- Sheispolite(sheusestheword'please').- Sheispersistent(shedoesn'tgiveupeasilyevenafterbeingturneddown).- Sheisoptimistic(shehopestogetsomejustice).- Sheispersuasive(sherepeatsthechainofeventsthatleadtothelossofhernecklace).Sherequeststobegotbackhernecklace.!- Sheisvengeful(shewantsthosewhorefusetohelptobepunished).5.Itistruethat"Hyena'spresenceinthisnarrativeisindispensable"becauseheistheonlyonewhoacceptstohelpHaretherebyseeingjusticeattained.6. Thenarratorusesrepetitionasamajornarrativetechniquetocreateachainofeventswhichmakesthenarratinginteresting.7.Thisisatricksterstory.AntelopetricksHaretobegivenHare'snecklacetotryon,whichshelaterrunsawaywith.
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EXERCISE12Readthefollowingoralnarrativeandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.THEWICKEDCHIEFThereoncelivedawickedchief.Nobodylikedhimbecauseofhiswickedness.Hewaswickedtooldmenandwomen.Bypretendingtobekind,hetriedtobepopularwithalltheyoungmenwholivedinthatcountry.Whenthechiefwonovertheyoungmen,theyalllikedhim.Oneday,thechiefcalledalltheyoungmenandtoldthem:"Myfriends,don'tyousee?"Theyasked,"What?""Youshouldkillallofthem.Everybodyshouldkillhisfather"Ah!(Thattheyshouldkilltheirfathers!)Asaresult,everybodywhosefatherwasoldbroughthimtobekilled.Thisonewentandbroughthimtobekilled,theotherwentandbroughthisfathertobekilled.Theykilledalltheoldmen,leavingonlyone.Hewasthefatherofamanwhosaid"No.WhyshouldthechiefkillalltheoldmenandwhyshouldIsendmyoldfathertobekilled?"Hegotdownandwentanddugalargeholeandconcealeditnicely.Hesenthisfatherthere,wherehehaddug.Hefetchedwoodandputitacrossandcovereditwithsoil,makingasmallholeforairtopassthrough.Atthattime,theyhadfinishedkillingalltheoldmen.Whenthechieffinishedexecutingthem,hethencalledalltheyoungmen."Myfriends,wehavenowfinishedkillingallouroldmen.ThisisacowIamgivingtoyou.Iamsohappywehavegotridofallouroldmen,sogoandkillthecow.Whenyouhavekilledthecow,cutthebestpartofitsmeatandbringittome.Ifyoudon'tbringit,youyourselvesarenotsafe."(Thatisallright!)Eh!Theyoungmenrushedoutandslaughteredthecow.Whichisthebestpartofthemeatofacow?Theywereworried.Theywentandcuttheliverandsentittohim.Heaskedwhetherornotthatwasthebestpartofthemeat.Theyanswered"yes".Theyaddedpartofthebile.Hesaidthatwasn'tthebestpartofthemeatandthattheyshouldgoandfinditquickly.Thepeoplebecamemoreworried.Everynighttheyoungmansecretlytookfoodtohisfather.Onedayhetookfoodtohisfather,whoaskedaboutthenewsofthetown.Hesaid:"Myfather,nowwearesuffering.Whenwekilledalltheoldmen,thechiefgaveusacowtogoandkill.Whenwekilledthecow,hesaidwemustfindboththesweetestandbitterestpartofthemeatandbringthemtohim.Theifwedonotbringthem,wearenotsafeourselves.Thisiswhatisworryingus."Theoldmanlaughed,butagainaskedifhedidnotknowthesweetestpartofthemeat.Hesaid,"No".Heagainaskedifhedidnotknowthebitterestpart.Hesaid"No"."Thenthesweetestandbitterestpartisthetongue.Whenyougo,cutthetongueandsendittohimandsaythatthesweetestpartofthemeatisalsothebitterest."Themanrushedhomewhileallthepeoplesatdown,undecidedaboutwhattodo.Ifsomethinghadnothappenedtheymighthavethrownthewholemeatawayandrunaway.Whentheboyarrived,hesaid:"Myfriends,takethetongueofthecowin."Theycutthetongueforhim,andhetookittothechiefspalace.Hewentandthrew itdownandsaid,"Chief,seethesweetestpartofthemeatandthebitterestpartalso."Thechiefsatdownquietlyandfinallysaid:"Youdidnotkillyourfather.Speakthetruth.Youhavenotkilledyourfather."Hesaid:"Itisthetruth,Ididn'tkillhim.Whenallthe
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otheryoungmenwerekillingtheirfathersIwentandhidmine."Thechiefsaid:"Youarethesonofawiseoldman.ThesweetestandbitterestpartofmeatisthetongueAsforthat,alltheseyoungmenarebigfools.Whyshouldsomeonesendhisfathertobekilled?Butifyouwantthesweetestpartofthemeat,findthetongue.Wereitnotforthetongue,youwouldnothaveanenemy;anditisalsobecauseofyourtonguethatyouwillnothaveafriend."
