Oracle in Hindi - BccFalna.com · Oracle in Hindi. BccFalna.com 097994- 55505 . Kuldeep Chand . In...

Oracle in Hindi

B c c F a l n a . c o m 0 9 7 9 9 4 - 5 5 5 0 5

Kuldeep Chand In this EBook I have covered SQL so that you can learn the Query Language and can Query various kinds of Data from the Database, created in First Step “Database Designing Process”. This is Standard Query Language which is approximately same in approx. all DBMS Software like Oracle, DB2, MySQL, SQL Server, etc… Then I have covered PL/SQL which is specially added Functionality in Oracle so that we can use Oracle with more control to develop Professional Database Applications. This feature is not available in any other DBMS Software. And in last part I have used Visual Basic 6 to develop Frontend of a Professioanl Database Application. So that you can understand the fundamental concepts of Professional Oracle Database Application Software Development Process properly.

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Oracle 8i/9i (SQl/PlSQl) in Hindi

■■■ Kuldeep Chand

Betalab Computer Center Falna

http://www.bccfalna.com/

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Oracle 8i/9i – SQL/PLSQL in Hindi Copyright © 2009 by Kuldeep Chand All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 e-mail [email protected] or visit http://www.bccfalna.com For information on translations, please contact BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 Phone 97994-55505 The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.


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This book is dedicated to those

who really wants to be

a

PrOfeSSiOnal develOPer


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index Of

cOntentS


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Table of Contents Oracle – The History .................................................................................... 16

The Relational Database Architecture .................................................................. 17 File-Based Systems.......................................................................................... 17 Client/Server Architecture ................................................................................. 19 Multi-Tire Architecture ...................................................................................... 20

Network Computing Architecture .......................................................................... 21 Clients .............................................................................................................. 21 Application Server ............................................................................................ 21 Universal Data Server ...................................................................................... 22

Oracle - Architecture ................................................................................... 24

Memory Structures ............................................................................................... 24 The Database Buffer Cache ............................................................................. 25 Redo Log Buffer ............................................................................................... 26 Shared Pool ..................................................................................................... 27 Additional Memory Areas ................................................................................. 28

Processes ............................................................................................................ 28 Database Writer (DBWR) ................................................................................. 30 Log Writer (LGWR) ........................................................................................... 31 System Monitor (SMON) .................................................................................. 32 Process Monitor (PMON) ................................................................................. 32 Archiever (ARCH) ............................................................................................. 32 Server Processes ............................................................................................. 33 Listener Process ............................................................................................... 34

Database Files ..................................................................................................... 34 Control Files ..................................................................................................... 34 Parameter Files ................................................................................................ 35 Online Redo Log Files ...................................................................................... 38 Data Files ......................................................................................................... 40

Data Concurrency and Data Consistency ................................................. 44

Data Concurrency ................................................................................................ 44 Data Consistency ................................................................................................. 44

Locking Strategies ............................................................................................ 44 Consistency Achievement ................................................................................ 45 Schemas .......................................................................................................... 45

Creating a Database .................................................................................... 51

Administration Tools ............................................................................................ 51 Identifying Database ......................................................................................... 51 SQL *Plus ......................................................................................................... 52 Server Manager ................................................................................................ 52 NT Instance Manager ....................................................................................... 52

Oracle 8i Installation ............................................................................................ 52 Configuring The Network ..................................................................................... 72

Tnsnames.ora .................................................................................................. 82


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Listener.ora ...................................................................................................... 85 Application Development Process ............................................................. 88

Finding The Requirements Of The Application ..................................................... 88 Designing The Database ...................................................................................... 89 Designing The Application ................................................................................... 90 Enforcing Security ................................................................................................ 91 Performance Tuning ............................................................................................ 91 Maintaining and Updating .................................................................................... 92

Database Design .......................................................................................... 94

Conceptual Design ............................................................................................... 95 Entity-Relationship Diagrams ........................................................................... 96

Logical Design ................................................................................................... 100 Identifying the Record Types and Fields ......................................................... 102 Identifying Any Data Dependencies ................................................................ 102 Normalizing The Database ............................................................................. 103 Database De-Normalization ............................................................................ 112 Keys ............................................................................................................... 112

Database Design – An Example from Start To End ................................ 117

Entity Relationship Modeling .............................................................................. 117 Step 1 – Finding Database Application Related Entities ................................. 117 Step 2 – Determining Relationship between Entity Pairs ................................ 118 Step 3 – Determining Relationship Nature ...................................................... 118 Step 4 – Resolving Many To Many Relationship ............................................. 119 Step 5 – Foreign Keys For Enforcing Relationships ........................................ 121 Step 6 – Entity Attributes Setup ...................................................................... 121

Database Normalization ..................................................................................... 122 First Normal Form ( FNF or 1NF ) ................................................................... 123 Second Normal Form ( SNF or 2FN) .............................................................. 127 Third Normal Form (TNF or 3NF) ................................................................... 128

Database Implementation ......................................................................... 132

Tablespace Creation .......................................................................................... 133 Creating Tablespace ...................................................................................... 134 Optional Parameters....................................................................................... 136

Table Creation ................................................................................................... 139 Oracle Data Types ......................................................................................... 140 Creating Tables .............................................................................................. 143 USER_CONSTRAINTS Table ........................................................................ 185 Table Modification .......................................................................................... 188 Data Dictionary ............................................................................................... 192

Index Creation ................................................................................................... 194 Creating Index ................................................................................................ 198

Sequences Creation .......................................................................................... 199 Creating Sequence ......................................................................................... 199


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Maintaining Sequence .................................................................................... 205 Audit Trails ......................................................................................................... 209 Other Schema Objects ....................................................................................... 210

Clusters .......................................................................................................... 211 Views ............................................................................................................. 214 Synonyms ...................................................................................................... 223

User Access Controlling ..................................................................................... 224 Privileges ........................................................................................................ 224 Schemas ........................................................................................................ 225 System Privileges ........................................................................................... 225 Role ................................................................................................................ 227 Object Privileges ............................................................................................ 229

Accessing Data – SQL Queries ................................................................ 237

SQL Overview .................................................................................................... 237 Types Of SQL Commands ................................................................................. 238

Query Commands .......................................................................................... 238 Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands .................................................. 238 Data Control Language (DCL) Commands ..................................................... 238 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands ............................................ 238 Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands .......................................... 238 Session Control Commands ........................................................................... 239 System Control Commands ............................................................................ 239 Embedded SQL Commands ........................................................................... 239

SELECT Command ........................................................................................... 239 SELECT Syntax ............................................................................................. 239 Using Dual ...................................................................................................... 242 Getting Selected Rows ................................................................................... 242 Sorting The Selection ..................................................................................... 243

Useful Operators ................................................................................................ 244 = Equality Test ........................................................................................... 244 != Inequality Test (Not Equal To) ................................................................. 244 > Greater Than ........................................................................................... 245 < Less Than ............................................................................................... 245 >= Greater Than OR Equal To ............................................................. 245 <= Less Than OR Equal To ................................................................. 245 | | Character String Concatenation .............................................................. 246 AND Returns TRUE If Both Conditions Are TRUE Otherwise FALSE ..... 246 OR Returns TRUE If Either Conditions Is TRUE Otherwise FALSE ...... 246 NOT Returns TRUE If Condition Is False and Vise Versa ....................... 246 BETWEEN a AND b ....................................................................................... 247 IN ................................................................................................................... 247 IS NULL .......................................................................................................... 248 LIKE ............................................................................................................... 248

Calculated Fields ............................................................................................... 249 Oracle-Specific Functions .................................................................................. 249

SYSDATE ...................................................................................................... 250 USER ............................................................................................................. 250 TO_CHAR() .................................................................................................... 250 TO_DATE() .................................................................................................... 250 CONCATE() ................................................................................................... 250


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UPPER() ........................................................................................................ 250 LOWER() ........................................................................................................ 251 INITCAP() ....................................................................................................... 251 DECODE Function ......................................................................................... 252

GROUP Function ............................................................................................... 255 AVG (Column_Name) ..................................................................................... 255 COUNT (Column_Name) ............................................................................... 255 MAX (Column_Name) .................................................................................... 255 MIN (Column_Name) ...................................................................................... 255 STDDEV(Column_Name) ............................................................................... 256 SUM(Column_Name) ..................................................................................... 256 VARIANCE(Column_Name) ........................................................................... 256

GROUP BY Clause ............................................................................................ 256 HAVING Clause ................................................................................................. 258 Join - Query with More Than One Table ............................................................ 258

Outer Join ....................................................................................................... 260 Subqueries......................................................................................................... 261

Subqueries That Return Only One Value ........................................................ 261 Subqueries That Return More Than One Row ................................................ 262

Database Optimizer ........................................................................................... 263 Efficient SELECT Statements ............................................................................ 264 Specifying Schemas .......................................................................................... 266

Updating Database .................................................................................... 270

Tables Updating Philosophy .............................................................................. 270 INSERTING Rows .......................................................................................... 271 UPDATING Rows ........................................................................................... 274 DELETING Rows ........................................................................................... 276

Transaction Control ............................................................................................ 277 COMMIT ......................................................................................................... 278 ROLLBACK .................................................................................................... 279 SAVEPOINT name ......................................................................................... 279 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT name ............................................................... 279

Database Triggers ............................................................................................. 282 CREATE TABLE AS Subquery .......................................................................... 283 Database Design For Fast Updates ................................................................... 283 Date Data Type .................................................................................................. 284

Complete SQL – Structured Query Language ......................................... 288

iSQL *Plus Terminal ........................................................................................... 288 Making Simple Queries ...................................................................................... 290 Making Conditional Queries ............................................................................... 298 Making Sorted Queries ...................................................................................... 305 Character Functions ........................................................................................... 308

CONCAT Function ......................................................................................... 309 INITCAP Function .......................................................................................... 310 LOWER and UPPER Function ....................................................................... 311 LPAD and RPAD Function.............................................................................. 311 SUBSTR Function .......................................................................................... 312 LTRIM and RTRIM Functions ......................................................................... 314


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INSTR Functions ............................................................................................ 314 LENGTH Functions ........................................................................................ 316

Numerical Functions .......................................................................................... 316 MOD Functions .............................................................................................. 317 POWER Functions ......................................................................................... 317 ROUND Functions .......................................................................................... 317 SIGN Functions .............................................................................................. 318 SQRT Functions ............................................................................................. 319 TRUNC Functions .......................................................................................... 319

Date Functions ................................................................................................... 320 ADD_MONTHS Functions .............................................................................. 320 LAST_DAY Functions ..................................................................................... 320 MONTHS_BETWEEN Functions .................................................................... 321 NEXT_DAY Functions .................................................................................... 321

Making Aggregate Queries ................................................................................ 322 Making Join Queries .......................................................................................... 326

