Oracle_ch2.pptx

8/10/2019 Oracle_ch2.pptx

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Dr. Chen, Busin ess Database Systems (Oracle)

Chapter 2Connecting to Oracle 11g

andBasic SQL SELECT Statements

Jason C.H. Chen , Ph.D. Professor of MIS

School of Business, Gonzaga UniversitySpokane, WA 99258 USA

[email protected]


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Dr. Chen, Busin ess Database Systems (Oracle)2

Objectives

Learn how to connect to Oracle 11g (client/server andPersonal)

Create the initial database Learn database objects and SQL commands and components Identify keywords, mandatory clauses, and optional clauses in

a SELECT statement Select and view one/all columns of a table Display multiple columns of a table Use a column alias to clarify the contents of a particular

column Perform basic arithmetic operations in the SELECT clause Remove duplicate lists using either the DISTINCT or

UNIQUE keyword

Use concatenation to combine fields, literals, and other data


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Connect to Oracle 11g

There are two ways connecting to and workingwith Oracle 11g

SQL Plus a command driven facility

SQL Developer a GUI facility

Indicate the following link to include java.exe (use Browse ):c:\program Files\java\ jdk1.6.0 \bin\java.exe


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Connect to Oracle 11g usingSQL Plus

Figure 2-1 SQL*Plus Interface

type exitto quit thesystem


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Connect to Oracle 11g usingSQL Developer for the first time

Sometimes you need to do the following (also available on the Installation Guide on Bb )

Now run SQL Developer . You will be prompted to enterthe pathname for your newly installed Java JDK program.

If the program was installed in C and you run a 64-bitversion of Windows, the destination will be as follows:C:\Program F iles (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_26\bin\java.exe . Ifnot you click Browse and find the Java program yourself,

just make sure you point to the JDK version not the JRE.


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Connect to Oracle 11g usingSQL Developer

Figure 2-2 SQL Developer Interface



Connect to Oracle 11g usingSQL Developer

click on



#1

#2

Complete the information on the Database Connection Screen

jepson-oracle

sbaora11



Connect to Oracle 11g usingPersonal SQL Developer

click on TNS

(password is created during the Oracle installation)



Complete the information on the Database Connection Screen(Personal Oracle 11g)



12

YOUR TURNHow to Access Your Oracle11g Account

User Name: Password: [ case sensitive ]

jepson-oracle

sbaora11



drag, if output screennot displayed



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Database Objects and Queries

An Oracle database consists of multiple user accounts Each user account owns database objects

Tables Views

Stored programs, etc. Query: command to perform operation on databaseobject

Structured Query Language (SQL) Industry standard query language for most of relationaldatabases Consists of about 30 commands


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Basic SQL Concepts and Commands

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used tomanipulate the database.

There are two basic types of SQL commands:

DDL commands work with the structure of the objects

(tables, indexes, views) in the database.DML commands work with the data in the database(i.e.,manipulate the data).

Reserved words - SQL command words

Data Definition Language ( DDL )Data Manipulation Language ( DML )


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SQL Components

DDL

DML

DCL

D.B.

ORACLE(SQL Components)

(Create Table structureand insert database)


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DDL Commands

Used to create and modify the structure ofdatabase objects CREATE

ALTER DROP GRANT REVOKE

DDL commands execute as soon as they areissued, and do not need to be explicitly saved


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DML Commands

Used to insert, view, and modify database data INSERT UPDATE DELETE SELECT

DML commands need to be explicitly saved orrolled back COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT


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Create the JustLee Database

Use the provided script to create thedatabase so you can follow the chapterexamples

Verify table contents (structure) using theDESCRIBE command


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Scripts

Scripts are simply files that contain a sequence ofSQL and/or PL/SQL commands that can beexecuted in SQL*Plus.

Note: SQL and PL/SQL(to be introduced) are two

languages Oracle uses. SQL*Plus is the tool we use to access Oracle. SQL*Plus can execute both SQL and PL/SQL

commands plus it has its own commands.