Questions1.Whattypeofstoryisthis?Supportyouranswer2.Howwouldyoudescribetheyoungmanwhodidnotkillhisfather?3.Statethreecharacteraspectsofthechief4.Whatmorallessondoyoulearnfromthisnarrative?5. Nametwothingsthatarecharacteristictooralnarrativesthatappearin-thisnarrative.6. Explainwhatyouunderstandbythefollowingstatement."Thesweetestandbitterestpartofthemeatisthetongue."ANSWERS1. Thisisatricksterstory.Theyoungmenaretrickedbythechieftokilltheirfathersandtheydoit.2.Theyoungmanissensible,cunningandoutspoken.3.Anyofthefollowingcharacteristicsofthechiefareacceptable:- Pretender- Persuasive- Wicked/ruthless- Clever/wise4. Peopleshouldthinktwicebeforetheymakemajordecisions.Theyshouldalsonotdoanythingtheyaretoldwithoutquestions,especiallyifsuchactsaffectthempersonally.5.Anyofthefollowingcharacteristicsoforalnarrativesarecorrect.- Thebeginningofthestorye.g.,"Therelived..."- Useofpastsimple.-Repetitionofsentencesorphrases.- Useofthethirdperson.6.Thetongueiscapableofpleasingbyutteringpraisesandisalsocapableofcausingangerbyutteringabusesandcurses.EXERCISE15HAREANDANTELOPEThereoncelivedaHarewho,oneday,asshewassaunteringaboutinthebush,foundanarrowwhichshepickedup.Onherwaybackhome,shecameuponagroupofhunterswhowereskinningananimaltheyhadkilled,andshesaidtothem:"Ifyougivemeafatpieceofmeat,Iwillgiveyousomethingniceinexchange."Thehuntersasked:"Andwhatcouldthatbe?"Harereplied:"Itisanarrowheadgiventomebygod."Hare
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wasgivenafatpieceofmeatinexchangeforthearrowhead.Shebidthehuntersgoodbyeandwentonherway.Nextshecameuponwarriorswhowereapplyingochretotheirbodies,andrealisingtheyhadnofat,shesaidtothem:"Heyyouwarriors,ifyougivemeanecklace,Iwillgiveyouafatpieceofmeatthatyoucoulduseasfat."Thewarriorsconsentedandgaveheranecklaceinexchangeforthefatpieceofmeat.Whentheexchangewasfinalised,Haretookleaveofthewarriorsandcontinuedonherway.NextshecameuponAntelopetowhomshesaid:"Lookatmynecklace."Onenquiringwhereshehadgotit,Harereplied:"Itismyfriendsthewarriorswhogaveittome,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,themeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowwhichmygodgaveme."AntelopelookedatHare'snecklaceadmiringly,andsaidtoher:"MayIpleasetryiton?"OnwearingthenecklaceAntelopesoughttheopinionofherfriendbyasking:"Doesitsuitme?"TothisHareinnocentlyreplied:"Itsuitsyouperfectlywell."ThereuponAnteloperanasfastasherlegscouldcarryher,runningawaywithHare'sbeads.AftertryingtopursueAntelope,Haresoonrealisedthatshewouldnevercatchupwithher,andsogaveupthechase.Walkingawaysorrowfully,Haresooncameuponanothergroupofhuntersandsaidtothem:"Heyyouhunters,pleaseshootthatantelopeforme."Tothisthehuntersasked:"Whatis she guilty of?"Harereplied:"Shetookaway mynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."AfterhearingofHare'scomplaint,thehuntersdeclinedtoshootAntelope.Takingleaveofthehunters,Harecameacrossaburningfire,towhom shesaid:"Heyyoufire,couldyoupleaseeatthosehunters?"Fireasked,"Whathavetheydone"Harereplied:"TheyrefusedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookmynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."Again,onhearingHare'scomplaint,Firetoosaid:"Iwillnoteatthehunters."HarenextcameuponWaterandsaidtoit:"Heyyouwater,couldyoupleaseputoutthatfire?"Waterasked,"WhathasFiredone"HarerepeatedtoWaterallthatshehadtoldFire.