Oracle Project Final 1

8/22/2019 Oracle Project Final 1

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1

CREATE TABLE STATEMENT:--QUERY:- Create a table student_record with the following fields:-

SQL> Create table student_record2 (3 name varchar2 (20),4 class varchar2 (15),

5 roll no number (4),6 total marks number (2));

Table created.=================================================

The contents of the table can be viewed as:--

SQL> describe student_record;Name Null? Type----------------------------------------- -------- ----------NAME VARCHAR2 (20)CLASS VARCHAR2 (15)

Column name type Size description Name Varchar2 20 Name of the student

Class Varchar2 15 Class of the student

Roll no number 4 Roll no of thestudent

Total marks number 2 Total marks of thestudent



2

ROLL_NO NUMBER (4)TOTAL_MARKS NUMBER (2)=================================================



3

TABLE CONSTRAINTS:--QUERY:- Add constraint primary key to the roll no field of

student record…

SQL> alter table student_record2 add constraint pk_roll_no primary key(roll_no);

Table altered.

QUERY:- Add constraint not null to the name field of student

record…

SQL> alter table student_record2 modify name varchar2 (20) not null;

Table altered.

QUERY:- Add constraint unique to the phone no field of studentrecord…

SQL> alter table student_record2 add phone no number (10) unique;

Table altered.

QUERY:- Add check constraint with total marks >33 in the tablestudent record…

SQL> alter table student_record2 add constraint ch_tm check(total_marks>33);Table altered.



4

QUERY:- Add default marks 99 with the default constraint in

the table student record…

SQL> alter table student_record2 modify total_marks default 99;

Table altered.================================================

The contents of the table can be viewed as:--

SQL> describe student_record

Name Null? Type----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)CLASS VARCHAR2 (15)ROLL_NO NOT NULL NUMBER (4)TOTAL_MARKS NUMBER (2)

PHONE_NO NUMBER (10)======================================================



5

QUERY:- Add foreign key constraint to the dept no field of emp

table…

SQL> describe emp;Name Null? Type----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER (4)ENAME VARCHAR2 (10)JOB VARCHAR2 (9)MGR NUMBER (4)HIREDATE DATESAL NUMBER (7, 2)COMM NUMBER (7, 2)DEPTNO NUMBER (2)

SQL> describe dept;Name Null? Type----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER (2)

DNAME VARCHAR2 (14)LOC VARCHAR2 (13)

SQL> alter table emp2 add constraint fk_deptno foreign key (deptno) references dept (deptno) on

delete cascade;

Table altered.======================================================



6

Dropping a table:-

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID------------------------------ ------- ----------BONUS TABLEDEPT TABLEEMP TABLESALGRADE TABLESTUDENT TABLESTUDENT_RECORD TABLESUNNY TABLE

7 rows selected.

SQL> drop table student;

Table dropped.


TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID------------------------------ ------- ----------BONUS TABLEDEPT TABLEEMP TABLESALGRADE TABLE

STUDENT_RECORD TABLESUNNY TABLE6 rows selected.



7

Renaming a table:-QUERY:- Rename student_record to student…SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID------------------------------ ------- ----------BONUS TABLEDEPT TABLEEMP TABLESALGRADE TABLESTUDENT_RECORD TABLE

SUNNY TABLE

6 rows selected.

SQL> rename student_record to student;

Table renamed.


TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID------------------------------ ------- ----------BONUS TABLEDEPT TABLEEMP TABLESALGRADE TABLESTUDENT TABLE

SUNNY TABLE

6 rows selected.======================================================



8

Inserting records into table:-QUERY:-To insert a record into student table…SQL> insert into student

2 values ('ram','bba', 555, 66, 124356);1 row created.

QUERY:-inserting data into specified columns…

SQL> insert into student (name, class, roll_no) values ('shyam','bba', 444);

1 row created.

*the contents of the table can be viewed as:--

SQL> select * from student;

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------

Ram bba 555 66 124356Shyam bba 444 99

QUERY:-inserting through parameter substitution…

SQL> insert into student values ('&1','&2', &3, &4, &5);Enter value for 1: KateEnter value for 2: bba2

Enter value for 3: 556Enter value for 4: 98Enter value for 5: 14356Old 1: insert into student values ('&1','&2',&3,&4,&5)

New 1: insert into student values ('kate','bba2',556,98,14356)



9

1 row createdSQL> /Enter value for 1: duplikateEnter value for 2: bba2

Enter value for 3: 557Enter value for 4: 89Enter value for 5: 536475Old 1: insert into student values ('&1','&2', &3, &4, &5)

New 1: insert into student values ('duplikate','bba2',557, 89,536475)

1 row created.



NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Ram bba 555 66 124356

Shyam bba 444 99Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475======================================================



10

Updating records into table:-

SQL> update student set name='pkate' where roll no=444;

1 row updated.



Pkate bba 444 99Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475

SQL> update student set name='sam', phone_no=653487 where roll no=444;

1 row updated.




Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475

======================================================



11

Deleting records from a table:-QUERY:- delete the record where name =’ram’..SQL> delete from student where name='ram';

1 row deleted.


NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487

Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475

QUERY:- deleting all records from a table….

SQL> select * from salgrade;

GRADE LOSAL HISAL---------- ---------- ----------

1 700 12002 1201 14003 1401 20004 2001 30005 3001 9999

SQL> delete salgrade;

5 rows deleted.

SQL> select * from salgrade;

No rows selected======================================================



12

Savepoint and rollback:-


NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475

SQL> insert into student values ('peter','bba2', 559, 78, 1272583);

1 row created.

SQL> savepoint flag_of_khan;

Savepoint created.


NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475Peter bba2 559 78 1272583

SQL> update student set name='repeater' where roll no=559;

1 row updated.




13

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356

Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475Repeater bba2 559 78 1272583

SQL> rollback to savepoint flag_of_khan;

Rollback complete.


NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475Peter bba2 559 78 1272583======================================================



14

The select statement:-

Query:-select name from student where roll no=557…

SQL> select student.name from student where roll_no=557;

NAME--------------------Duplikate

Query:-select name from student….

SQL> select student.name from student;

NAME--------------------SamKateDuplikatePeter



15

Elimination of duplicate records with distinct

clause:-

SQL> select distinct roll_no,name from student;

ROLL_NO NAME---------- --------------------

444 Sam556 Kate557 Duplikate559 Peter

The Oracle table dual……

SQL> select 2*2 from dual;

2*2----------

4

SQL> select sysdate from dual;SYSDATE---------21-FEB-13



16

Working with operators:-

Relational operators…..

SQL> select name, class, total_marks2 from student where roll_no=559;

NAME CLASS TOTAL_MARKS-------------------- --------------- -----------Peter bba2 78

SQL> select * from student where total marks>90;

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356

Logical operators….

SQL> select name, total_marks, roll_no from student where class='bba2

AND phone no=14356;

NAME TOTAL_MARKS ROLL_NO-------------------- ----------- ----------Kate 98 556

SQL> select * from student where class='bba2' OR total_marks>90;



17

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Sam bba 444 99 653487

Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475Peter bba2 559 78 1272583

SQL> select name, class from student where NOT (class='bba');

NAME CLASS

-------------------- ---------------Kate bba2Duplikate bba2Peter bba2

Special operators…

SQL> select name, class from student where total_marks between 90 and

100;

NAME CLASS-------------------- ---------------Sam bbaKate bba2



18

SQL> select * from student where roll_no IN (550,557);

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475

SQL> select * from student where name not in ('Kate’,’ Sam');

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475Peter bba2 559 78 1272583



19

Working with null values:--

SQL> insert into student (name, roll_no) values ('lavika', 578);

1 row created.


NAME CLASS ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS PHONE_NO-------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------

Sam bba 444 99 653487Kate bba2 556 98 14356Duplikate bba2 557 89 536475Peter bba2 559 78 1272583Diksha bba 558 99 243564Smita 567 97Lavika 578 99

7 rows selected.

SQL> select name from student where phone_no is null;

NAME--------------------SmitaLavika



20

Order by clause:-

query:-SQL> select name, total_marks from student order by total_marks;

NAME TOTAL_MARKS-------------------- -----------Peter 78Duplikate 89Smita 97Kate 98Sam 99

Diksha 99Lavika 99

7 rows selected

query:-SQL> select name, roll_no from student order by roll_no desc;

NAME ROLL_NO-------------------- ----------Lavika 578Smita 567Peter 559Diksha 558Duplikate 557Kate 556

Sam 444

7 rows selected.



