Oral Law 3 - bethdavidmc.orgbethdavidmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Oral-Law-3.pdf · Ø971 BC...

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TheOralLaw- 3APRIMER FORMES S IANIC BELIEVERS

MES S IANIC PAS TORRICK ARIIBETH DAV IDMES S IANIC CONGREGAT ION

BETH DAVID MESSIANIC CONGREGATION

Review:Session1DiscussedexistingperceptionsandknowledgeregardingJewishliteratureand“Talmud”specifically.WhystudyTalmud?TheimportanceofRabbinicLiteratureforbelieversinMessiahYeshuaJewishRole– ACovenantPeople(GiftandCalling)◦ Guarding theCovenant:Exodus19:1-6,Deuteronomy29:1,10-15

◦ Keeping theCovenant:Exodus21:12,17ThisistheunderlyingquestionofTalmud:HowdoweguardGod’sCovenant?Howdowekeep(do)it?


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Review:Session2

Ø ExploredwhatdefinesJudaismanditscorefoundationintheTorah

Ø Introduced the“dual”TorahanddiscussedthepluralityofJudaisms andtheneedforunityinaspreadingdiaspora

Ø Discussedtheconceptanddiversemeaningsoftheterm,“law”

Ø OverviewoftheTalmudicera- 250BC– 600AD,andintroducedMishnah,Gemara,andTalmud


Review:Mishnah–CommentaryonTorah

Mishnah

Torah


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Review:Gemara–CommentaryonMishnah

Gemara

MishnahTorah


Review:Mishnah+Gemara=Talmud

Gemara

MishnahTorah


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Review:Mishnah+YerushalmiGemara =Yerushalmi Talmud

Gemara-Y

MishnahTorah


Review:Mishnah+BavliGemara=Bavli Talmud

Gemara-B

MishnahTorah


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Review:TheRabbinicCanonØMishnahØCommentaryonTorahØCodifiedca.200CEØVoicesfrom250BCE– 200CE(Tana’im)

ØGemaraØCommentaryonMishnahØDevelopedintwodifferentschools(Amor’im)Ø Insidetheland(Jerusalem/Palestinian/Yerushalmi)Ø Outsidetheland(Babylonian/Bavil)

ØYerushalmi TalmudCodifiedca.400CEØBavli TalmudCodifiedca.600CE


Assignmentfortheweek…

ReadNehemiahChapter 8.

Summarizeitin250wordsorless,payingcarefulattention tohowEzrareads,interprets, andteachesfromScripture.


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Session3Overview

SessionThreewillcontinuewithadeeperlookatthepertinentBiblicalhistorystartingwiththegivingofTorahonMt.Sinai,butfocusingon theSecondTempleperiod,thedestructionoftheTemple/Jerusalem,andtheensuingTalmudicperiod.

DetailswillincludeEzra’sroleandthedevelopmentofScribes,Pharisees,Mishnaic voicesandthedevelopmentandcodificationoftheTalmud.

AgeofTorah:ca.1450BC– 971BCØ 1450BC– MountSinaiØ 10Commandments(writteninstone,bythefingerofGod)ØWrittenTorah(attributedtoMoses)Ø OralTorah (spokentoMoses,passedtoJoshua)

Ø 1400BC– JoshualeadsIsraelintoCanaan

Ø 1350BC– EraoftheJudgesBegins

Ø 1051BC– FirstKingofIsrael:Saul

Ø 1011BC– SecondKingofIsrael:David


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FirstTemplePeriodØ 971BC– ThirdKingofIsrael:SolomonØ 960BC– FirstTempleCompleted

Ø 931BC– DividedKingdom– Judah(south) andIsrael(north)Ø 722BC– IsraelfallstoAssyriaØ 586BC– JudahfallstoBabylon,Jerusalem/Templedestroyed

Ø 538BC– Cyrus’Edictallowing Jewstoreturn totheirlandØ Zerubbabeland49,697returnØ 536BC– RebuildingoftheTemplebeginsØ 520– 516BC– Rebuildingcomplete


SecondTemplePeriodØ 516BC– RebuildingoftheTemplecompletedØ 457BC– EzraSenttoJudahØ 444-432BC– NehemiahGovernsJudahØ 400BCInter-testamental (silent?)PeriodØ 336– 323BC– AlexandertheGreatØ 331– 63BC– Ptolemaic/Selucidic ControlofTheLandØ 164– 63BC– Hasmonean Dynasty(Jewishself-rule)

Ø 63BC– PompeyconquersJerusalemforRomeØ 37BC– HerodtheGreatappointedKingofJudea/JewsØ 20BC– HerodbeginsrefurbishingtheTemple

