Oracle plsql docs

8/17/2019 Oracle plsql docs

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PL/ SQL Content

PL/ SQL:

1. Introduction

2. Exceptions

3. Cursors

4. Procedures

5. Functions

6. Packages

7. Triggers

Introduction:-

1) What is Pl/SQL

It is extension to SQL language.

PL/SQL = SQL + Prograing !eatures.

"#e !ollo$ing are t#e a%&antages o! PL/SQL

1' (e )an use *rograing !eatures lie I! stt, loo*s, ran)#ing et)

2' (e )an #a&e user %e!inie% error essages using t#e )on)e*t o! ex)e*tion #an%ling.

3' (e )an *er!or relate% a)tions using t#e )on)e*t o! triggers.

4' Pl/SQL #el*s in re%u)ing t#e net$or tra!!i).

PL/SQL 0lo) stru)ture:

----------------------

%e)lare........... -- e)lare se)tion

...........

........... egin

........... -- xe)utale se)tion

..........

...........

...........

...........

ex)e*tion


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.......... -- x)e*tion se)tion

..........

en%/

Pl/SQL lo) )ontains 3 se)tions.

1' e)lare se)tion

2' xe)utale se)tion

3' x)e*tion Se)tion

1' e)lare se)tion:

-------------------

It is use% to %e)lare lo)al &ariales, ursor , ex)e*tions et). ll t#e lines et$een %e)lare an% egin is )alle% %e)lare se)tion."#is se)tion is o*tional.

2' xe)utale Se)tion:

----------------------------

"#e a)tual tas $#i)# s#oul% e %one is $ritten in t#e exe)utale se)tion. ll t#e lines et$een

0egin an% ex)e*tion e$or%s is )alle% as xe)utale se)tion.

"#is se)tion is an%ator

3' x)e*tion Se)tion:

-----------------------I! an ex)e*tion is raise% in t#e exe)utale se)tion,

)ontrol enters into ex)e*tion se)tion.

ll t#e lines et$een ex)e*tion an% en% is )alle% ex)e*tion se)tion. "#is se)tion is o*tional.

x1:

----

(rite a PL/SQL lo) to %is*la ello (orl%.

or t#is *rogra, $e %o not nee% an lo)al &ariales.

So, $e )an start t#e *rogra using e$or% egin.

0e!ore t#e running t#is *rogra, $e nee% to ae t#e en&ironent &ariale ser&erout*ut to 89.

"o )oan% to ae t#e ser&erout*ut to 89

SQL; Set ser&erout*ut on

0egin

%s


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Sntax to %e)lare &ariale:

----------------------------

>&ariale; >%atat*e;si?e'

e)lare

a nuer3' nuer3'

) nuer4'

egina :=1@

:=2@

) := a+

%s


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nter a &alue !or 0:3@

"#e su is ...7@

Pl/SQL *ro)e%ure su))ess!ull )o*lete%.

9ote: B o*erator is use% to a))e*t &alue !ro t#e user.

x 4:------

(rite a PL/SQL lo) to a))e*t e*no an% in)reents #is salar 1@@@.

9ote: "o in)reent t#e salar )#ange t#e &alue' in a tale, $e nee% to use u*%ate )oan%.

e)lare

l


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e)lare

l


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x:

------

(rite a PL/SQL 0lo) $#i)# a))e*ts an e*no an% %is*la enae, sal, #ire%ate an% Ho.

%e)lare

l


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%e)lare

lx)e*tion


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%e)lare

l


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&ote.

---------

s $e get t#e out*ut (el)oe, t#is eans t#at *rogra exe)ution is starte%.

s t#e sele)t stt returns ore t#an one ro$, "88


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en%

/

8ut*ut:

--------

(el)oe

rror

9ote:

------In t#e ao&e *rogra, as $e are %i&i%ing ?ero, KG8


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egin

%s


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)reate tale stu%ent sno nuer3' *riar e,

snae &ar)#ar22@',

ars nuer3''

insert a ro$ in t#e tale:

insert into stu%ent &alues 1@1,arun,4@'

)oit

egin

%s


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e)lare

a nuer4'

egin%s


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-------------------------------------

"#ese ex)e*tions $ill #a&e ex)e*tio nuer , ut %oes not #a&e ex)e*tion nae.

x:

-------

8G-22C2 ex)e*tion. "#is ex)e*tion is raise% $#en $e tr to %elete !ro ro$ !ro t#e *arent

tale i! )orres*o%ing ro$ exists in t#e )#il% tale.

irst lets estalis# *arent-)#il% relations#i* et$een t$o tales.