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Class Exercise

Create a new folder on c:\ as follows:c:\oradata\chapter2

Download all files in chapter 2 from Bb (underCourse Documents) into c: \oradata\chapter2\

Logon to SQL*Plus and type the followingcommand (not on SQL Developer)SQL> start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sql

or,SQL> @ c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sqlSQL> SELECT * FROM publisher;


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Class Exercise (continued)

A table name only can be created once andsaved in the current database. Therefore, ifyou re-do the previous start command youwill receive error message.

To avoid the problem, you need DROP thetables from the database before those tables(using the same names) are recreated.

Type the following command forSQL> start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Drop.sql

SQL> SELECT * FROM publisher;


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Installing Personal Oracle11g

I created a Discussion Questions on the Bb for you toshare (or post question) your experience on installation ofOracle 11g. Please participate and it will be also your

part of class performance.

Please note that if your computer with 64-bit operating

system such as Windows 7, you cant use the bundledDVD to install Oracle since it is for 32-bit OS. Rather

you need to download 64-bit Oracle 11g from the Oraclesite ( www.oracle.com ) or type in keyword search ofOracle 11g download.


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Figure 2-3 List of existing (created) tables

How to verify Created Tables and their Structure?

Figure 2-3 List the structure of the BOOKS table

Also try to type the same commands on SQL>


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SELECT Statement Syntax

SELECT statements are used to retrieve data fromthe database

A SELECT statement is referred to as a query

Syntax gives the basic structure, or rules, for acommand

Optional clauses and keywords are shown in brackets


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SELECT Statement Syntax (continued)

SELECT and FROM clauses are required

SELECT clause identifies column(s) FROM clause identifies table(s) Each clause begins with a keyword

Figure 2-5 Syntax for the SELECT statement


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Selecting All Data in a Table

Substitute an asterisk for the column names in aSELECT clause

Figure 2-6 Command to select all data in a table


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Selecting One Column from a Table

Enter column name in SELECT clause

Figure 2-7 Command to select in a single column

-- CASE is not sensitive-- chapter 2, Figure 2-8; p. 34SELECT TITLE FROM BOOKS;

SELECT title from books;SELECT title FROM books;SELECT TITLEFROM BOOKS;


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Selecting Multiple Columns from a Table

Separate column names with a comma

Figure 2-9 Command to select multiple columns from a table

-- chapter 2, Figure 2-10; p. 36SELECT pubdate, titleFROM books;Figure 2-10 Reversed column sequence in theSELECT clause


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Operations within the SELECT Statement

List the alias after the column heading AS keyword is optional

Enclose in double quotation marks: If it contains blank space(s) If it contains special symbol(s) To retain case

Column alias can be used for column headings Perform arithmetic operations Suppress duplicates

Concatenate data


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Column Alias Example

Figure 2-11 Using a column alias Figure 2-12 Using a column alias without

the AS keyword


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Using Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic operations Executed left to right Multiplication and division are solved first Addition and subtraction are solved last Override order with parentheses


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Example Arithmetic Operation withColumn Alias

Figure 2-13 Using a column alias for an arithmetic expression


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Figure 2-14 NULL values in the Discount column

The following output is from SQL>


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ISBN TITLE PUBDATE PUBID COST---------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------- ----------

RETAIL DISCOUNT CATEGORY---------- ---------- ------------1059831198 BODYBUILD IN 10 MINUTES A DAY 21-JAN-05 4 18.75

30.95 FITNESS

0401140733 REVENGE OF MICKEY 14-DEC-05 1 14.222 FAMILY LIFE

4981341710 BUILDING A CAR WITH TOOTHPICKS 18-MAR-06 2 37.859.95 3 CHILDREN

8843172113 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION 04-JUN-03 3 31.455.95 COMPUTER

3437212490 COOKING WITH MUSHROOMS 28-FEB-04 4 12.519.95 COOKING

3957136468 HOLY GRAIL OF ORACLE 31-DEC-05 3 47.2575.95 3.8 COMPUTER


Question: How can we improve the output?(see chapter 2, Figure 2-14(b) on Ch2Queries.sql)

We will learn it later and more in the later chapters.