Cartesian Products ......................................................................................... 330 Equi - Join ...................................................................................................... 331 Non-Equi-Join................................................................................................. 333 Outer Join ....................................................................................................... 333 Self Join ......................................................................................................... 335 Creating Cross Joins ...................................................................................... 336 Creating Natural Joins .................................................................................... 337 Left Outer Join ................................................................................................ 340 Right Outer Join ............................................................................................. 341 Full Outer Join ................................................................................................ 342

Making Subqueries ............................................................................................ 342 Making DML Queries ......................................................................................... 352

State of the Data Before COMMIT and ROLLBACK ....................................... 358 State of the Data after COMMIT ..................................................................... 359 State of the Data after ROLLBACK ................................................................. 360

Introduction to PL/SQL ............................................................................. 363

PL/SQL – The Extension of SQL ........................................................................ 363 Advantages Of PL/SQL .................................................................................. 364 PL/SQL Execution Environment ..................................................................... 365

Stored Procedures ............................................................................................. 365 Stored Procedures – The Advantages ............................................................ 366 Procedure Structure ....................................................................................... 368 Function Structure .......................................................................................... 370 Trigger Structure ............................................................................................ 370 Procedure Parameters ................................................................................... 371

Packages ........................................................................................................... 372 Package Creation ........................................................................................... 373 Built-In Packages ........................................................................................... 373

Stored Procedures Creating Tools ..................................................................... 375 SQL *Plus ....................................................................................................... 375 Visual Database Tools .................................................................................... 378 Oracle Procedure Builder ............................................................................... 382 Error Handling in PL/SQL ............................................................................... 395 Enhancing The Error Message ....................................................................... 399


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Creating Stored Procedures ..................................................................... 402

PL/SQL Data Types ........................................................................................... 402 Scalar Data Types .......................................................................................... 402 User-Defined (Composite) Variables .............................................................. 404

Declaring Variables ............................................................................................ 405 %TYPE and %ROWTYPE .............................................................................. 405

Declaring Constants ........................................................................................... 407 Statements and Assignments............................................................................. 407 Flow Control Statements .................................................................................... 408

Decision Flow Control ..................................................................................... 408 Loops ............................................................................................................. 410

Using SQL Statements In PL/SQL ..................................................................... 411 Update Statements ......................................................................................... 412 Using SELECT INTO ...................................................................................... 414 Exceptions In SELECT INTO Statement ......................................................... 416

PL/SQL Cursors ................................................................................................. 418 Declaring A PL/SQL Cursor ............................................................................ 419 Opening And Closing A PL/SQL Cursor ......................................................... 420 Fetching A PL/SQL Cursor ............................................................................. 420 Error Conditions for PL/SQL Cursors .............................................................. 421 PL/SQL Cursor In Action ................................................................................ 422 PL/SQL Cursor Loops .................................................................................... 425

User-Defined Data Types ................................................................................... 425 Records .......................................................................................................... 426 PL/SQL Tables and Collections ...................................................................... 427

Cursor Variables ................................................................................................ 433 Declaring a Cursor Variable ............................................................................ 434 Opening A Cursor Variable ............................................................................. 435 Fetching Records ........................................................................................... 435 Closing The Cursor Variable ........................................................................... 436 Passing Cursor Variables ............................................................................... 436

Using Triggers ................................................................................................... 438 Providing a Transaction Audit ............................................................................ 440 Procedures and Visual Basic ............................................................................. 443

Data Controls ................................................................................................. 443 Data Access Objects (DAO) ........................................................................... 443 Remote Data Objects (RDO) .......................................................................... 443 ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) ........................................................................... 444 Oracle Objects or OLE (OO4O) ...................................................................... 444

Distributed Databases ............................................................................... 446

Overview ............................................................................................................ 446 Centralized and Client-Server Architecture ........................................................ 447 Parallel Systems ................................................................................................ 447 Distributed Systems ........................................................................................... 448

Client-Side Technology ............................................................................. 450

The Software Layers .......................................................................................... 450


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The ODBC Driver Manager ............................................................................ 450 ODBC Driver .................................................................................................. 451 The OLE-DB Layer ......................................................................................... 451 Oracle Call Interface ....................................................................................... 452 Net8 and SQL *Net ......................................................................................... 452 The Network Softwares .................................................................................. 453

ODBC ................................................................................................................ 453 The Origins Of ODBC ..................................................................................... 454 ODBC Drivers................................................................................................. 454 Selecting An ODBC Driver.............................................................................. 456 Setting Up An ODBC Data Source ................................................................. 456 Creating An ODBC Connection String ............................................................ 460 Testing Of ODBC Connection ......................................................................... 462

OLE-DB ............................................................................................................. 464 Data Providers ................................................................................................ 465 Data Consumers ............................................................................................ 465 OLE-DB Cursors ............................................................................................ 465 How Cursor Works? ....................................................................................... 469 Choosing A Cursor ......................................................................................... 470

Connections ....................................................................................................... 471 DSN-Less Connections .................................................................................. 472 Closing An ODBC Connection ........................................................................ 472 ODBC Connection Pooling ............................................................................. 473 Pre-Started Connections ................................................................................ 474

Alternative Access Methods ............................................................................... 474 Oracle Pre-Compilers ..................................................................................... 474 Oracle Objects for OLE .................................................................................. 475

Accessing Oracle from Visual Basic ....................................................... 477

The JET Engine .............................................................................................. 477 Data Access Objects ...................................................................................... 483 Data Control ................................................................................................... 485 Remote Data Objects ..................................................................................... 486 ODBCDirect ................................................................................................... 488 The ODBC API ............................................................................................... 490 ActiveX Data Objects ...................................................................................... 491 Oracle Objects for OLE .................................................................................. 493

Oracle Objects for OLE ............................................................................. 498

The OO4O Object Hierarchy .............................................................................. 498 OraClient ........................................................................................................ 499 OraSession .................................................................................................... 499 OraConnection ............................................................................................... 499 OraDatabase .................................................................................................. 499

The Early Binding Issue ..................................................................................... 499 Accessing Database .......................................................................................... 501

BeginTrans ..................................................................................................... 502 CommitTrans .................................................................................................. 502 ConnectSession ............................................................................................. 502 CreateNamedSession .................................................................................... 503


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LastServerErrResetSession ........................................................................... 503 OpenDatabase ............................................................................................... 503 ResetTrans ..................................................................................................... 503 Rollback ......................................................................................................... 503

Connection With Database ................................................................................ 503 Database_Name ............................................................................................ 503 Connect_String ............................................................................................... 504 Options ........................................................................................................... 504

Database Object Methods .................................................................................. 506 Close .............................................................................................................. 506 CreateCustomDynaset ................................................................................... 506 CreateDynaset ............................................................................................... 506 CreatePLSQLDynaset .................................................................................... 506 CreatePlsqlCustomDynaset ............................................................................ 507 CreateSQL ..................................................................................................... 507 ExecuteSQL ................................................................................................... 507 LastServerErrReset ........................................................................................ 507

Creating OraDynasets ....................................................................................... 507 Source ............................................................................................................ 508 Options ........................................................................................................... 508 Pessimistic Locking ........................................................................................ 510

Using Triggers ................................................................................................... 511 Tuning The OraDynaset ..................................................................................... 513

Cache Parameters ......................................................................................... 513 Fetch Parameters ........................................................................................... 514

OraDynaset Properties....................................................................................... 514 BOF ................................................................................................................ 515 Bookmark ....................................................................................................... 515 BookMarkable ................................................................................................ 515 CacheBlocks .................................................................................................. 515 CacheChanged .............................................................................................. 515 CacheSliceSize .............................................................................................. 515 CacheSizePerBlock ........................................................................................ 515 Connection ..................................................................................................... 515 Database ........................................................................................................ 515 EditMode ........................................................................................................ 516 EOF ................................................................................................................ 516 FetchLimit ....................................................................................................... 516 FetchSize ....................................................................................................... 516 Fields ............................................................................................................. 516 LastModified ................................................................................................... 516 NoMatch ......................................................................................................... 516 Options ........................................................................................................... 516 RecordCount .................................................................................................. 516 RowPosition ................................................................................................... 517 Session .......................................................................................................... 517 SQL ................................................................................................................ 517 Transactions ................................................................................................... 517 Updatable ....................................................................................................... 517

Exploring The OraDynaset Methods .................................................................. 517 Populating OraDynaset .................................................................................. 518 Changing The Current Record ........................................................................ 518


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Accessing the Fields Of An OraDynaset ......................................................... 520 Changing the Records and Values in an OraDynaset ..................................... 521 Finding A Particular Record ............................................................................ 523 Closing A Dynaset .......................................................................................... 525

Using Parameters .............................................................................................. 525 Name ............................................................................................................. 526 InitialValue ...................................................................................................... 526 Type ............................................................................................................... 526

Executing SQL Commands ................................................................................ 529 Calling Stored Procedures ................................................................................. 530 Retrieving Cursor Variables ............................................................................... 531

SQLStatement ................................................................................................ 532 CursorName ................................................................................................... 532 Options ........................................................................................................... 532

Calling PL/SQL Functions .................................................................................. 534 Retrieving PL/SQL Tables .................................................................................. 535

Name ............................................................................................................. 535 Type ............................................................................................................... 535 ServerType ..................................................................................................... 536 ArraySize ........................................................................................................ 536 ElementSize ................................................................................................... 536

Using OraSQLStmts .......................................................................................... 537 Sql_Statement ................................................................................................ 537 Options ........................................................................................................... 538

Batch Updates ................................................................................................... 539 Error Handling .................................................................................................... 541 Putting It All Together ........................................................................................ 542 Viewing The Structure Of A Database ................................................................ 544

OralDataType ................................................................................................. 544 OraMaxDSize ................................................................................................. 544 OraMaxSize ................................................................................................... 545 OraNullOK ...................................................................................................... 545 OraPrecision .................................................................................................. 545 OraScale ........................................................................................................ 545 Size ................................................................................................................ 545 Truncated ....................................................................................................... 545 Type ............................................................................................................... 545 Value .............................................................................................................. 546

ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) ..................................................................... 548

ADO Object Model ............................................................................................. 549 Connection Object .......................................................................................... 549 Recordset Object ............................................................................................ 550 Command Object ........................................................................................... 550 Parameter Object ........................................................................................... 550 Field Object .................................................................................................... 551 Error Object .................................................................................................... 551 Property Object .............................................................................................. 551

Connecting To Oracle ........................................................................................ 551 Connection Object Methods ........................................................................... 552 Connection Object Properties ......................................................................... 554


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Opening Connection ....................................................................................... 556 2-Ways For Opening Connection.................................................................... 557 ADO Events ................................................................................................... 560 WithEvents ..................................................................................................... 562

Working With Recordset .................................................................................... 564 Opening Recordset ........................................................................................ 564 Populating The Recordset .............................................................................. 568 Fetching Multiple Rows .................................................................................. 568 ADO Recordset Navigation............................................................................. 570 Changing The Rows and Values In A Recordset ............................................ 571 Searching A Record In Recordset .................................................................. 572 Closing A Recordset ....................................................................................... 573 Recordset Events ........................................................................................... 573