21

query:-SQL> select name, class, roll_no from student order by 3;

NAME CLASS ROLL_NO-------------------- --------------- ----------Sam bba 444Kate bba2 556Duplikate bba2 557Diksha bba 558Peter bba2 559Smita 567Lavika 578

7 rows selected.

query:-SQL> select name, roll_no, total_marks from student order by roll_no asc,total_marks desc;

NAME ROLL_NO TOTAL_MARKS

-------------------- ---------- -----------Sam 444 99Kate 556 98Duplikate 557 89Diksha 558 99Peter 559 78Smita 567 97Lavika 578 99

7 rows selected.======================================================



22

Pattern matching:-query:-SQL> select name, total_marks from student where name like '%Kate';

NAME TOTAL_MARKS-------------------- -----------Kate 98Duplikate 89

query:-

SQL> select name, class from student where name like '_____'; NAME CLASS-------------------- ---------------Peter bba2Smita

Column Concatenation:--

query:-SQL> select 'roll number of '||name|| ' is '||roll_no from student;

'ROLLNUMBEROF'||NAME||'IS'||ROLL_NO-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Roll number of Sam is 444Roll number of Kate is 556Roll number of duplikate is 557Roll number of peter is 559

Roll number of diksha is 558Roll number of smita is 567Roll number of lavika is 578

7 rows selected.



23

Set Operators:-

The union operator….

query:-SQL> select name, class from student where class='bba'2 union3 select name, class from student where class='bba2';

NAME CLASS-------------------- ---------------Diksha bbaDuplikate bba2Kate bba2Peter bba2Sam bba

The intersect operator….

query:-SQL> select total_marks from student where class='bba'

2 intersect3 select total_marks from student where class is null;

TOTAL_MARKS-----------

99



24

FUNCTIONS AND GROUP BY CLAUSE

SINGLE-ROW FUNCTIONS CHARACTER FUNCTIONS

• ascii(string)

SQL> select ascii('h') from dual;

ASCII('H')----------

104

• chr(x)SQL> select chr(98) "first", chr(100) "second" from dual;

f s- - b d

• concat(x1,x2)SQL> select concat('henry','ford') as name from dual;

NAME---------henryford

• instr(string/column name,x)SQL> select instr('anamika','a') as position from dual;

POSITION----------

1

• length(x)SQL> select length('my name is khan') as length from dual;

LENGTH----------

15



25

• lpad(char1,n,[char2])SQL> select lpad(name,10,' '),lpad(name,10,'*') from student;

LPAD(NAME, LPAD(NAME,---------- ----------

sam *******samkate ******kate

duplikate *duplikatepeter *****peter diksha ****dikshasmita *****smitalavika ****lavika

7 rows selected.

• ltrim(string[,char(s)])SQL> select ltrim(name,'s'),ltrim(name) from student;

LTRIM(NAME,'S') LTRIM(NAME)-------------------- --------------------am samkate kateduplikate duplikate peter peter diksha diksha

mita smitalavika lavika

7 rows selected.

• rpad(char1,n[,char2])SQL> select rpad(name,10,' '),rpad(name,10,'*')from student;

RPAD(NAME, RPAD(NAME,---------- ----------

sam sam*******kate kate******duplikate duplikate* peter peter*****diksha diksha****smita smita*****lavika lavika****



26

7 rows selected.

• rtrim(string[,char(s)])SQL> select rtrim(name,'a'),rtrim(name) from student;

RTRIM(NAME,'A') RTRIM(NAME)-------------------- --------------------sam samkate kateduplikate duplikate peter peter diksh dikshasmit smitalavik lavika

7 rows selected.

• replace(<c1>,<c2>[,<c3>])SQL> select replace ('uptown','up','down') from dual;

REPLACE(--------downtown

• substr(z,x[,y])

SQL> select substr('abcdefgh',2,5) "first" ,substr('abcdefgh',2) "second" from dual;

first second----- ------- bcdef bcdefgh

SQL> select substr('abcdefgh',-3)from dual;

SUB---

fgh



27

CASE CONVERSION FUNCTIONS

• initcap(string)SQL> select initcap(name)from student;

INITCAP(NAME)--------------------SamKateDuplikatePeter DikshaSmitaLavika

7 rows selected.

• lower(string)SQL> select lower(name) from student;

LOWER(NAME)--------------------samkateduplikate

peter dikshasmitalavika

7 rows selected.

• upper(string)SQL> select upper(name) from student;

UPPER(NAME)--------------------SAMKATEDUPLIKATEPETER DIKSHASMITALAVIKA



28

7 rows selected.

