Oracl ein hindi

Oracle in Hindi

B c c F a l n a . c o m 0 9 7 9 9 4 - 5 5 5 0 5

Kuldeep Chand In this EBook I have covered SQL so that you can learn the Query Language and can Query various kinds of Data from the Database, created in First Step “Database Designing Process”. This is Standard Query Language which is approximately same in approx. all DBMS Software like Oracle, DB2, MySQL, SQL Server, etc… Then I have covered PL/SQL which is specially added Functionality in Oracle so that we can use Oracle with more control to develop Professional Database Applications. This feature is not available in any other DBMS Software. And in last part I have used Visual Basic 6 to develop Frontend of a Professioanl Database Application. So that you can understand the fundamental concepts of Professional Oracle Database Application Software Development Process properly.

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Oracle 8i/9i (SQl/PlSQl) in Hindi

■■■ Kuldeep Chand

Betalab Computer Center Falna

http://www.bccfalna.com/

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Oracle 8i/9i – SQL/PLSQL in Hindi Copyright © 2009 by Kuldeep Chand All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 e-mail [email protected] or visit http://www.bccfalna.com For information on translations, please contact BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 Phone 97994-55505 The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.


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This book is dedicated to those

who really wants to be

a

PrOfeSSiOnal develOPer


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index Of

cOntentS


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Table of Contents Oracle – The History .................................................................................... 16

The Relational Database Architecture .................................................................. 17 File-Based Systems.......................................................................................... 17 Client/Server Architecture ................................................................................. 19 Multi-Tire Architecture ...................................................................................... 20

Network Computing Architecture .......................................................................... 21 Clients .............................................................................................................. 21 Application Server ............................................................................................ 21 Universal Data Server ...................................................................................... 22

Oracle - Architecture ................................................................................... 24

Memory Structures ............................................................................................... 24 The Database Buffer Cache ............................................................................. 25 Redo Log Buffer ............................................................................................... 26 Shared Pool ..................................................................................................... 27 Additional Memory Areas ................................................................................. 28

Processes ............................................................................................................ 28 Database Writer (DBWR) ................................................................................. 30 Log Writer (LGWR) ........................................................................................... 31 System Monitor (SMON) .................................................................................. 32 Process Monitor (PMON) ................................................................................. 32 Archiever (ARCH) ............................................................................................. 32 Server Processes ............................................................................................. 33 Listener Process ............................................................................................... 34

Database Files ..................................................................................................... 34 Control Files ..................................................................................................... 34 Parameter Files ................................................................................................ 35 Online Redo Log Files ...................................................................................... 38 Data Files ......................................................................................................... 40

Data Concurrency and Data Consistency ................................................. 44

Data Concurrency ................................................................................................ 44 Data Consistency ................................................................................................. 44

Locking Strategies ............................................................................................ 44 Consistency Achievement ................................................................................ 45 Schemas .......................................................................................................... 45

Creating a Database .................................................................................... 51

Administration Tools ............................................................................................ 51 Identifying Database ......................................................................................... 51 SQL *Plus ......................................................................................................... 52 Server Manager ................................................................................................ 52 NT Instance Manager ....................................................................................... 52

Oracle 8i Installation ............................................................................................ 52 Configuring The Network ..................................................................................... 72

Tnsnames.ora .................................................................................................. 82


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Listener.ora ...................................................................................................... 85 Application Development Process ............................................................. 88

Finding The Requirements Of The Application ..................................................... 88 Designing The Database ...................................................................................... 89 Designing The Application ................................................................................... 90 Enforcing Security ................................................................................................ 91 Performance Tuning ............................................................................................ 91 Maintaining and Updating .................................................................................... 92

Database Design .......................................................................................... 94

Conceptual Design ............................................................................................... 95 Entity-Relationship Diagrams ........................................................................... 96

Logical Design ................................................................................................... 100 Identifying the Record Types and Fields ......................................................... 102 Identifying Any Data Dependencies ................................................................ 102 Normalizing The Database ............................................................................. 103 Database De-Normalization ............................................................................ 112 Keys ............................................................................................................... 112

Database Design – An Example from Start To End ................................ 117

Entity Relationship Modeling .............................................................................. 117 Step 1 – Finding Database Application Related Entities ................................. 117 Step 2 – Determining Relationship between Entity Pairs ................................ 118 Step 3 – Determining Relationship Nature ...................................................... 118 Step 4 – Resolving Many To Many Relationship ............................................. 119 Step 5 – Foreign Keys For Enforcing Relationships ........................................ 121 Step 6 – Entity Attributes Setup ...................................................................... 121

Database Normalization ..................................................................................... 122 First Normal Form ( FNF or 1NF ) ................................................................... 123 Second Normal Form ( SNF or 2FN) .............................................................. 127 Third Normal Form (TNF or 3NF) ................................................................... 128

Database Implementation ......................................................................... 132

Tablespace Creation .......................................................................................... 133 Creating Tablespace ...................................................................................... 134 Optional Parameters....................................................................................... 136

Table Creation ................................................................................................... 139 Oracle Data Types ......................................................................................... 140 Creating Tables .............................................................................................. 143 USER_CONSTRAINTS Table ........................................................................ 185 Table Modification .......................................................................................... 188 Data Dictionary ............................................................................................... 192

Index Creation ................................................................................................... 194 Creating Index ................................................................................................ 198

Sequences Creation .......................................................................................... 199 Creating Sequence ......................................................................................... 199


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Maintaining Sequence .................................................................................... 205 Audit Trails ......................................................................................................... 209 Other Schema Objects ....................................................................................... 210

Clusters .......................................................................................................... 211 Views ............................................................................................................. 214 Synonyms ...................................................................................................... 223

User Access Controlling ..................................................................................... 224 Privileges ........................................................................................................ 224 Schemas ........................................................................................................ 225 System Privileges ........................................................................................... 225 Role ................................................................................................................ 227 Object Privileges ............................................................................................ 229

Accessing Data – SQL Queries ................................................................ 237

SQL Overview .................................................................................................... 237 Types Of SQL Commands ................................................................................. 238

Query Commands .......................................................................................... 238 Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands .................................................. 238 Data Control Language (DCL) Commands ..................................................... 238 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands ............................................ 238 Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands .......................................... 238 Session Control Commands ........................................................................... 239 System Control Commands ............................................................................ 239 Embedded SQL Commands ........................................................................... 239

SELECT Command ........................................................................................... 239 SELECT Syntax ............................................................................................. 239 Using Dual ...................................................................................................... 242 Getting Selected Rows ................................................................................... 242 Sorting The Selection ..................................................................................... 243

Useful Operators ................................................................................................ 244 = Equality Test ........................................................................................... 244 != Inequality Test (Not Equal To) ................................................................. 244 > Greater Than ........................................................................................... 245 < Less Than ............................................................................................... 245 >= Greater Than OR Equal To ............................................................. 245 <= Less Than OR Equal To ................................................................. 245 | | Character String Concatenation .............................................................. 246 AND Returns TRUE If Both Conditions Are TRUE Otherwise FALSE ..... 246 OR Returns TRUE If Either Conditions Is TRUE Otherwise FALSE ...... 246 NOT Returns TRUE If Condition Is False and Vise Versa ....................... 246 BETWEEN a AND b ....................................................................................... 247 IN ................................................................................................................... 247 IS NULL .......................................................................................................... 248 LIKE ............................................................................................................... 248

Calculated Fields ............................................................................................... 249 Oracle-Specific Functions .................................................................................. 249

SYSDATE ...................................................................................................... 250 USER ............................................................................................................. 250 TO_CHAR() .................................................................................................... 250 TO_DATE() .................................................................................................... 250 CONCATE() ................................................................................................... 250


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UPPER() ........................................................................................................ 250 LOWER() ........................................................................................................ 251 INITCAP() ....................................................................................................... 251 DECODE Function ......................................................................................... 252

GROUP Function ............................................................................................... 255 AVG (Column_Name) ..................................................................................... 255 COUNT (Column_Name) ............................................................................... 255 MAX (Column_Name) .................................................................................... 255 MIN (Column_Name) ...................................................................................... 255 STDDEV(Column_Name) ............................................................................... 256 SUM(Column_Name) ..................................................................................... 256 VARIANCE(Column_Name) ........................................................................... 256

GROUP BY Clause ............................................................................................ 256 HAVING Clause ................................................................................................. 258 Join - Query with More Than One Table ............................................................ 258

Outer Join ....................................................................................................... 260 Subqueries......................................................................................................... 261

Subqueries That Return Only One Value ........................................................ 261 Subqueries That Return More Than One Row ................................................ 262

Database Optimizer ........................................................................................... 263 Efficient SELECT Statements ............................................................................ 264 Specifying Schemas .......................................................................................... 266

Updating Database .................................................................................... 270