The Command Object ........................................................................................ 575 Command Properties ...................................................................................... 575 Command Parameters ................................................................................... 577 Command Object Properties .......................................................................... 579 Executing SQL Commands ............................................................................ 583

Stored Procedures ............................................................................................. 584 Calling Stored Procedures .............................................................................. 586

Last but not Least. There is more… ......................................................... 587


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Oracle tHe HiStOry


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Oracle – The History Oracle nqfu;ka dh cgqr gh cMh Software Companies esa ls ,d gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 1977 esa Relational Software Corporation ds uke ls gqbZ FkhA bl Company us nqfu;ka ds lcls

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Business System ds fy, MS-Access dk Database Suitable gksrk gS] ysfdu cMs

System ds fy, MS-Access tSls File-Based Database dks Use ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

gkykafd ,d File-Based Database 100MB Data ds lkFk Successfully Deal dj ldrk gS]

ysfdu tc Database esa Records dh la[;k dkQh c<us yxrh gS ;k tc ,d gh Database dks ntZuksa Users Access djus yxrs gSa] rc ,d File-Based Database dh Performance dkQh ?kV tkrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh File-Based Database ds fdlh Table ds fdlh Column esa Stored 1 yk[k Records esa ls lcls cMh Value dks izkIr djuk pkgsa] rks ;s File-Based System lHkh Records dks Network ls izkIr djsxk] fQj mUgsa Locally Process djsxk vkSj

Required Value dks [kkstsxkA ,d yk[k Records dks Network ls Retrieve djus esa ,d

File-Based System dks cgqr gh T;knk le; yxsxk vkSj gesa cgqr gh T;knk nsj rd

Required Result ds fy, Wait djuk iMsxkA


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Client/Server Architecture

tc fdlh Database dks cgqr lkjs Users Use djrs gSa vkSj Database esa cgqr lkjk Data Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge File-Based Approach dks Use ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ml

fLFkfr esa File Based System dh Performance dkQh de gks tkrh gSA

,d File-Based System ls Performance izkIr djus ds fy, gekjs ikl ,d cgqr gh T;knk

Speed okyk Computer gksuk pkfg, vkSj ,d cgqr gh rst Speed dk Network gksuk pkfg,A tcfd gesa”kk ,slk lEHko ugha gksrk gSA vkt Hkh Network dh Speed cgqr T;knk rst ugha gS

vkSj T;knk rst Speed okys Networks ds fy, cgqr T;knk [kpkZ djuk iMrk gSA blfy, bl

leL;k dk nwljk lek/kku Client/Server Architecture esa gS vkSj ;gh og fLFkfr Hkh gS] tgka

Oracle egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

,d Client/Server Architecture esa Client o Server nksuksa gksrs gSaA Client Computers T;knk Powerful ugha gksrs gSa vkSj bu ij Visual Basic tSlk dksbZ Client Application Stored gksrk gSA Server ,d T;knk Powerful Computer gksrk gS] ftl ij Database Server dks Store fd;k tkrk gS lkFk gh System ls lEcaf/kr lHkh egaxs Equipments dks bl Server ds lkFk gh

Attach fd;k tkrk gSA

ge gekjs Client Software dks Visual Basic esa Develop djsaxs] gkykafd Clients dks fofHkUu

izdkj dh Programming Languages esa] fofHkUu Hardware Platform rFkk Operating Systems ds fy, Develop fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh rjg ls ge gekjs Server Software dks

Oracle esa Develop djsaxs] ftls yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds Operating Systems o Hardware ij Place fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Client/Server Architecture }kjk izkIr gksus okyh T;knkrj Advantages Server esa gh Exist gksrh gSa] tks Server dks Data ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing dks Apply djus dh

Capabilities Provide djrh gSaA vkt ds PC brus Powerful gSa tks Data dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls

Process djds mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj dh Graphical Form esa Display dj ldrs gSaA

Client/Server Architecture esa fdlh Database Application dks nks fgLlksa esa Develop fd;k

tkrk gSA Server Part Data ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing djus o fofHkUu izdkj dh

Information Generate djus dk dke djrk gS tcfd Client Part Server ls Generate gksus okys fofHkUu izdkj dh Information dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Format esa Display djus o Output Generate djus dk dke djrk gSA nksuksa gh Part ,d nwljs ls Lora= :i ls dke djrs gSaA


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Multi-Tire Architecture Client/Server Architecture esa Hkh tc Database ds Data c<rs gSa] rc dqN ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk

gksrh gSa vkSj bl Situation ds dbZ Solutions gSaA Multi-Tier Software esa ,d gh Software ds dbZ Tiers gksrs gSa vkSj gj Tier ,d Specific dke dks vPNs rjhds ls iwjk djrk gSA Tiers dks lkekU;r;k rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS%

1 igyk Client ;k GUI Tier, 2 nwljk Middle ;k Business Tier o 3 rhljk Data Tier.

Multi-Tier Architecture dks lkekU;r;k Three-Tier Architecture Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Multi-Tier Approach esa Visual Basic tSls Frontend ls lEcaf/kr Softwares dks Client dk

Role Play djrk gS] tSlk fd Client/Server Architecture esa djrk gS] gkykafd Multi-Tier Architecture esa Visual Basic dks Client/Server Architecture dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh de

Data Processing dk dke djuk iMrk gSA

Multi-Tier Architecture esa Visual Basic dk eq[; dke Data dks fofHkUu izdkj ls Display djuk gh gksrk gSA ysfdu Visual Basic Middle Tier esa cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Role Play djrk gS]

tgka ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing o Business Rules dks Capture fd;k tkrk gSA

Visual Basic Middle Tier esa ;s egRoiw.kZ Role blfy, Play dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd Visual Basic 6 esa ge ActiveX Components Create dj ldrs gSa] tks fd ,d Transaction-Processing Environment tSls fd Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) ds Under esa Server ij Run gks ldrk gSA Multi-Tier Architecture esa ge fuEu lqfo/kkvksa dks izkIr djrs gSa]

ftUgsa Provide djus esa ,d Client/Server Architecture Fail gks tkrk gS%

1 Create fd, x, Applications dks Deploy djuk o Update j[kuk ljy gksrk gSA ;s

Architecture ml fLFkfr esa dkQh egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksrk gS] tc ge gekjs Application dks Web ij Use djus ds fy, c<kuk pkgrs gSaA

2 bl Architecture dh otg ls tc Hkh Business ds Business Rules Change gksrs gSa] gesa dsoy Client Tier dks gh Modify djuk iMrk gSA

3 fofHkUu izdkj ds Business Rules dks Middle Tier esa Encapsulate djus ds dkj.k

dksbZ Hkh vU; Application, tks fd bu Business Rules dks Access djuk pkgrk gS]

og Shared Components Create djds] ,d gh Client Application ds fofHkUu

Business Rules dks vU; Client Applications esa Access dj ldrk gSA

4 Business Layer bl ckr ds fy, fuf”pr djrk gS fd Data dh Security Standard fu;eksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gS blfy, Data iwjh rjg ls Stable gSaA

5 Multi-Tier Architecture ds dkj.k Application Scalable gksrk gSA


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Network Computing Architecture Oracle ds Multi-Tier Design dks gh Network Computing Architecture (NCA) Hkh dgk

tkrk gSA bl Architecture esa Multi-Tier Architecture ds lHkh Features “kkfey gksrs gSaA fQj

Hkh NCA esa Client dh rqyuk esa eq[; egRo Middle Tier o Back-End Tiers dk gh gksrk gSA

NCA esa Multi-Tier Architecture ds rhuksa Layers ;k rhu ls vf/kd Layers gks ldrs gSaA

Clients

rhuksa gh Tiers dks fuEukuqlkj rhu Categories esa Describe fd;k x;k gS] ftls ge Thin Client dg ldrs gSaA bl Architecture esa Client ,d Universal Thin Client gksrk gS] tks

fuEu esa ls dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gS%

• A Traditional Web Browser • A Java-Based Client • A Network Computer

Thin Client cukus dk eq[; Purpose ;s gSa fd dksbZ Hkh Application fdlh Hkh User rd igqap

lds] fQj og User pkgs tks Operating Software Use djrk gks ;k pkgs ftl Software ds

Through og bl Application dks Use djsA

Application Server Application Server ,d Special izdkj dk Software Piece gksrk gS] tks fd Middle Tier dks

Efficient o Scalable cukus ds fy, Develop fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Middle Tier Software dks Develop djus dk ,d edln ;s Hkh gksrk gS fd Server ls vkus okyh fdlh Hkh

Request dks iwjk djus ds fy, ;s Middle Tier vius fdlh Hkh Code, Object ;k

Component dks Server ds fy, Available djsA

Application Server ,d Flexible Design gksrk gS] ftls Oracle esa Cartridges dgk tkrk

gSA Cartridges os Products gksrs gSa tks Server Software ds Top ij mlh rjg ls Run gks ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls gekjs Web Browser esa Plug-Ins Run gksrs gSaA Cartridge dk iz;ksx

djds ge eq[;r% Base Application Software dks gh vius Lo;a ds Code Statements }kjk Extend djrs gSaA Cartridge dh ,d lcls cMh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd gekjs Cartridge Code esa ;fn dksbZ Error gks rks gekjk Application Server dke djuk cUn ugha djrk gSA


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Universal Data Server Data Server Layer dks Design Philosophy ds dkj.k vDlj Universal Data Server ds

uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gS D;ksafd ,sls Data Server fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data dks Handle djus

esa l{ke gksrs gSaA Oracle 8 esa ge 4 GB rd dk Data Handle dj ldrs gSaA Oracle dh bl

fo”ks’krk ds dkj.k ge Graphics o Video dh Information dks Oracle ds Database esa Store dj ldrs gSaA


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Oracle arcHitecture


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Oracle - Architecture Oracle Database dks ge Database o Instance nks :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA Technically ,d

Oracle Database mu Files dk ,d Physical Collection gksrk gS] tks Database esa Exist gksrs gSaA ysfdu Lo;a Database vius Lrj ij dqN ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd Database ls Directly Interact djus dk User ds ikl dksbZ rjhdk ugha gksrk gSA

tcfd Instance Oracle dk ,d Running Database gksrk gS] ftlesa Memory Structure gksrk gS vkSj Associated Process gksrs gSa] tks bu Memory Structures ls Interact gksrs gSa o Memory Structures dks Manipulate djrs gSaA

tks yksx Oracle Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) ij dke djrs gSa]

os vDlj Instance o Database dks Interchangeably Use djrs gSaA bu nksuksa ds chp dk

eq[; vUrj ;s gS fd ,d Physical Database File ls dbZ Instances Connect gks ldrs gSaA

tc fdlh Oracle Instance dks Start djus ds fy, dksbZ Script Run gksrk gS] rc fofHkUu izdkj ds Processes dks Start djus ds fy, Oracle mUgsa Required Memory Space Allocate djrk gSA

bl rjhds esa gekjs ikl ,d gh Server ij ,d ls T;knk Database Instance gks ldrs gSa] tks

fd ,d nwljs ls Lora= :i ls Run gksrs gSaA Oracle Parallel Server esa Same Single Data Files ds lewg ds lkFk ,d ls T;knk Instances Mount gks ldrs gSaA Oracle dks le>us ds

fy, gesa Memory, Server Processes o Data Files rhuksa Concepts dks le>uk gksrk gSA