• translate(char,find,new)SQL> select name,translate(name,'a',2)from student;

NAME TRANSLATE(NAME,'A',2-------------------- --------------------sam s2mkate k2teduplikate duplik2te peter peter diksha diksh2smita smit2lavika l2vik2

7 rows selected.



29

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS • abs(x)SQL> select abs(-10) "absolute" from dual;

absolute----------

10

• ceil(x)SQL> select ceil (9.8), ceil(-32.85), ceil(0) from dual;

CEIL(9.8) CEIL(-32.85) CEIL(0)---------- ------------ ----------

10 -32 0

• cos(x)SQL> select cos(45) from dual;

COS(45)----------.525321989

• exp(X)SQL> select exp(4) from dual;

EXP(4)----------54.59815

• floor(x)SQL> select floor(9.8), floor(-32.5), floor(137) from dual;

FLOOR(9.8) FLOOR(-32.5) FLOOR(137)---------- ------------ ----------

9 -33 137

• mod(x,y)SQL> select mod(10,3) as first,mod(10,5) as second from dual;

FIRST SECOND---------- ----------



30

1 0

• power(x,y)SQL> select power(2,3) "power" from dual;

power ----------

8

• round(x[,y])SQL> select round(55.849,1),round(55.849) from dual;

ROUND(55.849,1) ROUND(55.849)--------------- -------------

55.8 56

• sign(x)SQL> select sign(-2),sign(2) from dual;

SIGN(-2) SIGN(2)---------- ----------

-1 1

• sqrt(x)SQL> select sqrt(36) as sqroot from dual;

SQROOT----------

6

• trunc(x,n)SQL> select trunc(32.934,2),trunc(32.934),trunc(32.934,-1) from dual;

TRUNC(32.934,2) TRUNC(32.934) TRUNC(32.934,-1)--------------- ------------- ----------------

32.93 32 30

===============================================================



31

DATE FUNCTIONS

• sysdateSQL> select sysdate from dual;

SYSDATE---------22-FEB-13

• add_months(date,n)SQL> select add_months('15-mar-2012',26) from dual;

ADD_MONTH---------15-MAY-14

• last_day(date)SQL> select last_day('10-feb-13') from dual;

LAST_DAY(---------28-FEB-13

• months_between(date1,date2)SQL> select months_between('15-mar-20','26-jan-12') from dual;

MONTHS_BETWEEN('15-MAR-20','26-JAN-12')---------------------------------------

97.6451613

• next_day(date,char)SQL> select next_day('01-sep-93','friday')as "date" from dual;

date---------03-SEP-93



32

GENERAL FUNCTIONS

• Greatest(expr1[,expr2]...)SQL> select greatest(-2,5,8) from dual;

GREATEST(-2,5,8)----------------

8

• least(expr1[,expr2]...)SQL> select least('ABCD','abcd','xyz') from dual;

LEAS----

ABCD

• NVL(col,value)SQL> select name, class , total_marks+nvl(phone_no,0) "sum" from student;

NAME CLASS sum-------------------- --------------- ----------sam bba 653586kate bba2 14454duplikate bba2 536564 peter bba2 1272661

diksha bba 243663smita 97lavika 99

7 rows selected.

• UIDSQL> select uid from dual;

UID----------

66

• User SQL> select user from dual;

USER ------------------------------SCOTT



33

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

• count(x)

QUERY:- To display the total no. of total_marksSQL> select count(total_marks) from student;

COUNT(TOTAL_MARKS)------------------

7

QUERY:- To list the number of different total_marks in the

student_record tableSQL> select count(distinct total_marks) from student;

COUNT(DISTINCTTOTAL_MARKS)--------------------------

5

• sum(x)

QUERY:- To add the total_marksSQL> select sum(total_marks) from student;

SUM(TOTAL_MARKS)----------------

659

• avg(x)

QUERY:- To calculate the average of total_marks in the

student_record tableSQL> select avg(total_marks) from student;

AVG(TOTAL_MARKS)----------------

94.1428571



34

• min(x)

QUERY:- To list the minimum total_marksSQL> select min(total_marks) from student;

MIN(TOTAL_MARKS)----------------

78

• max(x)

QUERY:- To list the maximum total_marksSQL> select max(total_marks) from student;

MAX(TOTAL_MARKS)

----------------99

QUERY:- To display the use of avg, sum, min and max together SQL> select avg(total_marks), sum(total_marks), min(total_marks), max(total_marks) from student;

AVG(TOTAL_MARKS) SUM(TOTAL_MARKS) MIN(TOTAL_MARKS) MAX(TOTAL_MARKS)---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------