Tables Updating Philosophy .............................................................................. 270 INSERTING Rows .......................................................................................... 271 UPDATING Rows ........................................................................................... 274 DELETING Rows ........................................................................................... 276

Transaction Control ............................................................................................ 277 COMMIT ......................................................................................................... 278 ROLLBACK .................................................................................................... 279 SAVEPOINT name ......................................................................................... 279 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT name ............................................................... 279

Database Triggers ............................................................................................. 282 CREATE TABLE AS Subquery .......................................................................... 283 Database Design For Fast Updates ................................................................... 283 Date Data Type .................................................................................................. 284

Complete SQL – Structured Query Language ......................................... 288

iSQL *Plus Terminal ........................................................................................... 288 Making Simple Queries ...................................................................................... 290 Making Conditional Queries ............................................................................... 298 Making Sorted Queries ...................................................................................... 305 Character Functions ........................................................................................... 308

CONCAT Function ......................................................................................... 309 INITCAP Function .......................................................................................... 310 LOWER and UPPER Function ....................................................................... 311 LPAD and RPAD Function.............................................................................. 311 SUBSTR Function .......................................................................................... 312 LTRIM and RTRIM Functions ......................................................................... 314


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INSTR Functions ............................................................................................ 314 LENGTH Functions ........................................................................................ 316

Numerical Functions .......................................................................................... 316 MOD Functions .............................................................................................. 317 POWER Functions ......................................................................................... 317 ROUND Functions .......................................................................................... 317 SIGN Functions .............................................................................................. 318 SQRT Functions ............................................................................................. 319 TRUNC Functions .......................................................................................... 319

Date Functions ................................................................................................... 320 ADD_MONTHS Functions .............................................................................. 320 LAST_DAY Functions ..................................................................................... 320 MONTHS_BETWEEN Functions .................................................................... 321 NEXT_DAY Functions .................................................................................... 321

Making Aggregate Queries ................................................................................ 322 Making Join Queries .......................................................................................... 326

Cartesian Products ......................................................................................... 330 Equi - Join ...................................................................................................... 331 Non-Equi-Join................................................................................................. 333 Outer Join ....................................................................................................... 333 Self Join ......................................................................................................... 335 Creating Cross Joins ...................................................................................... 336 Creating Natural Joins .................................................................................... 337 Left Outer Join ................................................................................................ 340 Right Outer Join ............................................................................................. 341 Full Outer Join ................................................................................................ 342

Making Subqueries ............................................................................................ 342 Making DML Queries ......................................................................................... 352

State of the Data Before COMMIT and ROLLBACK ....................................... 358 State of the Data after COMMIT ..................................................................... 359 State of the Data after ROLLBACK ................................................................. 360

Introduction to PL/SQL ............................................................................. 363

PL/SQL – The Extension of SQL ........................................................................ 363 Advantages Of PL/SQL .................................................................................. 364 PL/SQL Execution Environment ..................................................................... 365

Stored Procedures ............................................................................................. 365 Stored Procedures – The Advantages ............................................................ 366 Procedure Structure ....................................................................................... 368 Function Structure .......................................................................................... 370 Trigger Structure ............................................................................................ 370 Procedure Parameters ................................................................................... 371

Packages ........................................................................................................... 372 Package Creation ........................................................................................... 373 Built-In Packages ........................................................................................... 373

Stored Procedures Creating Tools ..................................................................... 375 SQL *Plus ....................................................................................................... 375 Visual Database Tools .................................................................................... 378 Oracle Procedure Builder ............................................................................... 382 Error Handling in PL/SQL ............................................................................... 395 Enhancing The Error Message ....................................................................... 399


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Creating Stored Procedures ..................................................................... 402

PL/SQL Data Types ........................................................................................... 402 Scalar Data Types .......................................................................................... 402 User-Defined (Composite) Variables .............................................................. 404

Declaring Variables ............................................................................................ 405 %TYPE and %ROWTYPE .............................................................................. 405

Declaring Constants ........................................................................................... 407 Statements and Assignments............................................................................. 407 Flow Control Statements .................................................................................... 408

Decision Flow Control ..................................................................................... 408 Loops ............................................................................................................. 410

Using SQL Statements In PL/SQL ..................................................................... 411 Update Statements ......................................................................................... 412 Using SELECT INTO ...................................................................................... 414 Exceptions In SELECT INTO Statement ......................................................... 416

PL/SQL Cursors ................................................................................................. 418 Declaring A PL/SQL Cursor ............................................................................ 419 Opening And Closing A PL/SQL Cursor ......................................................... 420 Fetching A PL/SQL Cursor ............................................................................. 420 Error Conditions for PL/SQL Cursors .............................................................. 421 PL/SQL Cursor In Action ................................................................................ 422 PL/SQL Cursor Loops .................................................................................... 425

User-Defined Data Types ................................................................................... 425 Records .......................................................................................................... 426 PL/SQL Tables and Collections ...................................................................... 427

Cursor Variables ................................................................................................ 433 Declaring a Cursor Variable ............................................................................ 434 Opening A Cursor Variable ............................................................................. 435 Fetching Records ........................................................................................... 435 Closing The Cursor Variable ........................................................................... 436 Passing Cursor Variables ............................................................................... 436

Using Triggers ................................................................................................... 438 Providing a Transaction Audit ............................................................................ 440 Procedures and Visual Basic ............................................................................. 443

Data Controls ................................................................................................. 443 Data Access Objects (DAO) ........................................................................... 443 Remote Data Objects (RDO) .......................................................................... 443 ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) ........................................................................... 444 Oracle Objects or OLE (OO4O) ...................................................................... 444

Distributed Databases ............................................................................... 446

Overview ............................................................................................................ 446 Centralized and Client-Server Architecture ........................................................ 447 Parallel Systems ................................................................................................ 447 Distributed Systems ........................................................................................... 448

Client-Side Technology ............................................................................. 450

The Software Layers .......................................................................................... 450


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The ODBC Driver Manager ............................................................................ 450 ODBC Driver .................................................................................................. 451 The OLE-DB Layer ......................................................................................... 451 Oracle Call Interface ....................................................................................... 452 Net8 and SQL *Net ......................................................................................... 452 The Network Softwares .................................................................................. 453

ODBC ................................................................................................................ 453 The Origins Of ODBC ..................................................................................... 454 ODBC Drivers................................................................................................. 454 Selecting An ODBC Driver.............................................................................. 456 Setting Up An ODBC Data Source ................................................................. 456 Creating An ODBC Connection String ............................................................ 460 Testing Of ODBC Connection ......................................................................... 462

OLE-DB ............................................................................................................. 464 Data Providers ................................................................................................ 465 Data Consumers ............................................................................................ 465 OLE-DB Cursors ............................................................................................ 465 How Cursor Works? ....................................................................................... 469 Choosing A Cursor ......................................................................................... 470

Connections ....................................................................................................... 471 DSN-Less Connections .................................................................................. 472 Closing An ODBC Connection ........................................................................ 472 ODBC Connection Pooling ............................................................................. 473 Pre-Started Connections ................................................................................ 474

Alternative Access Methods ............................................................................... 474 Oracle Pre-Compilers ..................................................................................... 474 Oracle Objects for OLE .................................................................................. 475

Accessing Oracle from Visual Basic ....................................................... 477

The JET Engine .............................................................................................. 477 Data Access Objects ...................................................................................... 483 Data Control ................................................................................................... 485 Remote Data Objects ..................................................................................... 486 ODBCDirect ................................................................................................... 488 The ODBC API ............................................................................................... 490 ActiveX Data Objects ...................................................................................... 491 Oracle Objects for OLE .................................................................................. 493

Oracle Objects for OLE ............................................................................. 498

The OO4O Object Hierarchy .............................................................................. 498 OraClient ........................................................................................................ 499 OraSession .................................................................................................... 499 OraConnection ............................................................................................... 499 OraDatabase .................................................................................................. 499

The Early Binding Issue ..................................................................................... 499 Accessing Database .......................................................................................... 501

BeginTrans ..................................................................................................... 502 CommitTrans .................................................................................................. 502 ConnectSession ............................................................................................. 502 CreateNamedSession .................................................................................... 503


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LastServerErrResetSession ........................................................................... 503 OpenDatabase ............................................................................................... 503 ResetTrans ..................................................................................................... 503 Rollback ......................................................................................................... 503

Connection With Database ................................................................................ 503 Database_Name ............................................................................................ 503 Connect_String ............................................................................................... 504 Options ........................................................................................................... 504

Database Object Methods .................................................................................. 506 Close .............................................................................................................. 506 CreateCustomDynaset ................................................................................... 506 CreateDynaset ............................................................................................... 506 CreatePLSQLDynaset .................................................................................... 506 CreatePlsqlCustomDynaset ............................................................................ 507 CreateSQL ..................................................................................................... 507 ExecuteSQL ................................................................................................... 507 LastServerErrReset ........................................................................................ 507