Memory Structures System Global Area (SGA) ftls dbZ ckj Shared Global Area Hkh dgrs gSa] Oracle dk

Main Memory Component gksrk gSA Oracle ,d Memory Based Database gS] ftldk

eryc ;s gS fd Data] Locks o vU; Elements Memory esa Hold gksrs gSaA SGA dh Size dHkh Hkh Server Machine dh Physical Available Memory ls T;knk ugha gksrh gS] vU;Fkk

Virtual Memory Paging gksus yxrk gS] ftlls Oracle Database dh Performance de gks

tkrh gSA

tc fdlh Computer esa T;knk Physical Memory ugha gksrh gS] rc cMs Programs o cgqr lkjs Programs dks ,d lkFk pykus ds fy, Operating System esa Virtual memory Model dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA


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bl Model esa tks Application Program Active gksrk gS] mlds Data rks Main Memory esa jgrs gSa vkSj tks Program Inactive gksrs gSa] mUgsa Hard Disk ij Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA Hard Disk esa ftruk Free Space gksrk gS] mls Operating System }kjk Virtual Memory dh rjg Use dj fy;k tkrk gSA

Main Memory esa tks Hkh Application Store gksrk gS] og Memory ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa Store gksrk gSA Memory ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks Page dgk tkrk gS vkSj Main Memory ds Data dks

Disk dh Virtual Memory esa Hkstus dh izfØ;k dks Paging dgk tkrk gSA

lkekU;r;k Memory Pages dh Size 4KB ;k 8KB gksrh gSA igys tks Operating Systems cus Fks] muesa iwjs Application dks gh Virtual Memory esa Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkA bl izfØ;k dks

Swapping dgk tkrk FkkA blfy, vkt ds u, Operating System esa Hkh ftl File ds Data dks Main Memory ls Virtual Memory esa Hkstk tkrk gS] mls Swap File gh dgrs gSaA

Oracle ds System Global Area (SGA) Memory esa fuEu Components gksrs gSa%

• Database Buffer Cache • Redo Log Buffer • Shared Pool Area (Which is made up of the following components:

• Library Cache (Which includes a Shared SQL Area) • Data Dictionary Cache (also known as the Row Cache)

tc dksbZ Oracle Instance Start gksrk gS] rc Oracle mlds SGA dks Memory Allocate djrk gSA Oracle Lo;a gh blds fofHkUu Components dh Memory dks Manage djrk gS

vkSj rc rd fdlh Hkh Component dh Memory dks Release ugha djrk gS] tc rd fd

Oracle ds ml Instance dks Shut Down ugha dj fn;k tkrkA lkFk gh Allocate dh tkus

okyh Memory Dynamically Increase ugha gksrh gSA

Memory Allocation dks Change djus ds fy,] gesa Oracle ds Instance dks Shut Down djuk iMrk gS] mlds ckn Initialization Parameters esa Change djuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj ls

Oracle ds Instance dks Start djuk gksrk gSA

The Database Buffer Cache

;s SGA dh Memory dk og fgLlk gksrk gS] tgka Database dh fdlh Data File ls Read fd;k x;k Data Store gksrk gSA ;gh Data fdlh Visual Basic Client Application }kjk Access gksrk gSA ;s Cache Buffers ls curk gS] ftldh Individual Size ml Physical


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Database Files ds fdlh Database Block ds cjkcj gksrh gS] ftlesa Data dks Manage fd;k tk jgk gksrk gSA

;fn bl Memory esa dksbZ Data uk gks] rks User ds Client Application dh Request ij Generate gksus okyk Data blh Buffer esa Store gksrk gSA tc ge Database ls Connect gksrs gSa] rc Oracle ,d Server Process Create djrk gS] ftls Shadow Process Hkh dgrs

gSaA ;s Process Application dh Request dks gekjh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij Handle djrk gSA

Cache esa nks Lists gksrh gSa tks Buffer dks Manage djrh gS% ftUgsa Least Recently Used (LRU) List o Dirty List dgrs gSA Least Recently Used List lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh

gSA SELECT tSls fdlh Command ls ftruh ckj Hkh Data Buffer Access gksrk gS] ;s Data bl List ds Top ij igqap tkrk gSA

tcfd tks Buffer Access ugha gksrk gS] og bl List ds Bottom esa Move gks tkrk gSA bl

List esa gesa”kk vfUre ckj Access fd;k x;k Data Stored jgrk gSA bl Buffer dks Create djus dk eq[; Purpose ;s gksrk gS fd fdlh Data ds fy, Physical Disk Reading Operation dks de fd;k tk ldsA

Oracle dk nwljk List mu Data Buffers dh tkudkjh dks Hold djrk gS] ftUgsa Change fd;k x;k gSA tc Hkh Client Application fdlh ,sls Data dh Request djrk gS] tks fd

Database Buffer Cache esa ugha gksrk gS] rks Oracle LRU List dks Free Buffer ds fy,

Search djrk gSA ;fn Search ds nkSjku Dirty List Buffer izkIr gksrk gS] rks Server Process mUgsa Dirty List esa Move dj nsrk gSA

tc dqN fuf”pr la[;k esa Buffers dks Scan dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh Free Buffer izkIr ugha gksrk gS] rks Database Writer Process (DBWR) dqN Dirty Buffers dks Disk ij Write djrk gS] tks mUgsa Free dj nsrs gSaA os Buffers tks fd Dirty ugha gksrs gSa] os fdlh Hkh le; List ls Move Out gks ldrs gSa vkSj os Buffers tks fd LRU List esa Bottom ij gksrs gSa] os lcls

igys Free gks ldrs gSaA

Redo Log Buffer Redo Log Buffer Memory dk og Area gksrk gS] tks Database esa fd, tkus okys lHkh

General Changes dks Hold djrk gSA Database esa fd, tkus okys fofHkUu Changes dks

Redo Log Entries dgrs gSaA ;s Datablocks dh Copy ugha gksrs gSa cfYd ;s os tkudkfj;ka

gksrh gSa] ftudh t:jr Datablocks dks fQj ls Reconstruct djus ds fy, iMrh gSA

tc Database ds Changes dks Capture fd;k tkrk gS] rc bu Entries dks ftruk gks

ldrk gS mruk NksVk j[kk tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx Database ds Crash gksus ij Recovery ds


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fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Buffer dks Memory esa Circular Area ds :i esa Use fd;k tkrk gS]

blfy, Buffer Memory ds vUr ij igqap dj fQj ls Memory dh “kq:vkr ls Data Holding dk dke djus yxrk gSA

Redo Log Entries dks Storage esa Permanently Write ;k Overwrite fd;k tkrk gSA Log Writer Process (LGWR) bl Buffer dks Monitor djrk gS vkSj tc Hkh t:jr gksrh gS] blds

Contents dks Ftush djrk jgrk gSA Server Processes Redo Log Buffer esa Writing dks

Control djrk gS vkSj LGWR Redo Log Entries ds vk/kkj ij Changes dks Buffer esa Write djrk gSA

Shared Pool Shared Pool SGA Memory dk ,d ,slk Area gksrk gS] ftlesa ml Memory dk fgLlk gksrk

gS] ftls fofHkUu Users }kjk Share fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa cgqr lkjs NksVs&NksVs Memory Areas gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vxzkuqlkj le>k;k x;k gS%

Library Cache Library Cache esa ,sls cgqr lkjs Components gksrs gSa] ftUgsa fofHkUu Database Users }kjk Share fd;k tkrk gSA bldk Shared SQL Area lcls egRoiw.kZ Component gksrk gSA

Shared SQL Area esa gj SQL Statement dh Detail ds lkFk gh SQL Statement ds

Execute gksrs le; ds Execution Plan dh Hkh Detail gksrh gS] ftls Parse Tree dgk tkrk

gSA

Shared Area esa os Identical SQL Statement Hold gksrk gS] ftls ,d ls T;knk Users Share djrs gSaA bl Statements dk lHkh Users ds fy, fcYdqy Identical gksuk t:jh gksrk

gS lkFk gh ;s SQL Statements leku Object ls gh Refer gksus Hkh t:jh gksrs gSaA

bldk Qk;nk ;s gksrk gS fd ;fn ,d ls T;knk Users ,d leku SQL Statements dks

Execute dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks ,d gh Object ls Refer gksus ds dkj.k Oracle ,d gh SQL Statement dks Hold djrk gS] ftlls Database dh Performance Increase gks tkrh gSA

Data Dictionary Cache SGA dk Data Dictionary Cache mu Tables dh Information Hold djrk gS] ftUgsa Use fd;k tk jgk gSA ;s Table Name, Table Column Name o Column Data Types dks Store djrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa tc Hkh fdlh SQL dks Parse djus dh t:jr gksrh gS] SQL ls

lEcaf/kr Information igys ls gh miyC/k jgrh gSA ;s lHkh Memory Areas o Processes ds

fy, Available jgrk gS vkSj ;s iwjh rjg ls Performance ls lEcaf/kr gksrk gSA Data


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Dictionary Cache ds fgLlksa dks Hkh mlh rjg ls Ftush fd;k tkrk gS] ftl rjg ls

Database Buffer Cache dks fd;k tkrk gSA

Additional Memory Areas

bu lHkh Memory Areas ds vykok nks vkSj Memory Areas gksrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%

1 Program Global Area ;k PGA, tks fd Server Processes ds fy, Control Information dks Store djrk gSA

2 Sort Areas tks fd Memory-Based Sorts ds fy, Use gksrk gSA

Processes Oracle dks ftu Memory Structures dh t:jr gksrh gS] mUgsa le>us ds ckn vc gesa mu

Processes dks le>uk gS] ftudh t:jr bu fofHkUu Memories dks Manage djus ds fy,

Oracle dks gksrh gSA ;s Processes Memory Structures ds lkFk feydj Oracle ds eq[;

Concept ;kuh Oracle Instance dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSaA

,d Oracle Instance ds lkFk cgqr lkjs Background Processes Associated gksrs gSa vkSj ;s

lHkh Database esa vyx&vyx rjhds ls viuk Role Play djrs gSaA eq[; :i ls pkj

Processes Mandatory gksrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%

1 The Database Writer (DBWR), 2 The Log Writer (LGWR), 3 The Process Monitor (PMON), 4 The System Monitor (SMON),

bu pkjksa Processes ds ckjs esa ge vkxs foLrkj ls tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA bu pkj Processes ds vykok ge ,d vkSj Process ;kuh Archive Process (ARCH) ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh

izkIr djsaxs] D;ksafd bldh tkudkjh ds fcuk ge Disk Failure dh fLFkfr esa Database dks iwjh

rjg ls Recover ugha dj ldrs gSa vkSj vUr esa ge Listener Processes ds ckjs esa tkusaxs]

tks fd fdlh Network User tSls fd Visual Basic tSls fdlh Client Program dks

Database ls Connect gksus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA fdlh Hkh Oracle Instance esa eq[; :i ls fuEu Processes Involved gksrs gSa%

Process Name : ARCH Description : ;s Process Redo Logs dks Archive djus ds fy, Disk ij ;k fdlh

vU; External Device ij Copy dj nsrk gSA


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Process Name : CKPT Description : ;s Process Checkpoint Event ds le; Data File ds Header dks

Synchronization Number ds lkFk Update djrk gSA ;s Process Optional gksrk gSA ;fn ge bl Process dks Use uk djsa] rks LGWR Process bl dke dks iwjk djrk gSA

Process Name : Dnnn Description : ;s Dispatcher Process ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd User Processes ds fy,

Database ds Shared Access dks Control djrk gSA ;s Process rc Enabled gks tkrk gS] tc Multithreaded Server Option dks Use fd;k

tkrk gSA ;s ml Server Processes dks Replace dj nsrk gS] tks User Processes ds vk/kkj ij SQL Request dks Handle djrk gSA

Process Name : DBWR Description : ;s Process ml Data dks File esa Write djrk gS] ftls Database

Cache esa Change fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rkfd Request fd, x, u, Data dks SGA esa Hold djus ds fy, Room Create fd;k tk ldsA bldk

iz;ksx Transaction dks Commit djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

Process Name : LCKn Description : ;s Process dsoy Parallel Server Option ds fy, Enabled fd;k tkrk

gSA

Process Name : PMON Description : tc Server Process Failure dh fLFkfr gksrh gS] rc Process Monitor

Transaction dks Rollback djus dk dke djrk gSA ;s Process bl ckr

dks fuf”pr djrk gS fd ftl Transaction ds fy, Database ds

Resources dks Lock fd;k x;k Fkk] os Transaction ds Fail gksus dh

fLFkfr esa Released gks tk,axsA Process Name : RECO Description : ;s Recover Process Networking Failure ds ckn Distributed

Transaction dks Clean dj nsrk gSA

Process Name : Snnn Description : ;s Shared Server Process dsoy Multithreaded Server Option esa

Use gksrk gSA ;s Dispatcher Processes }kjk Request fd, x, SQL dks Process djus dk dke djrk gSA


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Process Name : SMON Description : Crash Recovery dh fLFkfr esa SMON Database Changes dks Last

Checkpoint Event rd Replay dj nsrk gSA ;s Changes Online Redo Log Files esa Store gks tkrs gSaaA

Process Name : SNPn Description : ;s Automatic Snapshot Refresh Process, Distributed Database

Configuration esa Master Database o vU; Databases ds Changes dks Propagates djus ds fy, Use gksrk gSA ge bUgsa gekjs Lo;a ds dkeksa

ds fy, Hkh Use dj ldrs gSaA

Oracle Instances dh lcls T;knk Important Processes DBWR, LGWR, PMON o

SMON gSaA ;fn buesa ls dksbZ Hkh Service Fail gks tk,] rks Oracle Instance Fail gks tkrk gSA

gkykafd ARCH ,d Optional Process gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh bl Process ds fcuk Data Archive ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Failure ds ckn Recovery dk Chance cgqr gh de

gksrk gSA

Windows NT ij Oracle ds mijksDr lHkh Processes ,d Single Service }kjk Active gksrs gSaA Service ,d Executable Process gksrk gS] tks fd Windows NT okys Computer ij Install gksrk gS vkSj ml fLFkfr esa Hkh Run gksrk jgrk gS] tc dksbZ Hkh User Logged On ugha gksrk gSA og Oracle Service tks fd bu lHkh Threads dks NT ij Run djrk gS]

OracleServicesid dgykrk gS] tgka sid Run gksus okys Oracle Instance dk uke gksrk gSA

ge dbZ vkSj Oracle Services dks ns[k ldrs gSa] tks fd ml fLFkfr esa Lo;a gh Automatically Start gks tkrs gSa] tc Windows NT vkSj OracleTNSListener dks Restart fd;k tkrk gSA

OracleTNSListener ,d ,slk Service gksrk gS tks Listener Process dks Start djrk gSA

;s Process Network ij fLFkr fofHkUu Users dks Database ls Connect djrk gSA Server ij fLFkr Lo;a SQL *Plus Session tSls Native Connection ds fy, Connection dks iwjk

djus ds fy, fdlh Listener Process dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA

Database Writer (DBWR) ge Database esa tks Hkh Change djrs gSa] os lHkh Changes Initially Memory esa gksrs gSaA ckn esa t:jr gksus ij Oracle Lo;a gh bu Changes dks Data Files esa Update djrk gSA Data File dk Updation Oracle Lo;a gh Database Writer Process }kjk Handle djrk gSA ;s gh

og eq[; Process gksrk gS tks System Global Area ds Data dks Data Files esa Write djrk

gSA ;fn User ftl Data ds fy, Oracle ls Request dj jgk gS] og Data Database


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Buffer Cache esa uk gks] rks Oracle Lo;a gh ml Data dks igys Database Buffer Cache esa Hold djrk gS vkSj mlds ckn User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gSA

Database Writer Process Database Buffer Cache ls Dirty Blocks dks Database Files esa Write djrk gSA tc ;s Buffer INSERT, UPDATE ;k DELETE tSls fdlh SQL Statement ds Execution ds dkj.k Change gksrs gSa] bl Buffer dks Dirty Block ds :i esa

Mark dj fn;k tkrk gSA

tc Buffer esa Dirty Blocks dh la[;k Dirty List esa ,d eku rd igqap tkrh gS] rc

Database Writer Least Recently Used List dks Use djds ;s irk yxkrk gS fd og Most Suitable Buffer dkSulk gS] ftls Data Files esa Write djds ml Buffer dks Free fd;k tk

ldrk gSA D;ksafd Oracle Lo;a dk File Structure Use djrk gS] blfy, Database Writer dbZ Data Blocks dks ,d gh le; esa Data Files esa Write dj ldrk gS] ftls Multi-Block Write dgk tkrk gSA

fQj Hkh pwafd Oracle lHkh Data dks Data Files esa Continuously Write ugha djrk gS] blfy,

ml fLFkfr esa dqN Data Memory esa gh jg ldrk gS] Crash dh fLFkfr esa bl Memory dk

Data, Data File esa Write ugha gks ikrk gSA bl Problem dks Log Writer }kjk Solve fd;k

tkrk gSA

Log Writer (LGWR) ge gekjs Database ds Data esa tks Hkh Changes djrs gSa] og Change u dsoy Database Buffer Cache esa gksrk gS] cfYd ml Change dh Entry Redo Log Buffer esa Hkh gksrh gSA ;fn gekjk Oracle Instance Crash gks tkrk gS] rks Buffer dh Entries Lost gks tkrh gSaA

Crash ds ckn Recovery dks Enable djus ds fy, bu Entries dks External-Disk Files esa Store fd;k tkuk t:jh gksrk gSA Log Writer Process bu Entries dks Redo Log Buffer File ls ysdj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Online Redo Log Files esa Write djus dk dke djrk gSA

pwafd tc Hkh ge gekjs Database esa Change djrs gSa] ml Change dh Entry Redo Log Buffer esa Hkh gksrh gS] blfy, Crash gksus dh fLFkfr esa Oracle bu Redo Log Buffer Files dk iz;ksx djds Recovery dk dke djrk gSA

;fn ge Checkpoint Process (CKPT) dks Enable ugha djrs gSa] rks Log Writer Data File ds Header dh Updating Checkpoint Event dh fLFkfr esa Lo;a djrk gSA Log Writer Process fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa Redo Log Buffer ds Contents dks Write djrk gS%

1 tc Database Transaction Commit gksrk gSA


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2 tc Redo Log Buffer ,d frgkbZ Hkj tkrk gSA 3 Checkpoint Event dh fLFkfr esaA

;fn mijksDr esa ls dksbZ Hkh fLFkfr uk gks] rks Log Writer gj rhu lsd.M ds vUrjky ij Data dks Disk Files esa Write djrk jgrk gSA

System Monitor (SMON) SMON eq[; :i ls fuEu dkeksa dks iwjk djrk gS%

1 ;fn Previous Database Shutdown esa ,d System-Wide Checkpoint Include uk gqvk gks] rks ;s Process System Recovery dk dke djrk gSA

2 Data File esa Free Spaces ds Adjacent Extents dks Combine djrk gSA bl

Action dks Tablespace Level ij PCTINCREASE = 0 Setting }kjk Turn Off fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks fd Tablespace ds Default Storage Parameter esa gksrk gSA

Process Monitor (PMON) tc Server Process Fail gksrk gS] rc Process Monitor SGA dks Clean dj nsrk gSA fo”ks’k

:i ls PMON Failed Session ds Transaction dks Roll Back dj nsrk gS vkSj Transaction ls Associated fdlh Hkh Resource dks Lock dj nsrk gSA

Archiever (ARCH) ;s Process gkykafd Mandatory ugha gksrk gS] fQj Hkh ge blds fcuk fdlh Database dks

Media Failure tSls fd Hard Disk ds Damage gksus dh fLFkfr esa iwjh rjg ls Recover ugha dj ldrs gSaA

gkykafd LGWR Process Data dks Redo Log Buffer ls Disk ij Write djrk gS] ysfdu bu

Disk Files dh Size o la[;k Limited gksrh gSA bUgsa Circular Resources dh rjg Use fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd tc Memory iwjh rjg ls Fill gks tk,] rc LGWR fQj ls “kq: ls

Memory esa Data Hold dj ldsA

tc ,slk gksrk gS] rks fiNyk Data u, Data ls Over Write gks tkrk gS vkSj iqjkuk Data Lost gks tkrk gSA bl Setup dks NOARCHIVELOG Mode dgk tkrk gS] tks fd Oracle dk

Default Mode gksrk gSA Archive Process Data dks Online Redo Logs File ls

Destination Directory esa Write djrk gSA


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Online Redo Log Files dh Overwriting dks Avoid djus ds fy, gesa Archiver Process dks

Start djuk iMrk gSA blds ckn ftruh ckj Hkh File Fills Up gks tkrh gS] ;s Process Data dks Archive Area esa Copy dj nsrk gSA gesa bl ckr ds fy, Hkh Ensure gksuk gksrk gS fd