Ø c.6– 4BC– 30AD– LifeofYeshuaØ 70AD– Temple/JerusalemdestroyedbyRomans


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TheChronicler“Itiswidelyrecognizedthatthechronicler’s compilation ofEzraandNehemiahwasmotivatedbykeentheological interests.Themoreimportant themesidentified asshapingthecarefulconstruction oftheliterature include covenantrenewalintherestoration community(e.g.,Nehemiah8– 10),therebuilding anddedication ofthewallofJerusalemasaphysicaldemonstration ofGod’sfulfillment ofearlier promisestorestoretheremnantofIsrael (cf.Zeph.3:19– 20;Hag.2:1– 9),thehistorical andtheological continuity betweenpreexilic andpostexilicIsrael (e.g.,theinstitution ofthetemple, installation ofofficerslikethepriestsandtempleservants,andtheimportance oftheTorahofMosesastheguideforHebrew religiousandsociallife,andthelegitimacyoftherestoration community’s religious, political, economic, andsocialagendaasGod’s elect(cf.Neh.9:32– 37).”

AndrewE.Hill, JohnH.Walton,ASurveyoftheOldTestament


Scribes=Lawyers“ThedevelopmentofwritingsystemsintheancientNearEastledtotheriseofaprofessionalclassofscribes,andthisheldtrueforHebrewsocietyinOldTestamenttimes.Inpreexilic Israeltheseofficialsecretarieswerekeyfiguresinbothreligiousandciviladministration(cf.2Sam8:16–17;20:23–26).DuringtheperiodoftheHebrewmonarchiesthescribesfunctionedas“diplomats”inaway,sincetheirexpertiseinthelanguagesandliteratureofthedayfacilitatedinternationalcorrespondence(cf.2Kings18:18–26).Thescribesalsowrotepersonallettersandpublicdocuments(e.g.,Isa50:1;Jer36:18)andrecordedlegal,military,andfinancialdataforthemonarchy(cf.1Kings4:3;2Kings22:3–4;2Chron 24:11;2Chron 26:11).“TheLevitesalsoservedasscribesandrecordersforthetemple(2Chron34:13,15).AfterthefalloftheHebrewmonarchies,thescribalclassinpostexilicIsraelwastiedsolelytothetempleandmorenarrowlyfocusedastofunction.Thesetemplescribeswereessentiallyaclassofscholarswhodevotedthemselvestocopying,preserving,publishing,andinterpreting theLawofMosesfortheHebrewpeople.Ezraisoftenidentifiedastheprecursorofthisscribalclass(Ezra7:1–10).ByNewTestamenttimes,thescribesformedapowerfulreligiousandpoliticalclassinJudaism.TheybecamemajoropponentsoftheministryofJesus,accusinghimofviolatingJewishlaw(cf.Matt.23:2).”AndrewE.Hill,JohnH.Walton,ASurveyoftheOldTestament


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MetamorphosisofpriestandscribePerhapsmoresignificantwasthemetamorphosisthattookplaceintheofficesofpriestandscribe.Inthepreexilic periodascribewasahigh-rankingcabinetmemberofthestatebureaucracy(e.g.,2Sam.20:24–25;2Kings18:18)whoneverfunctionedasapriest.TheroleofthescribewasredefinedwiththearrivalofEzra.Asapriest-scribehebecamethemodelforalaterclassofreligiousprofessionalswhosesoletaskwasthestudyandexpositionofScripture(cf.Ezra7:10).Thelong-termramificationsofthisrestructuringofHebrewsocietyemergedintheattitudesandteachingsoflaterJudaism.Unfortunately,theconsequencesforHebrewreligionweremostlynegative.Yetthehistoricalandtheologicaldevelopmentstracedfromthepostexilicperiodthroughtheintertestamental periodcontributegreatlytotheunderstandingofNewTestamentbackgrounds,especiallyJesus’encounterswiththereligiouseliteofPalestineinthefirstcenturyAD.Forexample,thezealousbutmisguidedappealtoMosaiclawforcommunityruleeventuallyledtoapharisaicallegalismthattithed“pepperseeds”withruthlesscalculationbutignoredtheveryessenceofTorah—faith,justice,andmercy(Matt.23:23


