Oracle on Windows Oracle on Windows ServerServerIntroduction to Oracle10g on Introduction to Oracle10g on Microsoft Windows Server Microsoft Windows Server

OverviewOverview Introduction to Relational Database Introduction to Relational Database

Management SystemsManagement Systems Introduction to Table StructuresIntroduction to Table Structures Introduction to SQLIntroduction to SQL Windows SpecificsWindows Specifics Oracle Architecture OverviewOracle Architecture Overview Accessing Oracle Data in Accessing Oracle Data in

ApplicationsApplications Oracle10g New FeaturesOracle10g New Features

OracleOracle

Founded in 1977Founded in 1977 Most popular RDBMSMost popular RDBMS Runs on numerous platforms Runs on numerous platforms

From Mainframes to PDAsFrom Mainframes to PDAs One of the largest software One of the largest software

companies in the worldcompanies in the world

Oracle RDBMSOracle RDBMS RDBMSRDBMS

Relational Database Management Relational Database Management SystemSystem

Data is held relationallyData is held relationally Hence the term RDBMSHence the term RDBMS Data stored in one “table” is related to Data stored in one “table” is related to

data stored in other tablesdata stored in other tables The data is the databaseThe data is the database Oracle (the program) is the RDBMSOracle (the program) is the RDBMS

AKA the Oracle ServerAKA the Oracle Server

Oracle Windows SpecificsOracle Windows Specifics Everything is a threadEverything is a thread

Multiple System and User threads run under one Oracle Multiple System and User threads run under one Oracle processprocess

System Global Area (SGA) memory and User Memory System Global Area (SGA) memory and User Memory (Program Global Area) share one common memory (Program Global Area) share one common memory spacespace

Oracle provides MMC plugins for WindowsOracle provides MMC plugins for Windows Administration Assistant for Windows NTAdministration Assistant for Windows NT Oracle for Windows NT Performance MonitorOracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor

64-bit Oracle 10g is available for 64-bit Windows 64-bit Oracle 10g is available for 64-bit Windows Server 2003Server 2003 Greatly increases scalability over 32-bit Oracle on 32-Greatly increases scalability over 32-bit Oracle on 32-

bit Windowsbit Windows Greatly increases connectivity over 32-bit Oracle on 32-Greatly increases connectivity over 32-bit Oracle on 32-

bit Windowsbit Windows

The actual running RDBMSThe actual running RDBMS Made up ofMade up of

Oracle MemoryOracle Memory SGASGA

System Global AreaSystem Global Area Shared among all of the users accessing the instanceShared among all of the users accessing the instance

PGAPGA Program Global AreaProgram Global Area Specific to each userSpecific to each user

User memoryUser memory For sorts, joins, etc.For sorts, joins, etc.

Threads (Threads of the Oracle Process)Threads (Threads of the Oracle Process) User (ServerUser (Server) ) ThreadsThreads

Do work on behalf of the userDo work on behalf of the user AKA User ThreadsAKA User Threads

Background (Oracle) ThreadsBackground (Oracle) Threads Maintenance and functions on behalf of OracleMaintenance and functions on behalf of Oracle Oracle ThreadsOracle Threads

Oracle Instance Architecture (MS Oracle Instance Architecture (MS Windows)Windows)

Oracle MemoryOracle Memory

Oracle InstanceOracle Instance

Oracle Memory(SGA)

Memory Used by OracleMemory Used by Oracle

SGASGA DB_CACHE_SIZEDB_CACHE_SIZE Shared pool, large pool, log buffer, Shared pool, large pool, log buffer,

variable areavariable area Memory per user X number of usersMemory per user X number of users

PGAPGA Sort AreaSort Area Hash AreaHash Area

SGASGASystem Global AreaSystem Global Area

Buffer CacheBuffer Cache Stores database buffers (data)Stores database buffers (data) Usually the largest piece of memoryUsually the largest piece of memory