Database ARCHIVELOG Mode esa gSA

Archiver Process dqN gn rd Control Files dks Up-To-Date j[kus ds fy, Hkh ftEesnkj

gksrk gS] gkykafd ;s dke dqN vU; Processes tSls fd LGWR ds lkFk Shared gksrk gS] tks

fd Checkpoints o Log Sequence Information ds lkFk Control Files dks Update djrs

gSaA

buds vykok Server Processes Hkh ml fLFkfr esa Control Files dks Update djrs gSa] tc

Table Space dks ALTER DATABASE Command }kjk Add ;k Alter fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn

Archive Destination Hkj tkrk gS vkSj Archiving dks Enabled fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rks Oracle Online Redo Logs dks Overwrite ugha djrk gS] cfYd vDlj Hang gks tkrk gSA

Server Processes Server Processes dks bl rjg ds uke blfy, fn, x, gSa] D;ksafd Server ij fLFkr ;s gh os Processes gSa] tks User Requests ds lkFk Deal djus ds fy, Design fd, x, gSaA fQj Hkh

vDlj bUgsa xyr rjhds ls User Processes ds :i esa Identify fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd okLro

esa Visual Basic tSls Actual Applications gh User Processes gksrs gSaA gj User Application tSls fd Visual Basic Program }kjk dksbZ Session Create djus ij bl

Client dh Request dks Handle djus ds fy, Oracle esa Server Processes Create fd;k

tkrk gSA ;s Setup gh Users ds fy, lcls Basic Lrj dk Setup gksrk gSA Oracle dks T;knk

Users ds chp Scalable cukus ds fy, ge Multi-Threaded Server Option dks Use dj

ldrs gSa] tks fd Dispatcher Process ds lkFk Shared Server Processes dks Use djrs

gq, User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gSA ,d Server Process ds eq[;r% fuEu dke gksrs gSa%

1 SQL Statements dks Parse djuk vkSj mUgsa Execute djukA 2 Generate gksus okys Resultset dks User ds Client Program ij Return djukA

3 tc Data dh t:jr gks vkSj Required Data, Data Buffers Cache esa miyC/k uk gks]

rc Data Buffer esa Data Blocks dks Read djukA 4 Data esa fd, x, Changes dks Redo Log Entries ds :i esa Redo Log Buffer esa

Write djukA


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Listener Process Listener Processes dksbZ Required Background Process ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu ;fn dksbZ

Database dks Network }kjk Access djuk pkgrk gS] rks bl Process dh t:jr gksrh gSA

ge bl Process dks Start djds Network ls vkus okyh Connection Requests dks

“Listen” djrs gSaA ;s Web Server ds HTTP Listener dh rjg gh dke djrk gSA

Connection LFkkfir djus ds ckn Listener Process, User o Oracle ds chp

Communication dks Handle djus ds fy, Server Processes Create djrk gSA

Database Files

gkykafd ,d Oracle Instance Memory Structure o mu Processes ls cuk gksrk gS] tks

Memory Structures dks Manage djrs gSa] fQj Hkh Physical Database Files os Files gksrh gS] tks System dks Useable cukrh gSaA ;s Files fuEu dkj.kksa ls Database ls Associated lHkh izdkj ds Data dks Hold djrh gSa%

1 Database dks ;s Allow djus ds fy, fd og Physical Memory esa Store gks ldus

okys Data dh {kerk ls T;knk Data ds lkFk Dealing dj ldsA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd

Operating System ds Swapping o Paging dks fdlh Hkh dher ij Avoid fd;k

tkuk gksrk gS] rkfd Oracle dh Performance ij dksbZ foijhr vlj uk iMsA

2 Database Transaction dh Recovery dks Allow djus ds fy,] fQj pkgs og

Recovery Failure Point ls gks ;k fdlh Previous Point ls gksA

fdlh Real-Life Database esa ;s Files gh lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSa] D;ksafd blh ds vk/kkj

ij iwjk System dke djrk gSA Oracle esa eq[; :i ls pkj rjg dh Database Files gksrh gSa%

1 Control Files 2 Initialization (Parameter) Files 3 Online Redo Log Files 4 Data Files

;s pkjksa gh Files Oracle dks Bhd rjhds ls Run djus ds fy, t:jh o egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA

Control Files

;s ,d NksVh lh File gksrh gS] tks Current Database Structure dks Describe djrh gSA ge

bl File dks ,d Online Database Header File ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA ;s ,d Binary File gksrh gS] blfy, gesa bl File dks Edit djus dh dksf”k”k ugha djuh pkfg,A bl File dks Oracle Instance }kjk Start-Up ds le; Read fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl File dks rc rd Up-To-


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Date j[kk tkrk gS] tc rd fd Oracle ds Instance dks Shut Down ugha fd;k tkrkA bl

File ds fuEu Purpose gksrs gSa%

1 Database dk uke j[kus ds fy,A 2 Database Files o Log Files dks Identify djus ds fy,A 3 Recovery ds fy, t:jh tkudkfj;ksa tSls fd Checkpoints vkfn dks Synchronize

djus ds fy,] ftudk iz;ksx Database dh Recovery ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

ftruh ckj Hkh Database Structure Change fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge fdlh

Table dks Create ;k Drop djrs gSa ;k fdlh Log File dks Add djrs gSa] rc bl Physical Change ds lkFk gh Control File Hkh Update gks tkrh gSA Oracle esa Default :i ls dsoy

,d Control File dks Configure fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu gesa de ls de nks Control Files dks

Configure djds j[kuk pkfg,] rkfd Crash dh fLFkfr esa Recovery fuf”pr gksA

Parameter Files Parameter File esa Oracle Instance ds Start-Up Options ls lEcaf/kr lHkh Information gksrh gSaA bls rc Read fd;k tkrk gS tc Database Start gksrk gS vkSj ;s Microsoft Windows dh Initialization File (*.ini) Files ds leku gh gksrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ,d

Oracle Instance Start gksrk gSA ge bl File dks Edit dj ldrs gSa vkSj Parameters dks

Manually Set dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge gekjh Settings dks Change djrs gSa] rks mu Settings dk Effect rc rd ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd ge Oracle Instance dks Restart uk djsaA

,d Typical Parameter File dks vkxs n”kkZ;k x;k gSA By Default bldk uke initSID.ora gksrk gS] tcfd SID Start fd, tkus okys Instance dk uke gS] ftls ge Oracle ds

Installation ds le; Specify djrs gSaA

;fn geus gekjs SID dk uke SCT j[kk gks] rks gesa bl File dks Open djus ds fy,

initSCT.ora uke dh File dks “..\Oracle\Ora81\DATABASE” Path ls Open djuk

pkfg,A tc ge bl File dks Notepad dk iz;ksx djds Open djrs gSa] rc gesa bl File esa fuEukuqlkj Statement fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%

IFILE='C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\pfile\init.ora'

Database dh iwjh Initialization Information dks ge init.ora uke dh File ls izkIr dj

ldrs gSa] tks fd gesa “C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\pfile” Path ij izkIr gksrh gSA bl File esa Data fuEukuqlkj gks ldrs gSa%

#


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# Copyright (c) 1991, 1998 by Oracle Corporation # ############################################################################## # Example INIT.ORA file # # This file is provided by Oracle Corporation to help you customize # your RDBMS installation for your site. Important system parameters # are discussed, and example settings given. # # Some parameter settings are generic to any size installation. # For parameters that require different values in different size # installations, three scenarios have been provided: SMALL, MEDIUM # and LARGE. Any parameter that needs to be tuned according to # installation size will have three settings, each one commented # according to installation size. # # Use the following table to approximate the SGA size needed for the # three scenarios provided in this file: # # -------Installation/Database Size------ # SMALL MEDIUM LARGE # Block 2K 4500K 6800K 17000K # Size 4K 5500K 8800K 21000K # # To set up a database that multiple instances will be using, place # all instance-specific parameters in one file, and then have all # of these files point to a master file using the IFILE command. # This way, when you change a public # parameter, it will automatically change on all instances. This is # necessary, since all instances must run with the same value for many # parameters. For example, if you choose to use private rollback segments, # these must be specified in different files, but since all gc_* # parameters must be the same on all instances, they should be in one file. # # INSTRUCTIONS: Edit this file and the other INIT files it calls for # your site, either by using the values provided here or by providing # your own. Then place an IFILE= line into each instance-specific # INIT file that points at this file. # # NOTE: Parameter values suggested in this file are based on conservative # estimates for computer memory availability. You should adjust values upward # for modern machines. #


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############################################################################### db_name = "SCT" db_domain = Domain instance_name = SCT service_names = SCT.Domain db_files = 1024 control_files = ("C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control01.ctl", "C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control02.ctl", "C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control03.ctl") open_cursors = 100 max_enabled_roles = 30 db_file_multiblock_read_count = 8 db_block_buffers = 2048 shared_pool_size = 4194304 large_pool_size = 614400 java_pool_size = 0 log_checkpoint_interval = 10000 log_checkpoint_timeout = 1800 processes = 50 parallel_max_servers = 5 log_buffer = 32768 #audit_trail = true # if you want auditing #timed_statistics = true # if you want timed statistics max_dump_file_size = 10240 # limit trace file size to 5M each # Uncommenting the line below will cause automatic archiving if archiving has # been enabled using ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG.