Creating OraDynasets ....................................................................................... 507 Source ............................................................................................................ 508 Options ........................................................................................................... 508 Pessimistic Locking ........................................................................................ 510

Using Triggers ................................................................................................... 511 Tuning The OraDynaset ..................................................................................... 513

Cache Parameters ......................................................................................... 513 Fetch Parameters ........................................................................................... 514

OraDynaset Properties....................................................................................... 514 BOF ................................................................................................................ 515 Bookmark ....................................................................................................... 515 BookMarkable ................................................................................................ 515 CacheBlocks .................................................................................................. 515 CacheChanged .............................................................................................. 515 CacheSliceSize .............................................................................................. 515 CacheSizePerBlock ........................................................................................ 515 Connection ..................................................................................................... 515 Database ........................................................................................................ 515 EditMode ........................................................................................................ 516 EOF ................................................................................................................ 516 FetchLimit ....................................................................................................... 516 FetchSize ....................................................................................................... 516 Fields ............................................................................................................. 516 LastModified ................................................................................................... 516 NoMatch ......................................................................................................... 516 Options ........................................................................................................... 516 RecordCount .................................................................................................. 516 RowPosition ................................................................................................... 517 Session .......................................................................................................... 517 SQL ................................................................................................................ 517 Transactions ................................................................................................... 517 Updatable ....................................................................................................... 517

Exploring The OraDynaset Methods .................................................................. 517 Populating OraDynaset .................................................................................. 518 Changing The Current Record ........................................................................ 518


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Accessing the Fields Of An OraDynaset ......................................................... 520 Changing the Records and Values in an OraDynaset ..................................... 521 Finding A Particular Record ............................................................................ 523 Closing A Dynaset .......................................................................................... 525

Using Parameters .............................................................................................. 525 Name ............................................................................................................. 526 InitialValue ...................................................................................................... 526 Type ............................................................................................................... 526

Executing SQL Commands ................................................................................ 529 Calling Stored Procedures ................................................................................. 530 Retrieving Cursor Variables ............................................................................... 531

SQLStatement ................................................................................................ 532 CursorName ................................................................................................... 532 Options ........................................................................................................... 532

Calling PL/SQL Functions .................................................................................. 534 Retrieving PL/SQL Tables .................................................................................. 535

Name ............................................................................................................. 535 Type ............................................................................................................... 535 ServerType ..................................................................................................... 536 ArraySize ........................................................................................................ 536 ElementSize ................................................................................................... 536

Using OraSQLStmts .......................................................................................... 537 Sql_Statement ................................................................................................ 537 Options ........................................................................................................... 538

Batch Updates ................................................................................................... 539 Error Handling .................................................................................................... 541 Putting It All Together ........................................................................................ 542 Viewing The Structure Of A Database ................................................................ 544

OralDataType ................................................................................................. 544 OraMaxDSize ................................................................................................. 544 OraMaxSize ................................................................................................... 545 OraNullOK ...................................................................................................... 545 OraPrecision .................................................................................................. 545 OraScale ........................................................................................................ 545 Size ................................................................................................................ 545 Truncated ....................................................................................................... 545 Type ............................................................................................................... 545 Value .............................................................................................................. 546

ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) ..................................................................... 548

ADO Object Model ............................................................................................. 549 Connection Object .......................................................................................... 549 Recordset Object ............................................................................................ 550 Command Object ........................................................................................... 550 Parameter Object ........................................................................................... 550 Field Object .................................................................................................... 551 Error Object .................................................................................................... 551 Property Object .............................................................................................. 551

Connecting To Oracle ........................................................................................ 551 Connection Object Methods ........................................................................... 552 Connection Object Properties ......................................................................... 554


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Opening Connection ....................................................................................... 556 2-Ways For Opening Connection.................................................................... 557 ADO Events ................................................................................................... 560 WithEvents ..................................................................................................... 562

Working With Recordset .................................................................................... 564 Opening Recordset ........................................................................................ 564 Populating The Recordset .............................................................................. 568 Fetching Multiple Rows .................................................................................. 568 ADO Recordset Navigation............................................................................. 570 Changing The Rows and Values In A Recordset ............................................ 571 Searching A Record In Recordset .................................................................. 572 Closing A Recordset ....................................................................................... 573 Recordset Events ........................................................................................... 573

The Command Object ........................................................................................ 575 Command Properties ...................................................................................... 575 Command Parameters ................................................................................... 577 Command Object Properties .......................................................................... 579 Executing SQL Commands ............................................................................ 583

Stored Procedures ............................................................................................. 584 Calling Stored Procedures .............................................................................. 586

Last but not Least. There is more… ......................................................... 587


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Oracle tHe HiStOry


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System ds fy, MS-Access tSls File-Based Database dks Use ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

gkykafd ,d File-Based Database 100MB Data ds lkFk Successfully Deal dj ldrk gS]

ysfdu tc Database esa Records dh la[;k dkQh c<us yxrh gS ;k tc ,d gh Database dks ntZuksa Users Access djus yxrs gSa] rc ,d File-Based Database dh Performance dkQh ?kV tkrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh File-Based Database ds fdlh Table ds fdlh Column esa Stored 1 yk[k Records esa ls lcls cMh Value dks izkIr djuk pkgsa] rks ;s File-Based System lHkh Records dks Network ls izkIr djsxk] fQj mUgsa Locally Process djsxk vkSj

Required Value dks [kkstsxkA ,d yk[k Records dks Network ls Retrieve djus esa ,d

File-Based System dks cgqr gh T;knk le; yxsxk vkSj gesa cgqr gh T;knk nsj rd

Required Result ds fy, Wait djuk iMsxkA


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Client/Server Architecture

tc fdlh Database dks cgqr lkjs Users Use djrs gSa vkSj Database esa cgqr lkjk Data Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge File-Based Approach dks Use ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ml

fLFkfr esa File Based System dh Performance dkQh de gks tkrh gSA

,d File-Based System ls Performance izkIr djus ds fy, gekjs ikl ,d cgqr gh T;knk

Speed okyk Computer gksuk pkfg, vkSj ,d cgqr gh rst Speed dk Network gksuk pkfg,A tcfd gesa”kk ,slk lEHko ugha gksrk gSA vkt Hkh Network dh Speed cgqr T;knk rst ugha gS

vkSj T;knk rst Speed okys Networks ds fy, cgqr T;knk [kpkZ djuk iMrk gSA blfy, bl

leL;k dk nwljk lek/kku Client/Server Architecture esa gS vkSj ;gh og fLFkfr Hkh gS] tgka

Oracle egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

,d Client/Server Architecture esa Client o Server nksuksa gksrs gSaA Client Computers T;knk Powerful ugha gksrs gSa vkSj bu ij Visual Basic tSlk dksbZ Client Application Stored gksrk gSA Server ,d T;knk Powerful Computer gksrk gS] ftl ij Database Server dks Store fd;k tkrk gS lkFk gh System ls lEcaf/kr lHkh egaxs Equipments dks bl Server ds lkFk gh

Attach fd;k tkrk gSA

ge gekjs Client Software dks Visual Basic esa Develop djsaxs] gkykafd Clients dks fofHkUu

izdkj dh Programming Languages esa] fofHkUu Hardware Platform rFkk Operating Systems ds fy, Develop fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh rjg ls ge gekjs Server Software dks

Oracle esa Develop djsaxs] ftls yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds Operating Systems o Hardware ij Place fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Client/Server Architecture }kjk izkIr gksus okyh T;knkrj Advantages Server esa gh Exist gksrh gSa] tks Server dks Data ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing dks Apply djus dh

Capabilities Provide djrh gSaA vkt ds PC brus Powerful gSa tks Data dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls

Process djds mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj dh Graphical Form esa Display dj ldrs gSaA

Client/Server Architecture esa fdlh Database Application dks nks fgLlksa esa Develop fd;k

tkrk gSA Server Part Data ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing djus o fofHkUu izdkj dh

Information Generate djus dk dke djrk gS tcfd Client Part Server ls Generate gksus okys fofHkUu izdkj dh Information dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Format esa Display djus o Output Generate djus dk dke djrk gSA nksuksa gh Part ,d nwljs ls Lora= :i ls dke djrs gSaA


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Multi-Tire Architecture Client/Server Architecture esa Hkh tc Database ds Data c<rs gSa] rc dqN ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk

gksrh gSa vkSj bl Situation ds dbZ Solutions gSaA Multi-Tier Software esa ,d gh Software ds dbZ Tiers gksrs gSa vkSj gj Tier ,d Specific dke dks vPNs rjhds ls iwjk djrk gSA Tiers dks lkekU;r;k rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS%

1 igyk Client ;k GUI Tier, 2 nwljk Middle ;k Business Tier o 3 rhljk Data Tier.