Shared PoolShared Pool Used internallyUsed internally

Log BufferLog Buffer Used for loggingUsed for logging

Large PoolLarge Pool Variable AreaVariable Area

SGASGA

Background ThreadsBackground Threads

Oracle InstanceOracle Instance

Oracle Memory(SGA)

PMON SMON DBWR LGWR ARCH RECO

Background ThreadsBackground Threads Database Writer (DWRDatabase Writer (DWRnn)) Log Writer (LGWR)Log Writer (LGWR) System Monitor (SMON)System Monitor (SMON) Process Monitor (PMON)Process Monitor (PMON) Recoverer (RECO)Recoverer (RECO) Archiver (ARCArchiver (ARCnn)) Checkpoint (CKPT)Checkpoint (CKPT) Job Queue (CJQJob Queue (CJQnn, J, Jnn)) Queue Monitor (QMNQueue Monitor (QMNnn)) Other Background ThreadsOther Background Threads

Other Background Other Background ThreadsThreads MMONMMON

Issues alerts against system metric thresholdsIssues alerts against system metric thresholds Captures modified SQL and garners statisticsCaptures modified SQL and garners statistics

MMNLMMNL Captures session history and metrics Captures session history and metrics

computationcomputation MMANMMAN

Exclusively for internal database tasksExclusively for internal database tasks RBALRBAL

Used to balance ASM disk activityUsed to balance ASM disk activity OSMBOSMB

Used to communicate between an ASM Used to communicate between an ASM instance and a database instanceinstance and a database instance

User ThreadsUser Threads

Oracle InstanceOracle Instance

Oracle Memory(SGA)

PMON SMON DBWn LGWR ARCn RECO

USERTHREAD

User (Server) ThreadsUser (Server) Threads Shadows the User Thread (for Shadows the User Thread (for

“Dedicated” Server Processes)“Dedicated” Server Processes) Works on behalf of the User ThreadWorks on behalf of the User Thread Reads data from databaseReads data from database

First checks buffer cacheFirst checks buffer cache Reads from datafiles into the buffer Reads from datafiles into the buffer

cachecache Modifies data in the buffer cacheModifies data in the buffer cache

Does not write to datafilesDoes not write to datafiles

Other ThreadsOther Threads Query ServersQuery Servers

Used for Parallel QueryUsed for Parallel Query Can increase multi-processor utilization Can increase multi-processor utilization

percentagepercentage Shared Server ProcessesShared Server Processes

Used with MTS (Multi Threaded Server) to Used with MTS (Multi Threaded Server) to decrease memory usage by using a shared decrease memory usage by using a shared pool of processespool of processes

DispatchersDispatchers Used with MTS to match user connection Used with MTS to match user connection

requests to shared serversrequests to shared servers RAC specific ThreadsRAC specific Threads

Used when Cluster Ready Services are Used when Cluster Ready Services are installed and enabledinstalled and enabled

A working database system involves A working database system involves interaction of the following elements:interaction of the following elements: Oracle Instance – tasks that access data in the Oracle Instance – tasks that access data in the

database and the Oracle memorydatabase and the Oracle memory Oracle data files – stores of data on diskOracle data files – stores of data on disk

Elements of a Database Elements of a Database SystemSystem

Memory

Threads

DataFiles

Oracle Instance

Data StructuresData Structures Data filesData files

Basic Building BlocksBasic Building Blocks File system filesFile system files Raw partitionsRaw partitions

BlocksBlocks The basic storage containerThe basic storage container Configurable size (2048, 4096..16384)Configurable size (2048, 4096..16384) Contains one or more rowsContains one or more rows

ExtentsExtents Chunks that hold schema objectsChunks that hold schema objects Dynamically allocated in data filesDynamically allocated in data files

Data StructuresData Structures SegmentsSegments

Made up of one or more extentsMade up of one or more extents Extents are not necessarily contiguous within a Extents are not necessarily contiguous within a

segmentsegment Blocks within an extent are contiguousBlocks within an extent are contiguous

Tablespaces Tablespaces Container for Schema ObjectsContainer for Schema Objects Made up of one or more data filesMade up of one or more data files Defined with a STORAGE clauseDefined with a STORAGE clause

Schema ObjectsSchema Objects TablesTables ViewsViews ClustersClusters IndexesIndexes SequencesSequences

How does Oracle Work?How does Oracle Work?