)reate tale stu%ent2 sno nuer3' *riar e,snae &ar)#ar22@',

ars nuer3''

insert into stu%ent2 &alues 1@1, arun,4@'insert into stu%ent2 &alues 1@2, &arun,5@'

insert into stu%ent2 &alues 1@3, iran,6@'

)reate tale lirar2 roll


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raise


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e)lare

l


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(el)oe

8G-2@15@ , Sal is too #ig#

rror Ge*orting !un)tions:

------------------------------------

Cursors:-

ursor is a eor lo)ations $#i)# is use% to run SQL )oan%s.

"#ere are t$o t*es )ursors

1' I*li)it ursors

2' x*li)it ursors

1' I*li)it ursors:

----------------------------

ll t#e a)ti&ite% relate% to )ursor lie i' 8*ening t#e )ursor ii' Pro)essing t#e %ata in t#e )ursoriii' )losing t#e )ursor

are %one autoati)all.

en)e t#ese )ursors are )alle% I*li)t )ursors.

I*li)it ursor ttriutes:

---------------------------------------

"#ere are !our I*li)it )ursor attriutes1' SQLEIS8P9

2' SQLE8D9

3' SQLE98"8D9

4' SQLEG8(8D9"

1' SQLEIS8P9:

--------------------------

It is a oolean attriute. It al$as returns !alse. It is not use% in *rograing as it al$as returns!alse.

2' SQLE8D9:-----------------------------

It is a oolean attriute.

Geturns "GD -- i! t#e SQL )oan% e!!e)ts t#e %ata.

Geturns LS -- i! t#e SQL )oan%s %o not e!!e)t t#e %ata.

3' SQLE98"8D9:

--------------------------------It is a oolean attriute

Geturns "GD -- i! t#e SQL )oan% %o not e!!e)t t#e %ata.Geturns LS -- i! t#e SQL )oan% e!!e)ts t#e %ata

9ote: It is exa)tl negation to SQLE8D9

4' SQLEG8(8D9":

-------------------------------Geturns no o! ro$s e!!e)te% t#e SQL )oan%.


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Dsing SQLE8D9:

-----------------------------

0eginD*%ate e* set sal=2@@@

$#ere e*no=1111

en%/

8ut*ut:

-------------PL/SQL Pro)e%ure su))ess!ull )o*lete%.

0 looing at t#e ao&e essage, $e )annot no$ $#et#er our u*%ate )oan% is e!!e)ting

t#e %ata or not.

"o o&er)oe t#is *role, $e #a&e SQLE8D9 attriute.

a&e a loo at t#is *rogra

0egin

D*%ate e* set sal=2@@@$#ere e*no=1111i! SQLE8D9 t#en

%s


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------------

D*%ate is !aile%.

PL/SQL Pro)e%ure su))ess!ull )o*lete%.

Dsing SQLEG8(8D9":

-----------------------------------

SQLEG8(8D9" attriute is use% to !in% t#e no o! ro$s e!!e)te% SQL )oan%.

eginu*%ate e* set sal=2@@@

$#ere %e*tno=1@

%s


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"#ere are !our ex*li)it )ursor attriutes

1' EIS8P92' E8D9

3' E98"8D9

4' EG8(8D9"

1' EIS8P9:

--------------------

It is a oolean attriute.Geturns "GD -- i! t#e )ursor is o*en

Geturns LS -- i! t#e )ursor is )lose%

2' E8D9:------------------

It is a oolean attriute

Geturns "GD -- i! t#e !et)# stt is su))ess!ullGeturns LS -- i! t#e !et)# stt !ails

3' E98"8D9:--------------------------It is oolean attriute

Geturns "GD -- i! t#e !et)# stt !ails.

Geturns LS -- i! t#e !et)# stt is su))ess!ull

9ote: 1' It is exa)tl o**osite to E8D9 attriute

2' "#is attriute is use% to rea t#e loo* o! t#e !et)# stt.