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# log_archive_start = true # log_archive_dest_1 = "location=C:\Oracle\oradata\SCT\archive" # log_archive_format = %%ORACLE_SCT%%T%TS%S.ARC # If using private rollback segments, place lines of the following # form in each of your instance-specific init.ora files: #rollback_segments = ( RBS0, RBS1, RBS2, RBS3, RBS4, RBS5, RBS6 ) # Global Naming -- enforce that a dblink has same name as the db it connects to global_names = true # Uncomment the following line if you wish to enable the Oracle Trace product # to trace server activity. This enables scheduling of server collections # from the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console. # Also, if the oracle_trace_collection_name parameter is non-null, # every session will write to the named collection, as well as enabling you # to schedule future collections from the console. # oracle_trace_enable = true oracle_trace_collection_name = "" # define directories to store trace and alert files background_dump_dest = C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\bdump #Uncomment this parameter to enable resource management for your database. #The SYSTEM_PLAN is provided by default with the database. #Change the plan name if you have created your own resource plan.# resource_manager_plan = system_plan user_dump_dest = C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\udump db_block_size = 8192 remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive os_authent_prefix = "" distributed_transactions = 500 compatible = 8.0.5 sort_area_size = 65536 sort_area_retained_size = 65536

Online Redo Log Files

gkykafd Data esa fd;k tkus okyk dksbZ Hkh Change Memory ds Redo Log Buffer esa gksrk gS] fQj Hkh Instance ds Fail gksus dh fLFkfr esa Backup ysuk t:jh gksrk gSA bl dke dks Log


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Writer Process }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd Redo Log Buffers ls Data dks Read djds

SGA ds Online Redo Log Files esa Store dj nsrk gSA ;s Redo Log Files fQj ls

Circular Storage Areas dh rjg Treat gksrh gSa vkSj ;fn Database ARCHIVELOG Mode esa uk gks] rks ;s Continuously Overwrite gksrh jgrh gSaA

Oracle esa Default :i ls nks Log Files gksrh gSa] ftUgs ge redo_1a o redo_2a uke ns ldrs gSaA bUgsa Separate Groups dk Member ekuk tk ldrk gS] tks fd gekjs Case esa gj Group esa dsoy ,d File ;k Member ds :i esa gSA

okLro esa gesa Performance dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, de ls de ,d vkSj Group dh t:jr

jgrh gS] blfy, ge ,d vkSj Group Create dj jgs gSa] ftlesa redo_3a uke dh ,d

Member File gSA vc Log Writer redo_1a, redo_2a o redo_3a Log Files esa Data dks

Write djrk gSA

blds ckn ;s fQj ls redo_1a esa Writing djus yxrk gS] vkSj blh le; blds Data dks

Archive Destination ij Copy dj fn;k tkrk gSA tks Group Write fd;k tk jgk gksrk gS]

mls Current Group dgrs gSaA

bl rjg ls lkjka”k esa dgsa rks Log Writer igys ,d Log Group esa Data dks Write djrk gS

fQj Øe ls vkxs ds Groups esa Data dks Write djrk gSA gj Log Group esa ,d ;k ,d ls

T;knk Members gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d Group ds lHkh Members Different Disks ij Store gksus pkfg,] rkfd Crash dh fLFkfr esa fdlh Hkh vU; Disk ls Data dks Recover fd;k tk

ldsA

Important Redo Log Files dh Losing ds Risk dks de djus ds fy,] tks fd eq[; :i ls

Disk Crash gksus dh fLFkfr esa Database dh Recovery ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrh gSa] fuEu

Guidelines dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS%

1 gj Group esa ,d ls T;knk File dks Add djuk pkfg,] tks fd Data dks Mirror djsA

ge redo_1a, redo_2a o redo_3a dks rhuksa Groups ds u, Members ds :i esa

Add dj ldrs gSaA

2 ;s ckr fuf”pr dj ysuh pkfg, fd lHkh Mirrored Files dks Separate Disks ij Store fd;k x;k gks] rkfd Failure dh fLFkfr esa gekjs ikl ,d ls T;knk LFkkuksa ij

Backup gksA 3 gesa ;s fuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd Archiving dks Enable fd;k x;k gSA

4 bl ckr dks fuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd fofHkUu Redo Logs Different Disks ij gksa] rkfd Database ds Performance ij izHkko uk iMsA


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Data Files

;s Physical Files gksrh gSa] tgka ij Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bls ge Data dk

Physical Representation Hkh dg ldrs gSaA gesa bu Files dk Backup le;≤ ij ysrs

jguk pkfg,A

gj og Data File ftldk Extension lkekU;r;k .ora ;k .dbf gksrk gS] og Native Operating System File Structure ds vk/kkj ij Data Blocks dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA bl

Base Level ds mij Oracle vius Logical Structure dks Impose djrk gSA bl rjg ls

Oracle fofHkUu Platforms ij vius Database dks Run djrk gS] tks fd cgqr gh ekewyh :i

ls Native Operating System ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA

Logical Structure Oracle viuk Logical Database Structure ml Disk Space ls cukrk gS] tks Operating System Oracle dks iznku djrk gSA /;ku j[ksa fd Database “kCn okLro esa Oracle Database ds File Part ij Apply gksrk gS uk fd Memory ;k Process Based Part ijA

Oracle vius Logical Structure dks Tablespaces ds vk/kkj ij Maintain djrk gS vkSj gj

Tablespace ds fy, Files dks Resource dh rjg Use djrk gSA Oracle ds Logical Structure ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks ge fuEukuqlkj le> ldrs gSa%

Database Database Data dk ,d Total Collection gksrk gS] tks fd ,d Separate Unit dh rjg

gksrk gSA Physically ;s Data Files dh ,d Series gksrh gS] tcfd Logically ;s

Tablespaces dk Group gksrk gSA

Tablespace Tablespace Storage dk ,d Logical Unit gksrk gS] ftls fdlh fo”ks’k Purpose ds fy,

DBA }kjk Setup fd;k tkrk gSA SYSTEM Tablespace Oracle ds fy, lcls t:jh

Tablespace gksrk gS vkSj Oracle Lo;a gh bls Automatically Create djrk gSA Users bl Tablespace dk iz;ksx Dictionary Information o System Definitions ds fy,

djrk gSA

gesa Sorting ds dke ds fy, Temporary Memory Area esa TEMPORARY uke dk ,d

Tablespace Hkh Add djuk pkfg,A gesa de ls de ,d vkSj Tablespace Create djuk


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gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx User Data ds fy, fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA ;fn ge User Data ds

fy, ,d vyx Tablespace Create ugha djrs gSa] rks gesa SYSTEM Tablespace dks gh

User Data Hold djus ds fy, Use djuk iMrk gSA

gesa lkekU;r;k lHkh Applications ds fy, ,d Tablespace Create djuk pkfg, vkSj gj

Index ds fy, Hkh ,d vyx Tablespace Create djuk pkfg,A gesa Rollback Segments ds Data dks Hold djus ds fy, Hkh ,d Tablespace Create djuk pkfg,A

bl Special Tablespace dks Create djus dk dkj.k ;s gS fd ;fn fdlh Tablespace esa Online Rollback Segment ds Data gksa] rks ml Tablespace dks Offline esa Use ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, Rollback Segments dks lHkh vU; Segments ls vyx ;kuh

Isolated j[kk tkuk t:jh gksrk gSA

gj Tablespace esa Physically ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Data Files gksrh gSa] ftUgsa ge ml

fLFkfr esa leku Disk ij Hold djds j[k ldrs gSa] tc gekjs ikl vf/kd Disks uk gksaA Logically ,d Tablespace Segments dk ,d Group gksrk gS] tks fd Database ds

Internal Structures dks Organize djus dk dke djrk gSA Tablespaces dks Offline Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;k bls ckdh ds Database dks fcuk izHkkfor fd, gq, Lora= :i ls

Backed Up Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh SYSTEM Tablespace dks fdlh Hkh gkyr

esa Offline ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA

Segments

gj Segment ,d veqd izdkj ds Database Structure dks Represent djrk gSA gj

Segment Extents ds ,d lewg dk cuk gksrk gSA Segments dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa] ftUgsa

fuEukuqlkj le>k tk ldrk gS%

1 Data Segments Oracle ds Database esa gj Non-Clustered Table ds fy, ,d Data Segment gksrk gSA

2 Cluster Segments gj Cluster ds fy, ,d Cluster Segment gksrk gSA ;s Cluster mu ,d ;k ,d ls

T;knk Tables dks Hold djus dk dke djrk gS] ftUgsa Database Designer us vkil

esa Physically utnhd j[kus ds fy, Decide fd;k gS] rkfd Tables dh

Performance dks Improve fd;k tk ldsA


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3 Rollback Segments Oracle esa gesa”kk de ls de ,d ;k vf/kd Rollback Segment gksrk gS] tks fd

Oracle ds SYSTEM Tablespace esa gksrk gSA bu Segments dks bl Information dks Hold djus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gS] ;fn t:jr gks rks fdlh Transaction dks

fdl izdkj ls Roll Back fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4 Index Segments budk iz;ksx fdlh Individual Indexes dks Hold djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

5 Temporary Segments bl Area dks Temporary Work Area ds :i esa Use fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa Sorting tSls fdlh dke dks iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Segments lkekU;r;k Temporary Type ds Tablespace esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA

gesa gesa”kk ,d Temporary Tablespace dks Create djuk pkfg, vkSj bls CREATE USER Command esa Specify djuk pkfg,A ;fn ge Lo;a ;s Segment Create ugha djrs gSa] rks Oracle Lo;a SYSTEM uke ds Tablespace ds Segments dks Use djds blls lEcaf/kr dke dks iwjk djrk gSA

Extents Extent fdlh Data File ds Data Blocks dk ,d Contiguous Group gksrk gS] tks fdlh

Particular Type dh Information dks Hold djus dk dke djrk gSA Extents vkil esa

Logically Group gksdj ,d Segment ds :i esa Identify gksrs gSaA

Database Blocks Database Blocks fdlh Database ds Logical Storage dk Lowest Level gksrk gSA ge Database Blocks dk iz;ksx djds Schema Objects tSls fd Table, View vkfn dks

Create djrs le; muds fy, Storage Requirement dks Define djrs gSaA gj Logical Database Block dks ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Physical Operating System Blocks }kjk

Represent fd;k tkrk gSA


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Oracle data cOncurrency

& cOnSiStency


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Data Concurrency and Data Consistency

tc dHkh Hkh fdlh Database dks ,d ls T;knk Users Use djrs gSa] rc ;s tkuuk t:jh gksrk

gS fd tc nks Users leku Table ds leku Row dks ,d gh le; ij Access djuk pkgrs gSa]

rc Oracle mUgsa dSls Manage djrk gSA ;s ckr Access ;k Oracle fdlh Hkh Database ij ykxw gksrh gSA ,d Database bl Multi-User Issue dks fdruh vPNh rjg ls Deal djrk gS]

;s ckr ,d Developer ds fy, cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA gkykafd Oracle bl leL;k dks Lo;a

gh Handle djrk gS vkSj gesa bl lEca/k esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha

gksrh gSA Multi-Users Issue ds lkFk fuEu Oracle Functions Deal djrs gSa%

Data Concurrency Different Users }kjk leku Data dks Update djus dh izfØ;k dks Manage djus dh Ability dks Data Concurrency dgk tkrk gSA Oracle esa ;s Management ,d fo”ks’k Locking Schema ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ;fn ge fdlh Table ds Row dks Update dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks

Oracle ml Row dks Lock dj nsrk gS vkSj dksbZ vU; User rc rd ml Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gS] tc rd fd ml Row ds lkFk gekjk Transaction Complete ugha gks tkrk

gSA

Data Consistency

fdlh SELECT Statement }kjk ,d Consistence Result izkIr djus dh {kerk dks Data Consistency dgk tkrk gSA bldk eryc ;s gksrk gS fd ;fn ge fdlh Data dks Use dj

jgs gSa rks fdlh nwljs User }kjk mlh Data dks Update djus dk izHkko gekjs Result ij ugha iMrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa og Change Hkh “kkfey gksrk gS] ftls fdlh vU; User us Database esa Apply rks fd;k gS] ysfdu ml Change dks vHkh rd Commit ugha fd;k gSA bl Function dks Statement Level Read Consistency dgk tkrk gSA