Data is stored in two placesData is stored in two places On disk in the data filesOn disk in the data files In memory in the Oracle Memory (SGA)In memory in the Oracle Memory (SGA)

ReadsReads WritesWrites

Oracle ReadsOracle Reads

The user threads (server threads) try The user threads (server threads) try to get data from SGA firstto get data from SGA first

If it is not thereIf it is not there The user thread itself reads it from The user thread itself reads it from

disk and puts it into the SGAdisk and puts it into the SGA

Oracle Reads (Data in Oracle Reads (Data in Cache)Cache)

Memory (Buffer Cache)

UserThreads

DataFiles

Data is read from cache.

Oracle Reads (Data not in Oracle Reads (Data not in Cache)Cache)

Memory (Buffer Cache)

UserThreads

DataFiles

Data is not in cache.

User Thread reads it from disk into cache.

It is then read from cache.

Oracle WritesOracle WritesUser Threads User Threads Writes (changes) are made by the userWrites (changes) are made by the user

Data is changed in the buffer cacheData is changed in the buffer cache The original data is put into the undo The original data is put into the undo

tablespace or rollback segmenttablespace or rollback segment User issues commit statementUser issues commit statement Information is written to the log bufferInformation is written to the log buffer A transaction is not committed until the log A transaction is not committed until the log

write has occurredwrite has occurred User thread only writes/changes the SGA, User thread only writes/changes the SGA,

not the data on disknot the data on disk

Oracle WritesOracle WritesBackground ThreadsBackground Threads The LGWR (Log Writer Thread) takes The LGWR (Log Writer Thread) takes

log information and writes it to the log information and writes it to the redo logredo log

The DBWThe DBWnn (Database Writer Thread) (Database Writer Thread) writes the data changes to disk at a writes the data changes to disk at a later timelater time The DBWThe DBWnn thread is the only thread that thread is the only thread that

writes out to the data fileswrites out to the data files

Logical vs. Physical I/OLogical vs. Physical I/O

Logical read (in memory)Logical read (in memory) Logical write (in memory)Logical write (in memory) Physical read (to disk)Physical read (to disk) Physical write (to disk)Physical write (to disk) Logical reads and writes are thousands of Logical reads and writes are thousands of

times faster than physical reads and times faster than physical reads and writeswrites

The keys to Oracle performance areThe keys to Oracle performance are Performing read and write operations in Performing read and write operations in

memory, where possiblememory, where possible When physical reads and writes must be When physical reads and writes must be

performed, optimizing I/O efficiencyperformed, optimizing I/O efficiency

Accessing Oracle Data in Accessing Oracle Data in ApplicationsApplications

When developing applications, there are When developing applications, there are several options for connecting to Oracle several options for connecting to Oracle data:data: PL/SQLPL/SQL JavaJava Pro*C/ProC++Pro*C/ProC++ Pro*CobolPro*Cobol OCI and OCCIOCI and OCCI Oracle Data Provider for .Net (ODP.NET)Oracle Data Provider for .Net (ODP.NET) Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

Oracle10gOracle10g

Released in 2004Released in 2004 Release ~ 1.7 GB with seed databaseRelease ~ 1.7 GB with seed database Introduction of “Grid” conceptIntroduction of “Grid” concept Aggressive pricing for SMBAggressive pricing for SMB

Oracle10g New FeaturesOracle10g New Features

Enhanced Real Application ClustersEnhanced Real Application Clusters Oracle StreamsOracle Streams Cross-platform transportable tablespacesCross-platform transportable tablespaces Automatic Storage Management (ASM)Automatic Storage Management (ASM) Self-Managing DatabaseSelf-Managing Database New Backup and Recovery FeaturesNew Backup and Recovery Features