Multi-Tier Architecture dks lkekU;r;k Three-Tier Architecture Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Multi-Tier Approach esa Visual Basic tSls Frontend ls lEcaf/kr Softwares dks Client dk

Role Play djrk gS] tSlk fd Client/Server Architecture esa djrk gS] gkykafd Multi-Tier Architecture esa Visual Basic dks Client/Server Architecture dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh de

Data Processing dk dke djuk iMrk gSA

Multi-Tier Architecture esa Visual Basic dk eq[; dke Data dks fofHkUu izdkj ls Display djuk gh gksrk gSA ysfdu Visual Basic Middle Tier esa cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Role Play djrk gS]

tgka ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing o Business Rules dks Capture fd;k tkrk gSA

Visual Basic Middle Tier esa ;s egRoiw.kZ Role blfy, Play dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd Visual Basic 6 esa ge ActiveX Components Create dj ldrs gSa] tks fd ,d Transaction-Processing Environment tSls fd Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) ds Under esa Server ij Run gks ldrk gSA Multi-Tier Architecture esa ge fuEu lqfo/kkvksa dks izkIr djrs gSa]

ftUgsa Provide djus esa ,d Client/Server Architecture Fail gks tkrk gS%

1 Create fd, x, Applications dks Deploy djuk o Update j[kuk ljy gksrk gSA ;s

Architecture ml fLFkfr esa dkQh egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksrk gS] tc ge gekjs Application dks Web ij Use djus ds fy, c<kuk pkgrs gSaA

2 bl Architecture dh otg ls tc Hkh Business ds Business Rules Change gksrs gSa] gesa dsoy Client Tier dks gh Modify djuk iMrk gSA

3 fofHkUu izdkj ds Business Rules dks Middle Tier esa Encapsulate djus ds dkj.k

dksbZ Hkh vU; Application, tks fd bu Business Rules dks Access djuk pkgrk gS]

og Shared Components Create djds] ,d gh Client Application ds fofHkUu

Business Rules dks vU; Client Applications esa Access dj ldrk gSA

4 Business Layer bl ckr ds fy, fuf”pr djrk gS fd Data dh Security Standard fu;eksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gS blfy, Data iwjh rjg ls Stable gSaA

5 Multi-Tier Architecture ds dkj.k Application Scalable gksrk gSA


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Network Computing Architecture Oracle ds Multi-Tier Design dks gh Network Computing Architecture (NCA) Hkh dgk

tkrk gSA bl Architecture esa Multi-Tier Architecture ds lHkh Features “kkfey gksrs gSaA fQj

Hkh NCA esa Client dh rqyuk esa eq[; egRo Middle Tier o Back-End Tiers dk gh gksrk gSA

NCA esa Multi-Tier Architecture ds rhuksa Layers ;k rhu ls vf/kd Layers gks ldrs gSaA

Clients

rhuksa gh Tiers dks fuEukuqlkj rhu Categories esa Describe fd;k x;k gS] ftls ge Thin Client dg ldrs gSaA bl Architecture esa Client ,d Universal Thin Client gksrk gS] tks

fuEu esa ls dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gS%

• A Traditional Web Browser • A Java-Based Client • A Network Computer

Thin Client cukus dk eq[; Purpose ;s gSa fd dksbZ Hkh Application fdlh Hkh User rd igqap

lds] fQj og User pkgs tks Operating Software Use djrk gks ;k pkgs ftl Software ds

Through og bl Application dks Use djsA

Application Server Application Server ,d Special izdkj dk Software Piece gksrk gS] tks fd Middle Tier dks

Efficient o Scalable cukus ds fy, Develop fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Middle Tier Software dks Develop djus dk ,d edln ;s Hkh gksrk gS fd Server ls vkus okyh fdlh Hkh

Request dks iwjk djus ds fy, ;s Middle Tier vius fdlh Hkh Code, Object ;k

Component dks Server ds fy, Available djsA

Application Server ,d Flexible Design gksrk gS] ftls Oracle esa Cartridges dgk tkrk

gSA Cartridges os Products gksrs gSa tks Server Software ds Top ij mlh rjg ls Run gks ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls gekjs Web Browser esa Plug-Ins Run gksrs gSaA Cartridge dk iz;ksx

djds ge eq[;r% Base Application Software dks gh vius Lo;a ds Code Statements }kjk Extend djrs gSaA Cartridge dh ,d lcls cMh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd gekjs Cartridge Code esa ;fn dksbZ Error gks rks gekjk Application Server dke djuk cUn ugha djrk gSA


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Universal Data Server Data Server Layer dks Design Philosophy ds dkj.k vDlj Universal Data Server ds

uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gS D;ksafd ,sls Data Server fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data dks Handle djus

esa l{ke gksrs gSaA Oracle 8 esa ge 4 GB rd dk Data Handle dj ldrs gSaA Oracle dh bl

fo”ks’krk ds dkj.k ge Graphics o Video dh Information dks Oracle ds Database esa Store dj ldrs gSaA


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Oracle arcHitecture


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Oracle - Architecture Oracle Database dks ge Database o Instance nks :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA Technically ,d

Oracle Database mu Files dk ,d Physical Collection gksrk gS] tks Database esa Exist gksrs gSaA ysfdu Lo;a Database vius Lrj ij dqN ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd Database ls Directly Interact djus dk User ds ikl dksbZ rjhdk ugha gksrk gSA

tcfd Instance Oracle dk ,d Running Database gksrk gS] ftlesa Memory Structure gksrk gS vkSj Associated Process gksrs gSa] tks bu Memory Structures ls Interact gksrs gSa o Memory Structures dks Manipulate djrs gSaA

tks yksx Oracle Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) ij dke djrs gSa]

os vDlj Instance o Database dks Interchangeably Use djrs gSaA bu nksuksa ds chp dk

eq[; vUrj ;s gS fd ,d Physical Database File ls dbZ Instances Connect gks ldrs gSaA

tc fdlh Oracle Instance dks Start djus ds fy, dksbZ Script Run gksrk gS] rc fofHkUu izdkj ds Processes dks Start djus ds fy, Oracle mUgsa Required Memory Space Allocate djrk gSA

bl rjhds esa gekjs ikl ,d gh Server ij ,d ls T;knk Database Instance gks ldrs gSa] tks

fd ,d nwljs ls Lora= :i ls Run gksrs gSaA Oracle Parallel Server esa Same Single Data Files ds lewg ds lkFk ,d ls T;knk Instances Mount gks ldrs gSaA Oracle dks le>us ds

fy, gesa Memory, Server Processes o Data Files rhuksa Concepts dks le>uk gksrk gSA

Memory Structures System Global Area (SGA) ftls dbZ ckj Shared Global Area Hkh dgrs gSa] Oracle dk

Main Memory Component gksrk gSA Oracle ,d Memory Based Database gS] ftldk

eryc ;s gS fd Data] Locks o vU; Elements Memory esa Hold gksrs gSaA SGA dh Size dHkh Hkh Server Machine dh Physical Available Memory ls T;knk ugha gksrh gS] vU;Fkk

Virtual Memory Paging gksus yxrk gS] ftlls Oracle Database dh Performance de gks

tkrh gSA

tc fdlh Computer esa T;knk Physical Memory ugha gksrh gS] rc cMs Programs o cgqr lkjs Programs dks ,d lkFk pykus ds fy, Operating System esa Virtual memory Model dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA


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bl Model esa tks Application Program Active gksrk gS] mlds Data rks Main Memory esa jgrs gSa vkSj tks Program Inactive gksrs gSa] mUgsa Hard Disk ij Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA Hard Disk esa ftruk Free Space gksrk gS] mls Operating System }kjk Virtual Memory dh rjg Use dj fy;k tkrk gSA

Main Memory esa tks Hkh Application Store gksrk gS] og Memory ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa Store gksrk gSA Memory ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks Page dgk tkrk gS vkSj Main Memory ds Data dks

Disk dh Virtual Memory esa Hkstus dh izfØ;k dks Paging dgk tkrk gSA

lkekU;r;k Memory Pages dh Size 4KB ;k 8KB gksrh gSA igys tks Operating Systems cus Fks] muesa iwjs Application dks gh Virtual Memory esa Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkA bl izfØ;k dks

Swapping dgk tkrk FkkA blfy, vkt ds u, Operating System esa Hkh ftl File ds Data dks Main Memory ls Virtual Memory esa Hkstk tkrk gS] mls Swap File gh dgrs gSaA

Oracle ds System Global Area (SGA) Memory esa fuEu Components gksrs gSa%

• Database Buffer Cache • Redo Log Buffer • Shared Pool Area (Which is made up of the following components:

• Library Cache (Which includes a Shared SQL Area) • Data Dictionary Cache (also known as the Row Cache)

tc dksbZ Oracle Instance Start gksrk gS] rc Oracle mlds SGA dks Memory Allocate djrk gSA Oracle Lo;a gh blds fofHkUu Components dh Memory dks Manage djrk gS

vkSj rc rd fdlh Hkh Component dh Memory dks Release ugha djrk gS] tc rd fd

Oracle ds ml Instance dks Shut Down ugha dj fn;k tkrkA lkFk gh Allocate dh tkus

okyh Memory Dynamically Increase ugha gksrh gSA

Memory Allocation dks Change djus ds fy,] gesa Oracle ds Instance dks Shut Down djuk iMrk gS] mlds ckn Initialization Parameters esa Change djuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj ls

Oracle ds Instance dks Start djuk gksrk gSA

The Database Buffer Cache

;s SGA dh Memory dk og fgLlk gksrk gS] tgka Database dh fdlh Data File ls Read fd;k x;k Data Store gksrk gSA ;gh Data fdlh Visual Basic Client Application }kjk Access gksrk gSA ;s Cache Buffers ls curk gS] ftldh Individual Size ml Physical


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Database Files ds fdlh Database Block ds cjkcj gksrh gS] ftlesa Data dks Manage fd;k tk jgk gksrk gSA

;fn bl Memory esa dksbZ Data uk gks] rks User ds Client Application dh Request ij Generate gksus okyk Data blh Buffer esa Store gksrk gSA tc ge Database ls Connect gksrs gSa] rc Oracle ,d Server Process Create djrk gS] ftls Shadow Process Hkh dgrs

gSaA ;s Process Application dh Request dks gekjh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij Handle djrk gSA

Cache esa nks Lists gksrh gSa tks Buffer dks Manage djrh gS% ftUgsa Least Recently Used (LRU) List o Dirty List dgrs gSA Least Recently Used List lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh

gSA SELECT tSls fdlh Command ls ftruh ckj Hkh Data Buffer Access gksrk gS] ;s Data bl List ds Top ij igqap tkrk gSA

tcfd tks Buffer Access ugha gksrk gS] og bl List ds Bottom esa Move gks tkrk gSA bl

List esa gesa”kk vfUre ckj Access fd;k x;k Data Stored jgrk gSA bl Buffer dks Create djus dk eq[; Purpose ;s gksrk gS fd fdlh Data ds fy, Physical Disk Reading Operation dks de fd;k tk ldsA

Oracle dk nwljk List mu Data Buffers dh tkudkjh dks Hold djrk gS] ftUgsa Change fd;k x;k gSA tc Hkh Client Application fdlh ,sls Data dh Request djrk gS] tks fd

Database Buffer Cache esa ugha gksrk gS] rks Oracle LRU List dks Free Buffer ds fy,

Search djrk gSA ;fn Search ds nkSjku Dirty List Buffer izkIr gksrk gS] rks Server Process mUgsa Dirty List esa Move dj nsrk gSA

tc dqN fuf”pr la[;k esa Buffers dks Scan dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh Free Buffer izkIr ugha gksrk gS] rks Database Writer Process (DBWR) dqN Dirty Buffers dks Disk ij Write djrk gS] tks mUgsa Free dj nsrs gSaA os Buffers tks fd Dirty ugha gksrs gSa] os fdlh Hkh le; List ls Move Out gks ldrs gSa vkSj os Buffers tks fd LRU List esa Bottom ij gksrs gSa] os lcls

igys Free gks ldrs gSaA

Redo Log Buffer Redo Log Buffer Memory dk og Area gksrk gS] tks Database esa fd, tkus okys lHkh

General Changes dks Hold djrk gSA Database esa fd, tkus okys fofHkUu Changes dks

Redo Log Entries dgrs gSaA ;s Datablocks dh Copy ugha gksrs gSa cfYd ;s os tkudkfj;ka

gksrh gSa] ftudh t:jr Datablocks dks fQj ls Reconstruct djus ds fy, iMrh gSA

tc Database ds Changes dks Capture fd;k tkrk gS] rc bu Entries dks ftruk gks

ldrk gS mruk NksVk j[kk tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx Database ds Crash gksus ij Recovery ds


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fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Buffer dks Memory esa Circular Area ds :i esa Use fd;k tkrk gS]

blfy, Buffer Memory ds vUr ij igqap dj fQj ls Memory dh “kq:vkr ls Data Holding dk dke djus yxrk gSA

Redo Log Entries dks Storage esa Permanently Write ;k Overwrite fd;k tkrk gSA Log Writer Process (LGWR) bl Buffer dks Monitor djrk gS vkSj tc Hkh t:jr gksrh gS] blds

Contents dks Ftush djrk jgrk gSA Server Processes Redo Log Buffer esa Writing dks

Control djrk gS vkSj LGWR Redo Log Entries ds vk/kkj ij Changes dks Buffer esa Write djrk gSA

Shared Pool Shared Pool SGA Memory dk ,d ,slk Area gksrk gS] ftlesa ml Memory dk fgLlk gksrk

gS] ftls fofHkUu Users }kjk Share fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa cgqr lkjs NksVs&NksVs Memory Areas gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vxzkuqlkj le>k;k x;k gS%

Library Cache Library Cache esa ,sls cgqr lkjs Components gksrs gSa] ftUgsa fofHkUu Database Users }kjk Share fd;k tkrk gSA bldk Shared SQL Area lcls egRoiw.kZ Component gksrk gSA

Shared SQL Area esa gj SQL Statement dh Detail ds lkFk gh SQL Statement ds

Execute gksrs le; ds Execution Plan dh Hkh Detail gksrh gS] ftls Parse Tree dgk tkrk

gSA

Shared Area esa os Identical SQL Statement Hold gksrk gS] ftls ,d ls T;knk Users Share djrs gSaA bl Statements dk lHkh Users ds fy, fcYdqy Identical gksuk t:jh gksrk

gS lkFk gh ;s SQL Statements leku Object ls gh Refer gksus Hkh t:jh gksrs gSaA

bldk Qk;nk ;s gksrk gS fd ;fn ,d ls T;knk Users ,d leku SQL Statements dks

Execute dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks ,d gh Object ls Refer gksus ds dkj.k Oracle ,d gh SQL Statement dks Hold djrk gS] ftlls Database dh Performance Increase gks tkrh gSA

Data Dictionary Cache SGA dk Data Dictionary Cache mu Tables dh Information Hold djrk gS] ftUgsa Use fd;k tk jgk gSA ;s Table Name, Table Column Name o Column Data Types dks Store djrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa tc Hkh fdlh SQL dks Parse djus dh t:jr gksrh gS] SQL ls

lEcaf/kr Information igys ls gh miyC/k jgrh gSA ;s lHkh Memory Areas o Processes ds

fy, Available jgrk gS vkSj ;s iwjh rjg ls Performance ls lEcaf/kr gksrk gSA Data


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Dictionary Cache ds fgLlksa dks Hkh mlh rjg ls Ftush fd;k tkrk gS] ftl rjg ls

Database Buffer Cache dks fd;k tkrk gSA

Additional Memory Areas

bu lHkh Memory Areas ds vykok nks vkSj Memory Areas gksrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%

1 Program Global Area ;k PGA, tks fd Server Processes ds fy, Control Information dks Store djrk gSA

2 Sort Areas tks fd Memory-Based Sorts ds fy, Use gksrk gSA

Processes Oracle dks ftu Memory Structures dh t:jr gksrh gS] mUgsa le>us ds ckn vc gesa mu

Processes dks le>uk gS] ftudh t:jr bu fofHkUu Memories dks Manage djus ds fy,

Oracle dks gksrh gSA ;s Processes Memory Structures ds lkFk feydj Oracle ds eq[;

Concept ;kuh Oracle Instance dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSaA

,d Oracle Instance ds lkFk cgqr lkjs Background Processes Associated gksrs gSa vkSj ;s

lHkh Database esa vyx&vyx rjhds ls viuk Role Play djrs gSaA eq[; :i ls pkj

Processes Mandatory gksrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%

1 The Database Writer (DBWR), 2 The Log Writer (LGWR), 3 The Process Monitor (PMON), 4 The System Monitor (SMON),

bu pkjksa Processes ds ckjs esa ge vkxs foLrkj ls tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA bu pkj Processes ds vykok ge ,d vkSj Process ;kuh Archive Process (ARCH) ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh

izkIr djsaxs] D;ksafd bldh tkudkjh ds fcuk ge Disk Failure dh fLFkfr esa Database dks iwjh

rjg ls Recover ugha dj ldrs gSa vkSj vUr esa ge Listener Processes ds ckjs esa tkusaxs]

tks fd fdlh Network User tSls fd Visual Basic tSls fdlh Client Program dks

Database ls Connect gksus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA fdlh Hkh Oracle Instance esa eq[; :i ls fuEu Processes Involved gksrs gSa%