94.1428571 659 78 99

GROUP BY CLAUSE

QUERY:- To list the sum of total_marks of each class in

student_record tableSQL> select class, sum(total_marks) from student group by class;

CLASS SUM(TOTAL_MARKS)--------------- ---------------- bba 198

bba2 265196



35

QUERY:- To list the sum of salary of each job and deptno in emp

tableSQL> select deptno, job, sum(sal) from emp group by deptno, job;

DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)---------- --------- ----------

10 CLERK 130010 MANAGER 245010 PRESIDENT 500020 ANALYST 600020 CLERK 190020 MANAGER 297530 CLERK 95030 MANAGER 285030 SALESMAN 5600

9 rows selected.

HAVING CLAUSE

QUERY:- To find the maximum salary of each department, but

show only the departments that have a maximum salary of more

than Rs.2000SQL> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno having max(sal)>2000;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)

---------- ----------10 500020 300030 2850

QUERY:- To the total salary, max and min salary and the average

salary of employee's jobwise, for deptno 20 and display only those

rows having average salary greater than 1000SQL> select job, sum(sal), avg(sal), max(sal), min(sal) from emp2 where deptno=20

3 group by job4 having avg(sal)>1000;

JOB SUM(SAL) AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL)--------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------ANALYST 6000 3000 3000 3000MANAGER 2975 2975 2975 2975



36

JOINS AND SUBQUERIES

EQUI JOIN:-

QUERY:- TO list the employee name with their department namesSQL> select ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

ENAME DNAME---------- --------------SMITH RESEARCHALLEN SALESWARD SALESJONES RESEARCHMARTIN SALES

BLAKE SALESCLARK ACCOUNTINGSCOTT RESEARCHKING ACCOUNTINGTURNER SALESADAMS RESEARCH

ENAME DNAME---------- --------------JAMES SALESFORD RESEARCHMILLER ACCOUNTING

14 rows selected.



37

CARTESIAN JOIN:-

QUERY:- TO list the employee name from emp table and

department names from dept tableSQL> select name,dname from student,dept;

NAME DNAME-------------------- --------------sam ACCOUNTINGkate ACCOUNTINGduplikate ACCOUNTING peter ACCOUNTINGdiksha ACCOUNTINGsmita ACCOUNTINGlavika ACCOUNTINGsam RESEARCHkate RESEARCHduplikate RESEARCH peter RESEARCH

NAME DNAME-------------------- --------------diksha RESEARCHsmita RESEARCHlavika RESEARCHsam SALESkate SALESduplikate SALES peter SALESdiksha SALESsmita SALESlavika SALESsam OPERATIONS

NAME DNAME-------------------- --------------kate OPERATIONSduplikate OPERATIONS peter OPERATIONSdiksha OPERATIONSsmita OPERATIONSlavika OPERATIONS

28 rows selected.



38

OUTER JOIN:-

QUERY:- TO list the employees working in each department.

display the department details even if no employee belongs to that

department SQL> select empno,ename,emp.deptno,dname,loc from emp,dept where emp.deptno(+)=dept.deptno;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO DNAME LOC---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- -------------

7782 CLARK 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 7839 KING 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 7934 MILLER 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 7369 SMITH 20 RESEARCH DALLAS7876 ADAMS 20 RESEARCH DALLAS7902 FORD 20 RESEARCH DALLAS

7788 SCOTT 20 RESEARCH DALLAS7566 JONES 20 RESEARCH DALLAS7499 ALLEN 30 SALES CHICAGO7698 BLAKE 30 SALES CHICAGO7654 MARTIN 30 SALES CHICAGO

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO DNAME LOC---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- -------------

7900 JAMES 30 SALES CHICAGO7844 TURNER 30 SALES CHICAGO7521 WARD 30 SALES CHICAGO

OPERATIONS BOSTON

15 rows selected.



39

SELF JOIN:-

QUERY:- TO list the names of the manager with the employee

record SQL> select worker.ename "ename" ,manager.ename "manager"2 from emp worker,emp manager 3 where worker.mgr=manager.empno;

ename manager ---------- ----------SMITH FORDALLEN BLAKEWARD BLAKEJONES KINGMARTIN BLAKEBLAKE KINGCLARK KINGSCOTT JONESTURNER BLAKEADAMS SCOTTJAMES BLAKE

ename manager ---------- ----------FORD JONESMILLER CLARK

13 rows selected.