-WateronlisteningtoHare'scomplaintdeclinedtodoasshewasbid.HareleftWater,feelingdisappointed.Soonshefoundaherdofelephants,towhomshespokethus:"Heyyouelephants,couldyoupleasedrinkthatwater."OnenquiringwhyWaterhadtobedrunk,Harereplied:"WaterrefusedtoputoutFire,Firewhorefusedtoeatthehunters,thehuntersthatdeclinedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhom Igavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."OnhearingHare'sstorytheelephants,too,declinedtocarryoutHare'srequestasalltheothershaddone.Undauntedbyherinabilitytoconvinceanyonetotakeactiononherbehalfsofar,Haremovedon,nextcomingupontreestowhom shespokesaying:"Heyyoutrees,couldyoupleasefallonthoseelephants?"Onenquiringthewrongcommittedbytheelephants,Harereplied:"TheyrefusedtodrinkWater,WaterthatrefusedtoputoutFire,Firethatrefusedtoeatthehunters,thehuntersthatdeclinedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhomIgavemymeat,
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mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhomIgavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."WhenthetreeshadmheardHare'sstory,theytoosaid,Wewillnotfallontheelephants."Harethenleftthetreesandcameupon“termiteswhomsheaskedtofellthetrees.Thetermitesdemandedtoknowthewrongcommittedbythetrees.Haretoldtermitesofhow thetreeshadrefusedtofallontheelephantsandwentonenumeratingwhateveryoneelsehaddoneorrefusedtodointhesamewayshehadtoldtheothers.TherefusalbytermitestofellthetreesupsetHare,butshewasbynomeansdaunted.Movingonwithpersistence,Haresooncameuponsomedonkeyswhomsheaskedtotrampleonthetermites.Onhearingwhatthetermiteshaddone,thedonkeystoodeclinedtotrampleonthem.BythistimeHarewasbeginningtofeelexasperatedandweary,havingwalkedalldaywithnosuccess.Itwasnotlongbeforeshecameuponagroupofhyenas,towhomshesaid:"Heyyouhyenas,couldyoupleaseeatthosedonkeys?"Thehyenasasked:"Whathavethedonkeysdone?"Harereplied,"Theyrefusedtotrampleonthetermites,thetermiteswhichrefusedtofellthetrees,thetreesthatrefusedtofallontheelephants,elephantswhorefusedtodrinkWater,WaterwhorefusedtoputoutFire,Firewhorefusedtoeatthehunters,thehuntersthatdeclinedtoshootAntelope,Antelopewhotookawaymynecklace,mynecklacethatthewarriorsgaveme,thewarriorstowhom Igavemymeat,mymeatthatthehuntersgaveme,thehunterstowhom Igavemyarrow,myarrowthatmygodgaveme."AgreeingtocarryoutHare'srequest,thehyenassaid:"Verywell,wewilleatthedonkeys."Ontherealisationthattheywereabouttobeeaten,thedonkeyssaid:"Wewilltrampleonthetermites."Thetermitessaid:"Wewillfellthetrees."Thetreessaid:"Wewillfallontheelephants."Theelephantssaid:"WewilldrinkWater."Watersaid:"IwillputoutFire."Firesaid:"Iwilleatthehunters."Thehunterssaid:WewillshootAntelope."Antelopesaid:"IwillreturnHare'snecklace."SoHarewasgivenbackhernecklaceandshewasveryhappy.