Process Name : ARCH Description : ;s Process Redo Logs dks Archive djus ds fy, Disk ij ;k fdlh

vU; External Device ij Copy dj nsrk gSA


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Process Name : CKPT Description : ;s Process Checkpoint Event ds le; Data File ds Header dks

Synchronization Number ds lkFk Update djrk gSA ;s Process Optional gksrk gSA ;fn ge bl Process dks Use uk djsa] rks LGWR Process bl dke dks iwjk djrk gSA

Process Name : Dnnn Description : ;s Dispatcher Process ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd User Processes ds fy,

Database ds Shared Access dks Control djrk gSA ;s Process rc Enabled gks tkrk gS] tc Multithreaded Server Option dks Use fd;k

tkrk gSA ;s ml Server Processes dks Replace dj nsrk gS] tks User Processes ds vk/kkj ij SQL Request dks Handle djrk gSA

Process Name : DBWR Description : ;s Process ml Data dks File esa Write djrk gS] ftls Database

Cache esa Change fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rkfd Request fd, x, u, Data dks SGA esa Hold djus ds fy, Room Create fd;k tk ldsA bldk

iz;ksx Transaction dks Commit djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

Process Name : LCKn Description : ;s Process dsoy Parallel Server Option ds fy, Enabled fd;k tkrk

gSA

Process Name : PMON Description : tc Server Process Failure dh fLFkfr gksrh gS] rc Process Monitor

Transaction dks Rollback djus dk dke djrk gSA ;s Process bl ckr

dks fuf”pr djrk gS fd ftl Transaction ds fy, Database ds

Resources dks Lock fd;k x;k Fkk] os Transaction ds Fail gksus dh

fLFkfr esa Released gks tk,axsA Process Name : RECO Description : ;s Recover Process Networking Failure ds ckn Distributed

Transaction dks Clean dj nsrk gSA

Process Name : Snnn Description : ;s Shared Server Process dsoy Multithreaded Server Option esa

Use gksrk gSA ;s Dispatcher Processes }kjk Request fd, x, SQL dks Process djus dk dke djrk gSA


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Process Name : SMON Description : Crash Recovery dh fLFkfr esa SMON Database Changes dks Last

Checkpoint Event rd Replay dj nsrk gSA ;s Changes Online Redo Log Files esa Store gks tkrs gSaaA

Process Name : SNPn Description : ;s Automatic Snapshot Refresh Process, Distributed Database

Configuration esa Master Database o vU; Databases ds Changes dks Propagates djus ds fy, Use gksrk gSA ge bUgsa gekjs Lo;a ds dkeksa

ds fy, Hkh Use dj ldrs gSaA

Oracle Instances dh lcls T;knk Important Processes DBWR, LGWR, PMON o

SMON gSaA ;fn buesa ls dksbZ Hkh Service Fail gks tk,] rks Oracle Instance Fail gks tkrk gSA

gkykafd ARCH ,d Optional Process gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh bl Process ds fcuk Data Archive ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Failure ds ckn Recovery dk Chance cgqr gh de

gksrk gSA

Windows NT ij Oracle ds mijksDr lHkh Processes ,d Single Service }kjk Active gksrs gSaA Service ,d Executable Process gksrk gS] tks fd Windows NT okys Computer ij Install gksrk gS vkSj ml fLFkfr esa Hkh Run gksrk jgrk gS] tc dksbZ Hkh User Logged On ugha gksrk gSA og Oracle Service tks fd bu lHkh Threads dks NT ij Run djrk gS]

OracleServicesid dgykrk gS] tgka sid Run gksus okys Oracle Instance dk uke gksrk gSA

ge dbZ vkSj Oracle Services dks ns[k ldrs gSa] tks fd ml fLFkfr esa Lo;a gh Automatically Start gks tkrs gSa] tc Windows NT vkSj OracleTNSListener dks Restart fd;k tkrk gSA

OracleTNSListener ,d ,slk Service gksrk gS tks Listener Process dks Start djrk gSA

;s Process Network ij fLFkr fofHkUu Users dks Database ls Connect djrk gSA Server ij fLFkr Lo;a SQL *Plus Session tSls Native Connection ds fy, Connection dks iwjk

djus ds fy, fdlh Listener Process dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA

Database Writer (DBWR) ge Database esa tks Hkh Change djrs gSa] os lHkh Changes Initially Memory esa gksrs gSaA ckn esa t:jr gksus ij Oracle Lo;a gh bu Changes dks Data Files esa Update djrk gSA Data File dk Updation Oracle Lo;a gh Database Writer Process }kjk Handle djrk gSA ;s gh

og eq[; Process gksrk gS tks System Global Area ds Data dks Data Files esa Write djrk

gSA ;fn User ftl Data ds fy, Oracle ls Request dj jgk gS] og Data Database


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Buffer Cache esa uk gks] rks Oracle Lo;a gh ml Data dks igys Database Buffer Cache esa Hold djrk gS vkSj mlds ckn User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gSA

Database Writer Process Database Buffer Cache ls Dirty Blocks dks Database Files esa Write djrk gSA tc ;s Buffer INSERT, UPDATE ;k DELETE tSls fdlh SQL Statement ds Execution ds dkj.k Change gksrs gSa] bl Buffer dks Dirty Block ds :i esa

Mark dj fn;k tkrk gSA

tc Buffer esa Dirty Blocks dh la[;k Dirty List esa ,d eku rd igqap tkrh gS] rc

Database Writer Least Recently Used List dks Use djds ;s irk yxkrk gS fd og Most Suitable Buffer dkSulk gS] ftls Data Files esa Write djds ml Buffer dks Free fd;k tk

ldrk gSA D;ksafd Oracle Lo;a dk File Structure Use djrk gS] blfy, Database Writer dbZ Data Blocks dks ,d gh le; esa Data Files esa Write dj ldrk gS] ftls Multi-Block Write dgk tkrk gSA

fQj Hkh pwafd Oracle lHkh Data dks Data Files esa Continuously Write ugha djrk gS] blfy,

ml fLFkfr esa dqN Data Memory esa gh jg ldrk gS] Crash dh fLFkfr esa bl Memory dk

Data, Data File esa Write ugha gks ikrk gSA bl Problem dks Log Writer }kjk Solve fd;k

tkrk gSA

Log Writer (LGWR) ge gekjs Database ds Data esa tks Hkh Changes djrs gSa] og Change u dsoy Database Buffer Cache esa gksrk gS] cfYd ml Change dh Entry Redo Log Buffer esa Hkh gksrh gSA ;fn gekjk Oracle Instance Crash gks tkrk gS] rks Buffer dh Entries Lost gks tkrh gSaA

Crash ds ckn Recovery dks Enable djus ds fy, bu Entries dks External-Disk Files esa Store fd;k tkuk t:jh gksrk gSA Log Writer Process bu Entries dks Redo Log Buffer File ls ysdj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Online Redo Log Files esa Write djus dk dke djrk gSA

pwafd tc Hkh ge gekjs Database esa Change djrs gSa] ml Change dh Entry Redo Log Buffer esa Hkh gksrh gS] blfy, Crash gksus dh fLFkfr esa Oracle bu Redo Log Buffer Files dk iz;ksx djds Recovery dk dke djrk gSA

;fn ge Checkpoint Process (CKPT) dks Enable ugha djrs gSa] rks Log Writer Data File ds Header dh Updating Checkpoint Event dh fLFkfr esa Lo;a djrk gSA Log Writer Process fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa Redo Log Buffer ds Contents dks Write djrk gS%

1 tc Database Transaction Commit gksrk gSA


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2 tc Redo Log Buffer ,d frgkbZ Hkj tkrk gSA 3 Checkpoint Event dh fLFkfr esaA

;fn mijksDr esa ls dksbZ Hkh fLFkfr uk gks] rks Log Writer gj rhu lsd.M ds vUrjky ij Data dks Disk Files esa Write djrk jgrk gSA

System Monitor (SMON) SMON eq[; :i ls fuEu dkeksa dks iwjk djrk gS%

1 ;fn Previous Database Shutdown esa ,d System-Wide Checkpoint Include uk gqvk gks] rks ;s Process System Recovery dk dke djrk gSA

2 Data File esa Free Spaces ds Adjacent Extents dks Combine djrk gSA bl

Action dks Tablespace Level ij PCTINCREASE = 0 Setting }kjk Turn Off fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks fd Tablespace ds Default Storage Parameter esa gksrk gSA

Process Monitor (PMON) tc Server Process Fail gksrk gS] rc Process Monitor SGA dks Clean dj nsrk gSA fo”ks’k

:i ls PMON Failed Session ds Transaction dks Roll Back dj nsrk gS vkSj Transaction ls Associated fdlh Hkh Resource dks Lock dj nsrk gSA

Archiever (ARCH) ;s Process gkykafd Mandatory ugha gksrk gS] fQj Hkh ge blds fcuk fdlh Database dks