SQL> select * from books;


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Using DISTINCT and UNIQUE Enter DISTINCT or UNIQUE after SELECT keyword to suppress duplicates

Figure 2-16 List of unduplicated states for customers

-- chapter 2, Figure 2-16; p. 43-- without DISTINCTSELECT stateFROM customers;

SQL> SELECT state FROM customers;

ST--

FLCAFLIDWA

NYTXWYCAGAILMAFLWYFLCAMIGANJNJ

20 rows selected.


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Dr. Chen, Busin ess Database Systems (Oracle)Figure 2-17 Unduplicated list of cities for customers

More example

-- chapter 2, Figure 2-17; p. 44

SELECT DISTINCT state, cityFROM customers;


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Using Concatenation

You can combine data

with a string literal Use the concatenation

operator, ||

It allows the use ofcolumn aliases

Figure 2-18 Concatenation of two columns


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Concatenation Examples with Alternate name

Figure 2-20 Using a column alias for concatenated valuesFigure 2-219 Using a string literal in concatenation


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SQL> select * from books;

ISBN TITLE PUBDATE PUBID COST

---------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------- ----------RETAIL DISCOUNT CATEGORY---------- ---------- ------------1059831198 BODYBUILD IN 10 MINUTES A DAY 21-JAN-05 4 18.75

30.95 FITNESS

0401140733 REVENGE OF MICKEY 14-DEC-05 1 14.222 FAMILY LIFE

4981341710 BUILDING A CAR WITH TOOTHPICKS 18-MAR-06 2 37.859.95 3 CHILDREN

8843172113 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION 04-JUN-03 3 31.455.95 COMPUTER

3437212490 COOKING WITH MUSHROOMS 28-FEB-04 4 12.519.95 COOKING

3957136468 HOLY GRAIL OF ORACLE 31-DEC-05 3 47.2575.95 3.8 COMPUTER


Question: How can we produce a readable output format?


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Formatting Output in SQL*Plus

To change default column headings: Specify alternate column headings : SELECT fieldname1

" heading1_text" , fieldname2 " heading2_text" , ... Use an alias for column headings: SELECT fieldname1 AS

alias_name1...

Use column statement To change SQL*Plus line and page size settings

Select Options/Environment on menu bar Modify linesize and pagesize to desired values

You may also type the following commands at SQL>

SQL> SET LINESIZE 80 SQL> SET PAGESIZE 45

Please download chapter 14 (pdf file on Bb) for morecommands on formatting output.


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Advanced SQL Commandsclear screen;

column format a15 wrapcolumn format a15 wordcolumn format a20 heading description for the field column format a15 truncatecolumn format $999.99

-- note: default is wrap-- formatting output (try it on the SQL>)-- chapter 2, Figure 2-14(b); p. 41clear screenSET LINESIZE 80SET PAGESIZE 45column title format a12 heading 'Book Title' WORDcolumn PubID format 99 heading 'ID'column Cost format $999.99column retail format $999.99

SELECT *

FROM books;

Here is a better output after formatting output:


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ISBN Book Title PUBDATE ID COST RETAIL DISCOUNT CATEGORY---------- ------------ --------- --- -------- -------- ---------- ------------1059831198 BODYBUILD IN 21-JAN-05 4 $18.75 $30.95 FITNESS