Questions1.Givetwoexamplesofpersonificationusedbythenarrator.2."TothisHareinnocentlyreplied."Whydoesthenarratorusethewordinnocentlyhere?3.Whatisthemoodinthisnarrative?4.Give,withillustrations,threecharacteraspectsofHare.5. 'Hyena'spresenceinthisnarrativeinindispensable."Brieflystatehowtrueorfalsethisstatementis.6.Whatmajornarrativetechniquedoesthenarratoruseinthisstory?Whateffectdoesthishaveonthedevelopmentofthestory?7.Whattypeofnarrativeisthis?Supportyouranswer.
ANSWERS1.Examplesofpersonificationare:- Hareisreferredtoas"she"/"her"
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-"Antelope""Hare""Fire""Water"beginwithcapitallettersasiftheyarepersonalnouns.Theyalsotalklikehumans.- Antelopewearsanecklacelikeahumanbeing.- Fireisreferredtoas"whom",arelativepronounthatisusedwithhumansonly.2. Thenarratorusestheword"innocently"becauseHaredidnotknowthatAntelopeadmiredhernecklaceandshewouldrunawaywithitafterbeingtoldbyHarethatitsuitedherwell.3.Themoodinthisnarrativeisoneofdisappointment,sadnessandanger4.ExamplesofHare’scharacterare:- Sheispolite(sheusesthewordplease).- Sheispersistent(shedoesn'tgiveupeasilyevenafterbeingturneddown).- Sheisoptimistic(shehopestogetsomejustice).- Sheispersuasive(sherepeatsthechainofeventsthatleadtothelossofhernecklace).Sherequeststobegotbackhernecklace.- Sheisvengeful(shewantsthosewhorefusetohelptobepunished).5.Itistruethat"Hyena'spresenceinthisnarrativeisindispensable"becauseheistheonlyonewhoacceptstohelpHaretherebyseeingjusticeattained.6. Thenarratorusesrepetitionasamajornarrativetechniquetocreateachainofeventswhichmakesthenarratinginteresting.7.Thisisatricksterstory.AntelopetricksHaretobegivenHare'snecklacetotryon,whichshelaterrunsawaywith.EXERCISE16ReadthefollowingOralsongandanswerthequestionswhichfollow.Sleep,sleepSweet,gentleonesleepYourmotheriscoming,sleepSleep,sleep,gentleonesleep.Sleep,sleepSweetgentleonesleepYourguardiscomingsleepSleep,sleepgentleonesleepSleep,sleepSweet,gentleonesleepYourheartiscoming,sleepSleep,sleepgentleonesleepSleep,sleepSweet,gentleonesleepTheselfishoneiscomingsleepSleep,gentleonesleep.
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Questionsa)Usingthreeillustrationsfromthesongclassifyit-b)Whatisthesinger'sattitudetowardsthesubjectofthesong"c)Comparethetoneinthefirstthreestanzasandtheoneinthelaststanzaofthesongd)Whattwoaspectsofstylearecommonlyusedinthissonge)Whatisthecharactertraitofthepersonbeingdescribedinthesongf)WhatistherelationshipbetweenthesingerandthepersonbeingdescribedWhatisthemorallessoninthissong?SAMPLEANSWERa)Thisisalullaby,duetoi)Repetitionofwardslike'sleep,sleep"ii)Mentionofmotheriscomingiii)Mentionofguard;scoming.b)Thesingeriscontemptuousofthebaby'smothershesays:"Theselfishoneiscoming"c)Thetoneishappyatfirstthenchangestoabitterone.nthelaststanza."Youriscoming/Theselfishoneiscoming.”d)Theaspectsofstyleusedinthesongare:i)Repetition-sleep/sleepii)Satire-thebaby'smotherarrivalissatirized.Thespeakerknowsherarrivalisofnousetoher-shesays,"theselfishoneiscoming”iii)Irony-thearrivalofthebabyisablessingtothespeakere)Thepersonbeingdescribedisselfish.f)Thesingerisanursewhilethepersonbeingdescribedisamother.Thebaby'smotherisselfishtothesingerandthatiswhythesingerexpressesthisinasong.Theselfishoneiscoming.g)Themorallessonisthatnursesneedtobetreatedfairlyinorderforthem tonursebabieswithdevotionandwithoutfear.
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