40

NESTED QUERIES

QUERY:- TO list the name of the employees who do the same job

as that of an employee number 7369SQL> select ename,job from emp2 where job=(select job from emp where empno=7369);

ENAME JOB---------- ---------SMITH CLERK ADAMS CLERK JAMES CLERK MILLER CLERK

QUERY:- TO list the name and salary of the employee who getssalary greater than the minimum salary in the employee tableSQL> SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP);

ENAME SAL---------- ----------ALLEN 1600WARD 1250JONES 2975MARTIN 1250BLAKE 2850

CLARK 2450SCOTT 3000KING 5000TURNER 1500ADAMS 1100JAMES 950

ENAME SAL---------- ----------FORD 3000MILLER 1300

13 rows selected.



41

QUERY:- TO list the employee name and salary of the employee

whose salary is greater than the average salary of employees whose

hiredate is before 01-jan-81SQL> select ename,sal from emp

2 where sal>(select avg(sal)from emp where hiredate < '01-jan-81');

ENAME SAL---------- ----------ALLEN 1600WARD 1250JONES 2975MARTIN 1250BLAKE 2850CLARK 2450SCOTT 3000KING 5000

TURNER 1500ADAMS 1100JAMES 950

ENAME SAL---------- ----------FORD 3000MILLER 1300

13 rows selected.

QUERY:- TO list the job with highest average salarySQL> select job,avg(sal)2 from emp group by job3 having avg(sal)=(select max (avg(sal))4 from emp group by job);

JOB AVG(SAL)--------- ----------PRESIDENT 5000



42

QUERY:- TO list the employee name,salary and deptno of the

employees who earn the same salary as the minimum salary for

different departmentsSQL> select ename,sal,deptno from emp

2 where sal IN(select min(sal) from emp group by deptno);

ENAME SAL DEPTNO---------- ---------- ----------SMITH 800 20JAMES 950 30MILLER 1300 10

OR

SQL> select ename,sal,deptno from emp2 where sal IN(800,950,1300);

ENAME SAL DEPTNO---------- ---------- ----------SMITH 800 20JAMES 950 30MILLER 1300 10

QUERY:- TO list empno and name whose salary is greater than the

average salary of all the departmentsSQL> select empno,ename,job from emp where sal>ALL (select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno);

EMPNO ENAME JOB---------- ---------- ---------

7566 JONES MANAGER 7788 SCOTT ANALYST7839 KING PRESIDENT7902 FORD ANALYST

QUERY:- TO list name,empno and manager of the employees

whose mgr=7902 but not the manager himself.SQL> select ename,empno,mgr from emp

2 where (job,deptno) IN (select job,deptno from emp where mgr=7902)AND mgr<> 7902;

ENAME EMPNO MGR ---------- ---------- ----------ADAMS 7876 7788



43

QUERY:- TO list the employee details of those employees whose

salary is greater than any of the nmanagersSQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp2 where sal>ANY(select sal from emp where job='MANAGER');

EMPNO ENAME SAL---------- ---------- ----------

7566 JONES 29757698 BLAKE 28507788 SCOTT 30007839 KING 50007902 FORD 3000

VIEWS QUERY:- To create a view for the clerk SQL> create view clerk as select * from emp where job='CLERK';

View created.

To describe the viewSQL> SELECT * FROM CLERK;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 80020

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 110020

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 95030

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------DEPTNO

----------7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300

10



44

SEQUENCES

QUERY:- Create a sequence 'empnumber' starting with value 100

and incremented by 2SQL> create sequence empcode increment by 2 start with 100;

Sequence created.

QUERY:- To view the next number in sequenceSQL> select empcode.nextval from dual;

NEXTVAL----------

100

QUERY:- To drop the sequenceSQL> drop sequence empcode;Sequence dropped.

ROLES AND PRIVILEGES

CREATION OF USER ACCOUNTS

QUERY:- To create a user account SQL> connect system/manager;Connected.SQL> create user tom identified by jerry;

User created.