4' EG8(8D9":---------------------------

Geturns no o! ro$s !et)#e% t#e !et)# stt.

xa*le o! x*li)it )ursor:-----------------------------------

(rite a PL/SQL lo) to %is*la enae an% sal o! e*loees $oring in %e*tno no

e)lare

)ursor )1

is sele)t enae , sal !ro e*$#ere %e*tno=1@

l


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en%

/

8ut*ut:

------------

LG 245@I9 5@@@

JILLG 13@@

Pl/SQL Pro)eu%ure su))ess!ull )o*lete%.

x2: (rite a PL/SQL *ro)e%ure to %is*la %nae , lo) !ro %e*t tale

e)lare)ursor )1

is sele)t %nae , lo) !ro %e*t

l


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x:

----------

(rite a PL/SQL lo) $#i)# %is*la enae an% sal o! e*loees $oring in %e*tno 1@

e)lare

)ursor )1

is sele)t enae , sal !ro e*$#ere %e*tno=1@

egin

!or e*


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Pro)e%ure )reate%.

"o exe)ute t#e *ro)e%ure:----------------------------

xe) )oan% is use% to exe)ute t#e *ro)e%ure.

SQL; xe) *1ello (orl%

*ro)e%ure )an #a&e t#ree t*es o! *araeters.

1' I9 Paraeter 2' 8D" Paraeter

3' I9 8D" Paraeter

In Paraeters are use% to a))e*t &alues !ro t#e user.

x 2:

---------reate a *ro)e%ure $#i)# a))e*ts t$o nuers an% %is*la its su.

)reate or re*la)e *ro)e%ure a%%


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SQL; exe) in)

is

)ursor )1is sele)t enae,sal !ro e*

$#ere %e*tno = l


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x 6:

--------

(e )an )all a *ro)e%ure !ro anot#er *ro)e%ure.

)reate or re*la)e *ro)e%ure %eo1

is

egin%s


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(e get error in!oration.

Ge)ti! t#e error an% re )o*ile t#e )o%e to )reate *ro)e%ure su))ess!ull.

x C:

---------

Su *ro)e%ure: *ro)e%ure insi%e anot#er *ro)e%ure is )alle% as

Su *ro)e%ure.

)reate or re*la)e *ro)e%ure test

is *ro)e%ure sa*le

is

egin

%s


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Ste* 1: reate in% &ariale

Ste* 2: xe)ute t#e *ro)e%ure using in% &ariale

Ste* 3: Print t#e &alue in t#e in% &ariale.

Ste* 1: )reating 0in% &ariale

SQL; &ariale g


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SQL; sele)t oHe)t


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sele)t text !ro user

%e)lare

n nuer5' egin

n := a%%

en%

/


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(e )an in&oe !un)tions !ro sele)t stt:

----------------------------------------------

sele)t a%%

x2:

------

)reate a !un)tion $#i)# a))e*ts sal an% returns tax &alue 1@E o! sal is tax'.

)reate or re*la)e !un)tion )al

return nuer

is

) nuer5' egin

insert into %e*t &alues 5@,G,FG0'

) :=a+

return )

en%/

"#e ao&e !un)tion gets )reate%.

"#e ao&e !un)tion )an e in&oe% !ro t#e *l/SQL lo)

%e)lare

n nuer5' egin

n := a%%

en%

/


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0ut, $e )annot in&oe t#e ao&e !un)tion using sele)t stt.

ex:

sele)t a%%


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It )ontains %e!inition o! su *rogras

Sntax:----------

)reate or re*la)e *a)age o% >*a)age


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l


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egin

) := a+

%s


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"riggering e&ents: Insert, D*%ate, elete

"rigger tiings: 0e!ore, a!ter, instea% o!

Sntax:

------

reate or re*la)e trigger >trgtiing; >e&ent; on >tale


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ex:

--

D*%ate %e*t set lo)=LI

$#ere %e*tno =1@

"#an Fou1 Go$ u*%ate%.

%elete !ro %e*t $#ere %e*tno=5@

"#an ou1 Go$ %elete%.

In t#e ao&e *rogra, $e get t#e sae essage !or all t#e e&ents.

(e )an also #a&e %i!!erent essages to e %is*lae%, asing on t#e e&ents.

x:

------

)reate or re*la)e trigger trg1

a!ter insert or u*%ate or %elete on %e*t egin

i! inserting t#en

%s


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egin

%s


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)reate or re*la)e trigger trg1

e!ore %elete on e* !or ea)# ro$

egin

i! :8L.O80=PGSI9" t#en

raise


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&ent:

------

insert into e*

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