Media Failure tSls fd Hard Disk ds Damage gksus dh fLFkfr esa iwjh rjg ls Recover ugha dj ldrs gSaA

gkykafd LGWR Process Data dks Redo Log Buffer ls Disk ij Write djrk gS] ysfdu bu

Disk Files dh Size o la[;k Limited gksrh gSA bUgsa Circular Resources dh rjg Use fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd tc Memory iwjh rjg ls Fill gks tk,] rc LGWR fQj ls “kq: ls

Memory esa Data Hold dj ldsA

tc ,slk gksrk gS] rks fiNyk Data u, Data ls Over Write gks tkrk gS vkSj iqjkuk Data Lost gks tkrk gSA bl Setup dks NOARCHIVELOG Mode dgk tkrk gS] tks fd Oracle dk

Default Mode gksrk gSA Archive Process Data dks Online Redo Logs File ls

Destination Directory esa Write djrk gSA


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Online Redo Log Files dh Overwriting dks Avoid djus ds fy, gesa Archiver Process dks

Start djuk iMrk gSA blds ckn ftruh ckj Hkh File Fills Up gks tkrh gS] ;s Process Data dks Archive Area esa Copy dj nsrk gSA gesa bl ckr ds fy, Hkh Ensure gksuk gksrk gS fd

Database ARCHIVELOG Mode esa gSA

Archiver Process dqN gn rd Control Files dks Up-To-Date j[kus ds fy, Hkh ftEesnkj

gksrk gS] gkykafd ;s dke dqN vU; Processes tSls fd LGWR ds lkFk Shared gksrk gS] tks

fd Checkpoints o Log Sequence Information ds lkFk Control Files dks Update djrs

gSaA

buds vykok Server Processes Hkh ml fLFkfr esa Control Files dks Update djrs gSa] tc

Table Space dks ALTER DATABASE Command }kjk Add ;k Alter fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn

Archive Destination Hkj tkrk gS vkSj Archiving dks Enabled fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rks Oracle Online Redo Logs dks Overwrite ugha djrk gS] cfYd vDlj Hang gks tkrk gSA

Server Processes Server Processes dks bl rjg ds uke blfy, fn, x, gSa] D;ksafd Server ij fLFkr ;s gh os Processes gSa] tks User Requests ds lkFk Deal djus ds fy, Design fd, x, gSaA fQj Hkh

vDlj bUgsa xyr rjhds ls User Processes ds :i esa Identify fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd okLro

esa Visual Basic tSls Actual Applications gh User Processes gksrs gSaA gj User Application tSls fd Visual Basic Program }kjk dksbZ Session Create djus ij bl

Client dh Request dks Handle djus ds fy, Oracle esa Server Processes Create fd;k

tkrk gSA ;s Setup gh Users ds fy, lcls Basic Lrj dk Setup gksrk gSA Oracle dks T;knk

Users ds chp Scalable cukus ds fy, ge Multi-Threaded Server Option dks Use dj

ldrs gSa] tks fd Dispatcher Process ds lkFk Shared Server Processes dks Use djrs

gq, User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gSA ,d Server Process ds eq[;r% fuEu dke gksrs gSa%

1 SQL Statements dks Parse djuk vkSj mUgsa Execute djukA 2 Generate gksus okys Resultset dks User ds Client Program ij Return djukA

3 tc Data dh t:jr gks vkSj Required Data, Data Buffers Cache esa miyC/k uk gks]

rc Data Buffer esa Data Blocks dks Read djukA 4 Data esa fd, x, Changes dks Redo Log Entries ds :i esa Redo Log Buffer esa

Write djukA


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Listener Process Listener Processes dksbZ Required Background Process ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu ;fn dksbZ

Database dks Network }kjk Access djuk pkgrk gS] rks bl Process dh t:jr gksrh gSA

ge bl Process dks Start djds Network ls vkus okyh Connection Requests dks

“Listen” djrs gSaA ;s Web Server ds HTTP Listener dh rjg gh dke djrk gSA

Connection LFkkfir djus ds ckn Listener Process, User o Oracle ds chp

Communication dks Handle djus ds fy, Server Processes Create djrk gSA

Database Files

gkykafd ,d Oracle Instance Memory Structure o mu Processes ls cuk gksrk gS] tks

Memory Structures dks Manage djrs gSa] fQj Hkh Physical Database Files os Files gksrh gS] tks System dks Useable cukrh gSaA ;s Files fuEu dkj.kksa ls Database ls Associated lHkh izdkj ds Data dks Hold djrh gSa%

1 Database dks ;s Allow djus ds fy, fd og Physical Memory esa Store gks ldus

okys Data dh {kerk ls T;knk Data ds lkFk Dealing dj ldsA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd

Operating System ds Swapping o Paging dks fdlh Hkh dher ij Avoid fd;k

tkuk gksrk gS] rkfd Oracle dh Performance ij dksbZ foijhr vlj uk iMsA

2 Database Transaction dh Recovery dks Allow djus ds fy,] fQj pkgs og

Recovery Failure Point ls gks ;k fdlh Previous Point ls gksA

fdlh Real-Life Database esa ;s Files gh lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSa] D;ksafd blh ds vk/kkj

ij iwjk System dke djrk gSA Oracle esa eq[; :i ls pkj rjg dh Database Files gksrh gSa%

1 Control Files 2 Initialization (Parameter) Files 3 Online Redo Log Files 4 Data Files

;s pkjksa gh Files Oracle dks Bhd rjhds ls Run djus ds fy, t:jh o egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA

Control Files

;s ,d NksVh lh File gksrh gS] tks Current Database Structure dks Describe djrh gSA ge

bl File dks ,d Online Database Header File ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA ;s ,d Binary File gksrh gS] blfy, gesa bl File dks Edit djus dh dksf”k”k ugha djuh pkfg,A bl File dks Oracle Instance }kjk Start-Up ds le; Read fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl File dks rc rd Up-To-


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Date j[kk tkrk gS] tc rd fd Oracle ds Instance dks Shut Down ugha fd;k tkrkA bl

File ds fuEu Purpose gksrs gSa%

1 Database dk uke j[kus ds fy,A 2 Database Files o Log Files dks Identify djus ds fy,A 3 Recovery ds fy, t:jh tkudkfj;ksa tSls fd Checkpoints vkfn dks Synchronize

djus ds fy,] ftudk iz;ksx Database dh Recovery ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

ftruh ckj Hkh Database Structure Change fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge fdlh

Table dks Create ;k Drop djrs gSa ;k fdlh Log File dks Add djrs gSa] rc bl Physical Change ds lkFk gh Control File Hkh Update gks tkrh gSA Oracle esa Default :i ls dsoy

,d Control File dks Configure fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu gesa de ls de nks Control Files dks

Configure djds j[kuk pkfg,] rkfd Crash dh fLFkfr esa Recovery fuf”pr gksA

Parameter Files Parameter File esa Oracle Instance ds Start-Up Options ls lEcaf/kr lHkh Information gksrh gSaA bls rc Read fd;k tkrk gS tc Database Start gksrk gS vkSj ;s Microsoft Windows dh Initialization File (*.ini) Files ds leku gh gksrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ,d

Oracle Instance Start gksrk gSA ge bl File dks Edit dj ldrs gSa vkSj Parameters dks

Manually Set dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge gekjh Settings dks Change djrs gSa] rks mu Settings dk Effect rc rd ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd ge Oracle Instance dks Restart uk djsaA

,d Typical Parameter File dks vkxs n”kkZ;k x;k gSA By Default bldk uke initSID.ora gksrk gS] tcfd SID Start fd, tkus okys Instance dk uke gS] ftls ge Oracle ds

Installation ds le; Specify djrs gSaA

;fn geus gekjs SID dk uke SCT j[kk gks] rks gesa bl File dks Open djus ds fy,

initSCT.ora uke dh File dks “..\Oracle\Ora81\DATABASE” Path ls Open djuk

pkfg,A tc ge bl File dks Notepad dk iz;ksx djds Open djrs gSa] rc gesa bl File esa fuEukuqlkj Statement fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%

IFILE='C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\pfile\init.ora'

Database dh iwjh Initialization Information dks ge init.ora uke dh File ls izkIr dj

ldrs gSa] tks fd gesa “C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\pfile” Path ij izkIr gksrh gSA bl File esa Data fuEukuqlkj gks ldrs gSa%