Locking Strategies tc dksbZ User fdlh Data dks Change djuk pkgrk gS] rc Oracle Affect gksus okys Rows ij ,d Lock yxk nsrk gSA ,slk djus ds dkj.k dksbZ Hkh nwljk User Same Rows dks tc rd

ds fy, Modify ugha dj ikrk gS] tc rd fd igyk User mu Affected Rows ds lkFk viuk

Transaction Complete ugha dj ysrk gSA bu Affected Rows dks Destructive Interference dgk tkrk gSA


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blds vykok Oracle Table ij ,d Share Lock Hkh Place djrk gSA ;s Lock fdlh Hkh vU;

User dks Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements }kjk Database ds Structure dks

Alter djus ;k fdlh Table dks Drop djus ls jksd nsrk gSA

Oracle fdlh Table esa Row Level ij Locking djus esa l{ke gS] tcfd dbZ vU;

Databases dsoy Page-Level Locking dh lqfo/kk gh Provide djrs gSa] ftlesa cgqr lkjs

Rows Lock gks tkrs gSa] fQj pkgs ,d gh Row dks Update D;ksa uk fd;k tk jgk gksA

Consistency Achievement Oracle esa Consistency dks ,d cgqr gh Clear rjhds ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge Oracle dks dksbZ SELECT Statement Submit djrs gSa] rks Oracle Request ds Start Time dks

Note dj ysrk gS vkSj mlds ckn Data dks Retrieve djrk gSA SELECT Statement ds

Start gksus ds ckn ;fn dksbZ Row Change gksrk gS] rks Consistency Rule dk Violation gksrk gSA

bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Oracle Changed Data dks fQj ls Rollback djds mlh

fLFkfr esa Store dj nsrk gS] ftl fLFkfr esa Data Rollback Segment esa igys FkkA bl rjg

ls Rollback Segment esa fiNyk Data gh Stored jgrk gSA tc SELECT Statement Changed Row ij igqaprk gS] Oracle Directly mls Rollback Segment ij Hkst nsrk gS]

rkfd fiNyk Record gh izkIr gksA

Schemas Developers dh utj esa Database ,d ,slk System gksrk gS] tks User dks fofHkUu izdkj ds

Database Objects Provide djrk gSA Developer dk View Schemas ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA

Oracle esa ftrus Hkh Users gksrs gSa] mu lHkh dk ,d Schema gksrk gS] tks fd Database ds

fofHkUu Objects dks Group djus dk ,d rjhdk gksrk gS] rkfd gj User vius Database Objects dks vU; Users ls lqjf{kr j[k ldsA

Users fcuk ,d User Name o Password ds] ge Oracle Database esa Log On ugha gks ldrs

gSaA Oracle vius gj User o mlds Encrypted Password dk /;ku j[krk gSA tc ge ,d

u;k User Create djrs gSa] ml User ls Associated ,d Schema Create gksrk gS vkSj

User ml Schema ds fdlh Hkh Object dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA fQj Hkh ,d u;k


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User Database ds fdu Objects dks Access dj ldus esa l{ke gksxk] ml User dks bl

ckr ls lEcaf/kr dqN vf/kdkj fn, tkrs gSaA gj u;k User viuh mu Limitations ds vUrxZr gh

fdlh Database dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA gj User ds fy, Oracle esa ,d

Session Create djuk o mls Tablespace ds dqN fgLls dks Access djus dh lqfo/kk nsuk

Privileges Allow djuk dgykrk gSA Tablespace ds bl Allowed Memory Space dks

Quota dgk tkrk gSA

Tables Tables fdlh Hkh Data ds Fundamental Storage Unit gksrs gSaA buesa Rows o Columns gksrs gSaA Schema ds gj Table dk ,d Unique uke gksrk gSA Table ds gj Column dk Hkh

,d Unique uke gksrk gS tks fd ,d Data Type tSls fd NUMBER ;k DATE ls

Associated gksrk gSA Tablespace esa ftruh Hkh Tables gksrh gSa] os ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk

Data Files ds chp fc[kjh gqbZ gks ldrh gSaA Table ds Extents dks Locate djus ds fy,

dba_extents o dba_data_files Views dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Indexes Indexes ,d nwljk Schema Object gksrk gS] tks vius Lo;a ds Segment esa Store gksrk gSA Indexes Create djus dk Most Common rjhdk B-Trees dks Use djuk gksrk gSA

Clusters Clusters fofHkUu Database Tables dks Store djus dk ,d Alternative rjhdk gksrk gSA

Clusters dk iz;ksx djds ge Data ds Disk ij Physically Store gksus ds rjhds dks Control dj ldrs gSa] rkfd ge Database dh Performance dks c<k ldsa vkSj Data ds Streams dks

ml rjhds ls izkIr dj ldsa] ftl rjhds ls Data Index File esa Store gksrs gSaA

tc ge Cluster Segment Create djrs gSa] rc ge Cluster Column dks Identify djrs gSaA

tc ge Tables Create djrs gSa] rc ge ;s Indicate djrs gSa fd ge mu Tables dks fdl

Cluster esa j[kuk pkgrs gSaA tc ge fdlh Table dks fdlh Cluster esa Add djrs gSa] rks

Cluster o Table nksuksa esa ,d leku Columns gksus t:jh gksrs gSaA Table dh Rows okLro esa Physically Cluster Index Order esa Store gksrs gSa] blfy, mUgsa Hashing Algorithm ds

vk/kkj ij Hkh Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA


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ge fdlh Cluster esa dbZ Tables Store dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu gesa ,slk rHkh djuk pkfg,] tc os

lHkh Tables ,d lkFk Use dh tkrh gksaA lkekU;r;k Clusters dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS]

D;ksafd Performance dk Qk;nk dsoy rHkh gksrk gS] tc Clusters esa fLFkr Tables Static gksaA

Sequence Generators ;s ,d ,slk Built-In rjhdk gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx Unique Sequential Numbers Create djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eq[; Purpose Tables dks Unique Keys Provide djuk

gksrk gS] D;ksafd Oracle esa Autonumber tSlh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha gksrh gS] tSlh dh MS-Access esa gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx fcuk fdlh ijs”kkuh ds ,d ls T;knk Users }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS]

tcfd fdlh nwljs rjhds ls ;s Number Create djus ij Locking ls lEcaf/kr leL;k dk

lkeuk djuk iM ldrk gSA

Procedures Oracle gesa ,sls Procedural Codes fy[kus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS] ftUgsa ge Database esa Store djds j[k ldrs gSaA bu Procedures dks PL/SQL Language esa fy[kk tkrk gSA ;s gesa

Procedures, Functions o Database Triggers fy[kus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA Triggers os

Code Blocks gksrs gSa] tks Table ij fdlh Action ds Perform gksus ij Automatically Execute gks tkrs gSaA

Views ;s ,d ,slk Predefined rjhdk gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk ge mu ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Joined Tables ds Data dks ns[k ldrs gSa] ftUgsa Base Tables dgrs gSaA ;s MS-Access dh Query ds leku gksrs gSaA Views dk iz;ksx Base Tables dh Information dks Hide djus ds fy,

fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlds }kjk Users dks Base Tables ds dsoy dqN Columns dks gh

Access djus dh lqfo/kk Provide fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk ,d lcls cMk Qk;nk ;s gS fd ;fn Base Tables esa u, Files Create fd, tk,] rks Hkh

Views dks Modify djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA os fcuk Modify fd, gq, Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj

ls dke djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables esa u, Columns dks Add djus ls igys djrs FksA

budk iz;ksx djds dbZ Tables dks Join djus dh Complexity dks Hkh Hide fd;k tk ldrk

gSA


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ge Views dk iz;ksx Hkh Bhd mlh rjg ls dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables dk djrs

gSaA ;kuh ge Views ij Hkh mlh rjg ls SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE o DELETE Commands dks Apply dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables ij djrs gSa] gkykafd ,slk

djus ij gesa dqN Restrictions dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA

Synonyms Synonym fdlh Hkh Schema Object dk ,d nwljk uke ;kuh Alias gksrk gSA Oracle esa ge fdlh Table, View, Procedure ;k Sequence dks ,d nwljk Alias Hkh iznku dj ldrs gSaA

Synonyms Public ;k Private gks ldrs gSa vkSj budk iz;ksx Schema ds fdlh Object ds

Names dks Security ds dkj.kksa ls Hide djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA Synonyms dks

Microsoft dk ODBC Support ugha djrk gS] blfy, bls ge lkekU; rjhds ls Visual Basic tSls fdlh Client Software esa Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA

gkykafd Oracle dh lHkh Internal Details dks iwjh rjg ls le>kuk dkQh eqf”dy gSA lkFk gh

tc ge Oracle dks Practically Development ds fy, Use djrs gSa] rc gesa bu Details dh

t:jr Hkh ugha gksrh gSA fQj Hkh gesa bl ckr dh General tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd Oracle D;k vkSj dSls dj jgk gSA Oracle ds dke djus dh iwjh izfØ;k dks ge fuEukuqlkj le> ldrs

gSa%

1 lcls igys DBA Database ds Start-Up Procedure dks Initiate djrk gS] tks fd • Initialization File ls Parameters dks Read djrk gSA • SGA dks Memory Allocate djrk gSA • Required Processes dks Start djrk gSA • Control Files dks Open o Read djrk gSA • Database dh Data Files dks General Access ds fy, Open djrk gSA

2 fQj DBA ,d Listener Process Start djrk gS vkSj User-Connection ds fy,

Request djrk gSA

3 ,d Visual Basic Connection Database ls ODBC Network ;k OLE Oracle Object }kjk Database ls Connection LFkkfir djrk gSA

4 fQj Listener Process ,d Server Process dks User ds SQL Requests dks

Handle djus ds fy, Dispatch djrk gSA

5 Visual Basic Application ,d SQL Statement dks Database ij Pass djrk gSA

6 SQL Statements ds fy, Shared Pool dk ,d Area Allocate fd;k tkrk gSA

7 ;fn Database Buffer Cache esa dksbZ Data uk gks] rks Required Data dks blesa

Pull fd;k tkrk gSA


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8 Memory esa fd, x, fdlh Hkh Change o Store fd, x, fdlh Hkh Change dh

Entry Redo Log Buffer esa dh tkrh gSA

9 Control fQj ls Visual Basic Client Application dks ,d Appropriate Result ds

lkFk Return gksrk gSA 10 tc dksbZ Criteria esy djrk gS] rc Database Writer Process Data Changes dks

fQj ls Disk ij Write dj nsrk gSA

11 tc Changes dks Commit fd;k tkrk gS] rc Log Writer bu Changes dks Redo Log Files esa Write dj nsrk gSA

bl rjg ls ,d Visual Basic Client o Oracle Server ds chp dk Communication Perform gksrk gSA


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Oracle in Hindi - BccFalna.com · Oracle in Hindi. BccFalna.com 097994- 55505 . Kuldeep Chand . In...

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