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QUERY:- To view whether the user has been created SQL> select * from all_users;

USERNAME USER_ID CREATED------------------------------ ---------- ---------

SYS 0 04-SEP-01SYSTEM 5 04-SEP-01OUTLN 11 04-SEP-01DBSNMP 17 04-SEP-01ORDSYS 29 04-SEP-01AURORA$JIS$UTILITY$ 26 04-SEP-01OSE$HTTP$ADMIN 27 04-SEP-01AURORA$ORB$UNAUTHENTICATED 28 04-SEP-01OLAPSVR 39 04-SEP-01OLAPSYS 37 04-SEP-01ORDPLUGINS 30 04-SEP-01

USERNAME USER_ID CREATED------------------------------ ---------- ---------MDSYS 31 04-SEP-01CTXSYS 32 04-SEP-01WKSYS 34 04-SEP-01OLAPDBA 40 04-SEP-01QS_CBADM 62 04-SEP-01QS_ADM 57 04-SEP-01QS 58 04-SEP-01QS_WS 59 04-SEP-01

HR 53 04-SEP-01OE 54 04-SEP-01PM 55 04-SEP-01

USERNAME USER_ID CREATED------------------------------ ---------- ---------SH 56 04-SEP-01QS_ES 60 04-SEP-01QS_OS 61 04-SEP-01RMAN 65 04-SEP-01QS_CB 63 04-SEP-01

QS_CS 64 04-SEP-01SCOTT 66 04-SEP-01TOM 67 23-FEB-13

30 rows selected.



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QUERY:- To alter user account by changing its password SQL> alter user tom IDENTIFIED BY jerry2;

User altered.

QUERY:- To drop user account SQL> connect system/manager;Connected.SQL> drop user tom cascade;

User dropped.

PRIVILEGES

QUERY:- To grant all the permissions to the user 'peter' SQL> create user peter IDENTIFIED BY repeater;

User created.

SQL> grant create session to peter;

Grant succeeded.

O R

SQL> grant connect,resource to peter;

Grant succeeded.

QUERY:- To describe the privileges granted to the user 'peter' SQL> connect peter/repeater;Connected.

SQL> create table ruchi2 (3 name varchar2(100)4 );

Table created.



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QUERY:- To grant 'peter' select permission on 'emp' tableSQL> connect scott/tiger;Connected.SQL> grant select on emp to peter;

Grant succeeded.

QUERY:- To revoke the privilege of select from 'peter' SQL> connect scott/tiger;Connected.SQL> revoke select on emp from peter;

Revoke succeeded.

ROLES

QUERY:- To create a roleSQL> connect system/manager;Connected.SQL> create role myrole1 identified by myrole;

Role created.

QUERY:- To grant connect and resource role to 'myrole1' SQL> grant connect ,resource to myrole1;

Grant succeeded.

QUERY:- To delete the role 'myrole1' SQL> connect system/manager;Connected.SQL> drop role myrole1;

Role dropped.



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PL/SQL PROGRAMS :-

// Program to multiply two numbers….

SQL> connect system/manager;Connected.SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 val1 number;3 val2 number:=10;4 result number;

5 begin6 val1:=20;7 result:=val1*val2;8 dbms_output.put_line ('product of '||val1||' and '||val2||' is '||result);9 end;

10 /

OUTPUT:

Product of 20 and 10 is 200

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.



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// Program to find area of a circle….

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 r number;3 pi number:=3.14;4 a number;5 begin6 r:=&r;7 a:=pi*r*r;8 dbms_output.put_line ('area of circle with radius '||r||' is '||a);

9 end;10 /OUTPUT:

Enter value for r: 7Old 6: r:=&r;

New 6: r:=7;Area of circle with radius 7 is 153.86




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// Program to find whether a given no. is even or not….

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 n numbers;3 begin4 n:= &n;5 if (n mod 2 = 0 ) then6 dbms_output.put_line (n||' is even');7 end if;8 end;

9 /

OUTPUT:

Enter value for n: 4Old 4: n := &n;

New 4: n := 4;4 is even




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// Program to show the use of exit

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 n number:=0;3 begin4 loop5 n:=n+1;6 if (n>4) then

7 exit;8 end if;9 end loop;

10 dbms_output.put_line('loop executes '||n||' times ');11 end;12 /

Output:loop executes 5 times




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// Program to find grade of student….

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare2 n number;3 g char;4 begin5 n:=&n;6 if (n>=80) then7 dbms_output.put_line('grade is a ');8 elsif((n>60) and (n<80)) then9 dbms_output.put_line(' grade is b ');

10 elsif((n>45) and (n<60)) then11 dbms_output.put_line(' grade is c ');12 else13 dbms_output.put_line(' fail ');14 end if;15 end;16 /

Output:Enter value for n: 85Old 5: n:=&n;

New 5: n:=85;Grade is a




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// Program to print values from n to 1 using while

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 n number;3 begin4 n:=&n;5 while(n>0) loop6 dbms_output.put_line(n);7 n:=n-1;8 end loop;9 end;

10 /Output:Enter value for n: 5Old 4: n:=&n;

New 4: n:=5;543

21




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// Program to print values from 1 to n…….