Full Flashback recoveryFull Flashback recovery Oracle GridOracle Grid

Oracle10g Flashback Oracle10g Flashback RecoveryRecovery Separate Flashback Area created during Separate Flashback Area created during

database creation (optional)database creation (optional) Contains flashback logsContains flashback logs Contains a full RMAN backup to diskContains a full RMAN backup to disk Should be sized at 1X – 3X database size, Should be sized at 1X – 3X database size,

depending on log retention perioddepending on log retention period Can quickly restore to any point in time Can quickly restore to any point in time

covered within the retention periodcovered within the retention period Restore the entire databaseRestore the entire database Restore a single tableRestore a single table

Flashback queryFlashback query Query a table as it existed at a point in time, Query a table as it existed at a point in time,

without restoring the tablewithout restoring the table Backups can be completely automatedBackups can be completely automated

Oracle10g GridOracle10g Grid Grid ConceptGrid Concept

Utility ComputingUtility Computing A network of clients and service providersA network of clients and service providers VirtualizationVirtualization

Storage GridStorage Grid ASMASM

Database Server GridDatabase Server Grid RACRAC

Application Server GridApplication Server Grid Application level clusteringApplication level clustering

Administering Oracle and Monitoring Administering Oracle and Monitoring Performance with Oracle 10g Grid Performance with Oracle 10g Grid ControlControl Oracle Grid Control is the Oracle Grid Control is the

enhanced version of OEM enhanced version of OEM that is installed with that is installed with Oracle 10gOracle 10g Requires a central Requires a central

Management Repository Management Repository and Agents on each and Agents on each database serverdatabase server

Enhancements for Enhancements for managing and deploying managing and deploying RAC nodes and RAC nodes and application grid nodesapplication grid nodes

Significant Significant improvements in improvements in automatic performance automatic performance monitoring and analysismonitoring and analysis

Central interface for Central interface for administering and administering and monitoring Oracle 10gmonitoring Oracle 10g Perform all Perform all

Administration tasksAdministration tasks Contains a variety of Contains a variety of

Advisors for improving Advisors for improving performanceperformance

Oracle10g RACOracle10g RAC

Enhanced Service architectureEnhanced Service architecture Workload integrationWorkload integration Cache FusionCache Fusion Integrated clusterwareIntegrated clusterware Cluster storage optionsCluster storage options

Cluster File SystemCluster File System Automated Storage ManagementAutomated Storage Management

Oracle Real Application Oracle Real Application ClusterCluster

Users

Database

Server Server Server Server

Shared EverythingShared Everything

Oracle10g RAC and Windows Oracle10g RAC and Windows 2003 Server2003 Server

Oracle has supported the Windows platform Oracle has supported the Windows platform since 1993since 1993

Fully optimized for Windows architectureFully optimized for Windows architecture 32-bit32-bit 64-bit Itanium2 and x6464-bit Itanium2 and x64

Leverages key Windows technologiesLeverages key Windows technologies Active DirectoryActive Directory Windows SecurityWindows Security Cluster supportCluster support .NET development platform.NET development platform

Easy to install and administerEasy to install and administer A rapidly growing market segment for OracleA rapidly growing market segment for Oracle

ReviewReview When was Oracle founded?When was Oracle founded? What thread or process reads Oracle data from What thread or process reads Oracle data from

disk?disk? When an Oracle write is performed, which When an Oracle write is performed, which

background thread is more likely to cause user background thread is more likely to cause user waits?waits? A. Database Writer (DBWn)A. Database Writer (DBWn) B. Log Writer (LGWR)B. Log Writer (LGWR)

Name two keys to Oracle performance.Name two keys to Oracle performance. What is the suggested minimum size of the What is the suggested minimum size of the

Flashback Recovery Area relative to Oracle data Flashback Recovery Area relative to Oracle data storage?storage?

Name a new Oracle 10g feature.Name a new Oracle 10g feature.

SummarySummary

Data Access MethodsData Access Methods Oracle10g New FeaturesOracle10g New Features Oracle10g RACOracle10g RAC Windows SpecificsWindows Specifics

© 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.