MetamorphosisofpriestandscribeToensurecommunityobediencetocovenantstipulationsrelatedtopersonalpurity,theMosaiccodewas“fencedin”orsupplementedbyalegalhedgecalledtheorallaw,or“traditionoftheelders”(cf.Matt.15:1– 9).GraduallythesupplementalcodedisplacedtheprimarycodeofMoses,promptingJesustodecryareligionthatneglectedthelawofGodtoclingtothetraditionsofmen(cf.Mark7:1– 9).TheideaofHebrewexclusivenessfosteredbyEzraslowlydegeneratedintoanunhealthypreoccupationwiththeseparationfromthe“unclean”lifestyleoftheGentiles.Asaresult,themajorityoftheJewswereblindedtotheirdivinecommissionasalighttothenations(Isa.42:6;Luke2:32)anddesensitizedtotheirownspiritualbankruptcy(Luke5:27– 31;10:25– 37).Finally,thestudyandteachingofthelawofMosescontinuedtobedivorcedfromthepriesthood.Fortheirpart,thepriestsweremoreconcernedaboutpoliticalandeconomicissuesduetotheinfluenceofHellenismontherulingaristocracyofJerusalem.ByNewTestamenttimes,however,aprofessionalclassofscribesor“lawyers”hadusurpedthepriestlyroleasspiritualleadersofthepeople.Jesuscondemnedthemaslittlemorethan“blindguides”and“whitewashedtombs”(Matt.23:16,27).SmallwonderthemultitudeswereastoundedattheteachingofJesusasonewhospokewithauthority(cf.Mark1:22)!Hill,AndrewE.;Walton,JohnH.(2010-05-11).ASurveyoftheOldTestament(KindleLocations5458-5477).Zondervan.KindleEdition.


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Significantshifts– 2nd templeperiodØLanguageØ C.255SeptuagintcompletedinAlexandriaØ RememberPhilo?

Ø 196RosettaStoneTributetoPtolemyVwritteninGreek,EgyptianhieroglyphsandEgyptiandemotic

ØRulership /OccupationØ342-332PersianRuleofEgyptØ332AlexandertheGreatconquersEgypt/PalestineØ Hellenizationbegins

Ø331Ptolemaic(Egyptian)ControlØ198Seleucid(Syrian)Control


PostTemplePeriodØ 63– 70JewishRevolt

Ø 70– Destruction oftheTempleandJerusalemØMessianicbelieversinJerusalemflee toPelaØ40?– 100ApostolicWritingsemerge

Ø 135BarKochba RevoltØ 40– 425Pharasaic Center RelocatesØ 70fromJerusalemtoYavneØ 140Yavne toUshaØ Usha toShefaramØ 170Shefarim toBeitShe’arimØ 200BeitShe’arim toTzippori (Sephoris)Ø 250Tzippoi toTiberias


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HistoryofAntiSemitism/Supersessionism:115-210Ø115Ignatius,bishop ofAntioch: “ForifevenuntothisdayweliveafterthemannerofJudaism,weavowthatwehavenotreceivegrace.”Ø120Epistle ofBarnabas:“Oursitis;buttheylostit inthiswayforever”

Ø150JustinMartyrØ“DialoguewithTrypho theJew:”“ChrististheIsraelandtheJacob,we…arethetrue Israelite race...”

Ø“you[thoseofthecircumcision]alonemaysufferthatwhichyounowjustlysuffer;andthatyourlandmaybedesolate,andyourcitiesburnedwithfire”

Ø165Melito, bishopofSardis:“...thepeoplewasmadevoidwhenthechurch arose.”Ø210Hippolytus ofRome:declared theJewseternallyrejected byGod,guiltyoflilling Jesus


HistoryofAntiSemitism/Supersessionism:220– 330Ø220Origen:Expressedhis“utterconfidence” thattheJewswereforeverrejectedbyGodØ306TheChurch SynodofElvira:restricts socialinteractions withJews

Ø315Emperor Constantine: EdictofMilanforbidsJewsfromlivinginJerusalem;convertsfromChristianity toJudaismtobeburned aliveØ325Council ofNicaea:Separates“Easter”from“Passover,”severingcommonalitywith JewishrootsØ320Cyprian, Bishop ofCarthage:statesGentiles andnot Jewswouldinherit “thekingdomofheaven”

Ø330Tertullian’s “AgainsttheJews”:The“Church” istheheirtotheAbrahamic/Davidic/New Covenants.Declaredpermanence ofJewishexpulsion fromJerusalem/Israel


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HistoryofAntiSemitism/Supersessionism:341Ø341Council ofAntioch: forbadeChristians fromcelebratingPassover

Ø350Christian EmperorConstantius: forbadeChristian/Jewish marriage

Ø380Chrysostom:“Homilies againsttheJews”:“Jewsaregatheringchoruses ofeffeminatesandagreatrubbish heapofharlots”

Ø379-395RomanEmperor Theodosius makesChristianitytheofficialstatereligion, givingfullpowertothesupersessionists.Theologicaldeclarations becameoutwardlyviolentandmilitant.



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Oral Law 3 - bethdavidmc.orgbethdavidmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Oral-Law-3.pdf · Ø971 BC...

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