10 MINUTESA DAY

0401140733 REVENGE OF M 14-DEC-05 1 $14.20 $22.00 FAMILY LIFE

ICKEY4981341710 BUILDING A C 18-MAR-06 2 $37.80 $59.95 3 CHILDRENAR WITH TOOTHPICKS

8843172113 DATABASE IMP 04-JUN-03 3 $31.40 $55.95 COMPUTERLEMENTATION

3437212490 COOKING WITH 28-FEB-04 4 $12.50 $19.95 COOKINGMUSHROOMS

3957136468 HOLY GRAIL O 31-DEC-05 3 $47.25 $75.95 3.8 COMPUTERF ORACLE

1915762492 HANDCRANKED 21-JAN-05 3 $21.80 $25.00 COMPUTER

COMPUTERS9959789321 E-BUSINESS T 01-MAR-06 2 $37.90 $54.50 COMPUTER

HE EASY WAY2491748320 PAINLESS CHI 17-JUL-04 5 $48.00 $89.95 4.5 FAMILY LIFE

LD-REARING0299282519 THE WOK WAY 11-SEP-04 4 $19.00 $28.75 COOKING

TO COOK8117949391 BIG BEAR AND 08-NOV-05 5 $5.32 $8.95 CHILDREN

LITTLE DOVE0132149871 HOW TO GET F 11-NOV-06 4 $17.85 $29.95 1.5 SELF HELP

ASTER PIZZA9247381001 HOW TO MANAG 09-MAY-03 1 $15.40 $31.95 BUSINESS

E THE MANAGER

ISBN Book Title PUBDATE ID COST RETAIL DISCOUNT CATEGORY---------- ------------ --------- --- -------- -------- ---------- ------------2147428890 SHORTEST POE 01-MAY-05 5 $21.85 $39.95 LITERATURE

MS

14 rows selected.

Here is a better output after formatting output:

Instr ction on Creating a Script file and sa e as * sql file


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Step 1. Create SQL commands using Notepad

Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as *.sql file

Step 2. Click File then Save As..

Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as * sql file (cont )


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Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as *.sql file (cont.)

Step 3. Save AS Screen

Step 4. Change from Text Document ( *.txt) to

All Files (*.*) on Save as type box

Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as * sql file (cont )


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Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as *.sql file (cont.)

Step 5. Enter a right file name (Oracle_Ch2_Chen_Jason.sql)

Then spool it onto the file of Oracle_ch2_Spool_Chen_Jason.txt How? See next


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Break !Hands-On Assignments

In class exercise (p.54)- #2- see spool instruction on the next slide

HW (Odd numbers only (pp.54-55), but do #1 at the end as it will affect therest of problems)

- run the following two commands:Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Drop.sqlStart c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sqlOutput should be formatted in a very good manner.

Scripting file name: Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql

Spooled file name: Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.txtEmail me with the spooled file using attachment to:[email protected] subject title ofbmis441_Oracle_ch2

k d


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Homework - Hands-On Assignments

Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 2 1. Run two script files: JLDB_Drop.sql and

JLDB_Build.sql 2. Read Oracle assignment and create a script fileOracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql for odd numberquestions on Hands -on Assignments. Use appropriateCOLUMN statements to produce readable outputs

3. Execute and test one problem a time (do #1 at the

end, why?) and make sure they are all runningsuccessfully. Include class and personal information. 4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide

for spooling instructions) and email the file(Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt) to me by themidnight before the next class. Turn in a hardcopy tome in the class.

Email me with one attachment(Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:

[email protected] subject title ofbmis441_Oracle_ch2


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How to Spool your Script and Output FilesAfter you tested the script file of Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql successfully,

follow the instructions below to spool both script and output files:

Step 0. Run the following two script files from SQL*Plus (since you havecreated JLDB tables) Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Drop.sql Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sql

1. type the following on SQL> Spool c:\oradata\ Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure your name is entered)

2. open Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested 3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the

SQL*PLUS 4. type Spool Off on the SQL>

The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands andtheir solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\ folder)Email me the spooled file (.txt) with attachment to:[email protected] subject title ofbmis441_Oracle_ch2


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Summary

A basic query in Oracle 11 g SQL includes theSELECT and FROM clauses, the only mandatoryclauses in a SELECT statement

To view all columns in the table, specify anasterisk (*) or list all of the column namesindividually in the SELECT clause

To display a specific column or set of columns,list the column names in the SELECT clause (inthe order in which you want them to appear)

When listing column names in the SELECTclause, a comma must separate column names


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Summary (continued)

A column alias can be used to clarify the contentsof a particular column; if the alias containsspaces or special symbols, or if you want todisplay the column with any lowercase letters,

you must enclose the column alias in doublequotation marks (" ") Indicate the table name following the FROM

keyword

Basic arithmetic operations can be performed inthe SELECT clause NULL values indicate an absence of a value


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Summary (continued)

To remove duplicate listings, include either theDISTINCT or UNIQUE keyword

To specify which table contains the desiredcolumns, you must list the name of the table afterthe keyword FROM

Use vertical bars (||) to combine, orconcatenate, fields, literals, and other data

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