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare2 n number;3 begin4 n:=&n;5 for i in 1..n loop6 dbms_output.put_line(i);7 end loop;8 end;9 /

Output:Enter value for n: 5Old 4: n:=&n; New 4: n:=5;12

345




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// Program to print values from n to 1 using for loop

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 n number;3 begin4 n:=&n;5 for i in reverse 1..n loop6 dbms_output.put_line(i);7 end loop;8 end;9 /

Output:Enter value for n: 7Old 4: n:=&n; New 4: n:=7;7

654321




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// Program to print a table

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 n number;3 begin4 n:=&n;5 for i in 1..10 loop6 dbms_output.put_line(n||'* '||i||' = '||n*i);7 end loop;8 end;9 /

Output:Enter value for n: 4Old 4: n:=&n; New 4: n:=4;4* 1 = 4

4* 2 = 84* 3 = 124* 4 = 164* 5 = 204* 6 = 244* 7 = 284* 8 = 32

4* 9 = 364* 10 = 40




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EXCEPTION HANDLING:--

// PROGRAM THAT HANDLES TOO_MANY_ROWS

EXCEPTIONS

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ONSQL> declare2 name dept.dname %type;3 begin

4 select dname into name from dept5 where deptno=10;6 dbms_output.put_line('employee name := '||name);7 exception8 when too_many_rows then9 dbms_output.put_line('more than one row returned');10 end;

11 /employee name := ACCOUNTING




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//PROGRAM THAT HANDLES MORE THAN ONE

EXCEPTION...

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 name dept.dname %type;3 begin4 select dname into name from dept5 where deptno=10;6 dbms_output.put_line('employee name := '||name);7 exception8 when too_many_rows then9 dbms_output.put_line('more than one row returned');10 when zero_divide then11 dbms_output.put_line('divide by zero');12 when others then13 dbms_output.put_line('no rows exist');

14 end;15 /employee name := ACCOUNTING




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// USER DEFINED EXCEPTION THAT CHECKS WHETHER

THE NAME OF EMPLOYEE IS BLANK OR NOT DURING

INSERTION.....

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 ecode emp.empno %type;3 name emp.ename %type;4 ename_err exception;5 begin6 ecode := &ecode;

7 name := '&name';8 if name is null then9 raise ename_err;10 end if;11 insert into emp(empno,ename)values12 (ecode,name);13 dbms_output.put_line('data entered');

14 exception15 when ename_err then16 dbms_output.put_line('ename should not be blank');17 end;18 /Enter value for ecode: 123old 6: ecode := &ecode;new 6: ecode := 123;Enter value for name: abcold 7: name := '&name';new 7: name := 'abc';data enteredPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.



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//PRAGMA EXCEPTION INIT....

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 child_rec_present exception;3 pragma exception_init(child_rec_present,-2292);4 begin5 delete from department where deptno=10;6 dbms_output.put_line('data entered');7 exception8 when child_rec_present then9 dbms_output.put_line('first remove child record');10 end;11 /data entered




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//USING SQL CODE AND SQL ERR MSG………..

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 salary number;3 ecode emp.empno %type;4 begin5 ecode := &ecode;6 select sal into salary from emp7 where empno= ecode;8 dbms_output.put_line(salary);9 exception10 when others then11 dbms_output.put_line12 ('error code'||sqlcode);13 dbms_output.put_line('error message'||sqlerrm);14 end;

15 /Enter value for ecode: 123old 5: ecode := &ecode;new 5: ecode := 123;error code100error messageORA-01403: no data found




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//EXCEPTION PROPAGATION....

SQL> set serveroutput on;SQL> declare2 salary number;3 e number;4 begin5 e :=&e;6 select sal into salary from emp where empno=e;7 if salary>4000 then8 raise greater_sal;9 end if;10 dbms_output.put_line(salary);11 exception12 when no_data_found then13 dbms_output.put_line('empno doesn't exist');

14 end;15 exception16 when greater_sal then17 dbms_output.put_line('salary is greater than 4000');18 end;19 /Enter value for e: 123

old 5: e :=&e;new 5: e :=123;ERROR:

Oracle Project Final 1

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