#


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# Copyright (c) 1991, 1998 by Oracle Corporation # ############################################################################## # Example INIT.ORA file # # This file is provided by Oracle Corporation to help you customize # your RDBMS installation for your site. Important system parameters # are discussed, and example settings given. # # Some parameter settings are generic to any size installation. # For parameters that require different values in different size # installations, three scenarios have been provided: SMALL, MEDIUM # and LARGE. Any parameter that needs to be tuned according to # installation size will have three settings, each one commented # according to installation size. # # Use the following table to approximate the SGA size needed for the # three scenarios provided in this file: # # -------Installation/Database Size------ # SMALL MEDIUM LARGE # Block 2K 4500K 6800K 17000K # Size 4K 5500K 8800K 21000K # # To set up a database that multiple instances will be using, place # all instance-specific parameters in one file, and then have all # of these files point to a master file using the IFILE command. # This way, when you change a public # parameter, it will automatically change on all instances. This is # necessary, since all instances must run with the same value for many # parameters. For example, if you choose to use private rollback segments, # these must be specified in different files, but since all gc_* # parameters must be the same on all instances, they should be in one file. # # INSTRUCTIONS: Edit this file and the other INIT files it calls for # your site, either by using the values provided here or by providing # your own. Then place an IFILE= line into each instance-specific # INIT file that points at this file. # # NOTE: Parameter values suggested in this file are based on conservative # estimates for computer memory availability. You should adjust values upward # for modern machines. #


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############################################################################### db_name = "SCT" db_domain = Domain instance_name = SCT service_names = SCT.Domain db_files = 1024 control_files = ("C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control01.ctl", "C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control02.ctl", "C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control03.ctl") open_cursors = 100 max_enabled_roles = 30 db_file_multiblock_read_count = 8 db_block_buffers = 2048 shared_pool_size = 4194304 large_pool_size = 614400 java_pool_size = 0 log_checkpoint_interval = 10000 log_checkpoint_timeout = 1800 processes = 50 parallel_max_servers = 5 log_buffer = 32768 #audit_trail = true # if you want auditing #timed_statistics = true # if you want timed statistics max_dump_file_size = 10240 # limit trace file size to 5M each # Uncommenting the line below will cause automatic archiving if archiving has # been enabled using ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG.


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# log_archive_start = true # log_archive_dest_1 = "location=C:\Oracle\oradata\SCT\archive" # log_archive_format = %%ORACLE_SCT%%T%TS%S.ARC # If using private rollback segments, place lines of the following # form in each of your instance-specific init.ora files: #rollback_segments = ( RBS0, RBS1, RBS2, RBS3, RBS4, RBS5, RBS6 ) # Global Naming -- enforce that a dblink has same name as the db it connects to global_names = true # Uncomment the following line if you wish to enable the Oracle Trace product # to trace server activity. This enables scheduling of server collections # from the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console. # Also, if the oracle_trace_collection_name parameter is non-null, # every session will write to the named collection, as well as enabling you # to schedule future collections from the console. # oracle_trace_enable = true oracle_trace_collection_name = "" # define directories to store trace and alert files background_dump_dest = C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\bdump #Uncomment this parameter to enable resource management for your database. #The SYSTEM_PLAN is provided by default with the database. #Change the plan name if you have created your own resource plan.# resource_manager_plan = system_plan user_dump_dest = C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\udump db_block_size = 8192 remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive os_authent_prefix = "" distributed_transactions = 500 compatible = 8.0.5 sort_area_size = 65536 sort_area_retained_size = 65536

Online Redo Log Files

gkykafd Data esa fd;k tkus okyk dksbZ Hkh Change Memory ds Redo Log Buffer esa gksrk gS] fQj Hkh Instance ds Fail gksus dh fLFkfr esa Backup ysuk t:jh gksrk gSA bl dke dks Log


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Writer Process }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd Redo Log Buffers ls Data dks Read djds

SGA ds Online Redo Log Files esa Store dj nsrk gSA ;s Redo Log Files fQj ls

Circular Storage Areas dh rjg Treat gksrh gSa vkSj ;fn Database ARCHIVELOG Mode esa uk gks] rks ;s Continuously Overwrite gksrh jgrh gSaA

Oracle esa Default :i ls nks Log Files gksrh gSa] ftUgs ge redo_1a o redo_2a uke ns ldrs gSaA bUgsa Separate Groups dk Member ekuk tk ldrk gS] tks fd gekjs Case esa gj Group esa dsoy ,d File ;k Member ds :i esa gSA

okLro esa gesa Performance dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, de ls de ,d vkSj Group dh t:jr

jgrh gS] blfy, ge ,d vkSj Group Create dj jgs gSa] ftlesa redo_3a uke dh ,d

Member File gSA vc Log Writer redo_1a, redo_2a o redo_3a Log Files esa Data dks

Write djrk gSA

blds ckn ;s fQj ls redo_1a esa Writing djus yxrk gS] vkSj blh le; blds Data dks

Archive Destination ij Copy dj fn;k tkrk gSA tks Group Write fd;k tk jgk gksrk gS]

mls Current Group dgrs gSaA

bl rjg ls lkjka”k esa dgsa rks Log Writer igys ,d Log Group esa Data dks Write djrk gS

fQj Øe ls vkxs ds Groups esa Data dks Write djrk gSA gj Log Group esa ,d ;k ,d ls

T;knk Members gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d Group ds lHkh Members Different Disks ij Store gksus pkfg,] rkfd Crash dh fLFkfr esa fdlh Hkh vU; Disk ls Data dks Recover fd;k tk

ldsA

Important Redo Log Files dh Losing ds Risk dks de djus ds fy,] tks fd eq[; :i ls

Disk Crash gksus dh fLFkfr esa Database dh Recovery ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrh gSa] fuEu

Guidelines dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS%

1 gj Group esa ,d ls T;knk File dks Add djuk pkfg,] tks fd Data dks Mirror djsA

ge redo_1a, redo_2a o redo_3a dks rhuksa Groups ds u, Members ds :i esa

Add dj ldrs gSaA

2 ;s ckr fuf”pr dj ysuh pkfg, fd lHkh Mirrored Files dks Separate Disks ij Store fd;k x;k gks] rkfd Failure dh fLFkfr esa gekjs ikl ,d ls T;knk LFkkuksa ij

Backup gksA 3 gesa ;s fuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd Archiving dks Enable fd;k x;k gSA

4 bl ckr dks fuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd fofHkUu Redo Logs Different Disks ij gksa] rkfd Database ds Performance ij izHkko uk iMsA


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Data Files

;s Physical Files gksrh gSa] tgka ij Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bls ge Data dk

Physical Representation Hkh dg ldrs gSaA gesa bu Files dk Backup le;≤ ij ysrs

jguk pkfg,A

gj og Data File ftldk Extension lkekU;r;k .ora ;k .dbf gksrk gS] og Native Operating System File Structure ds vk/kkj ij Data Blocks dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA bl

Base Level ds mij Oracle vius Logical Structure dks Impose djrk gSA bl rjg ls

Oracle fofHkUu Platforms ij vius Database dks Run djrk gS] tks fd cgqr gh ekewyh :i

ls Native Operating System ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA

Logical Structure Oracle viuk Logical Database Structure ml Disk Space ls cukrk gS] tks Operating System Oracle dks iznku djrk gSA /;ku j[ksa fd Database “kCn okLro esa Oracle Database ds File Part ij Apply gksrk gS uk fd Memory ;k Process Based Part ijA

Oracle vius Logical Structure dks Tablespaces ds vk/kkj ij Maintain djrk gS vkSj gj

Tablespace ds fy, Files dks Resource dh rjg Use djrk gSA Oracle ds Logical Structure ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks ge fuEukuqlkj le> ldrs gSa%

Database Database Data dk ,d Total Collection gksrk gS] tks fd ,d Separate Unit dh rjg

gksrk gSA Physically ;s Data Files dh ,d Series gksrh gS] tcfd Logically ;s

Tablespaces dk Group gksrk gSA

Tablespace Tablespace Storage dk ,d Logical Unit gksrk gS] ftls fdlh fo”ks’k Purpose ds fy,

DBA }kjk Setup fd;k tkrk gSA SYSTEM Tablespace Oracle ds fy, lcls t:jh

Tablespace gksrk gS vkSj Oracle Lo;a gh bls Automatically Create djrk gSA Users bl Tablespace dk iz;ksx Dictionary Information o System Definitions ds fy,

djrk gSA

gesa Sorting ds dke ds fy, Temporary Memory Area esa TEMPORARY uke dk ,d

Tablespace Hkh Add djuk pkfg,A gesa de ls de ,d vkSj Tablespace Create djuk


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gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx User Data ds fy, fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA ;fn ge User Data ds

fy, ,d vyx Tablespace Create ugha djrs gSa] rks gesa SYSTEM Tablespace dks gh

User Data Hold djus ds fy, Use djuk iMrk gSA

gesa lkekU;r;k lHkh Applications ds fy, ,d Tablespace Create djuk pkfg, vkSj gj

Index ds fy, Hkh ,d vyx Tablespace Create djuk pkfg,A gesa Rollback Segments ds Data dks Hold djus ds fy, Hkh ,d Tablespace Create djuk pkfg,A

bl Special Tablespace dks Create djus dk dkj.k ;s gS fd ;fn fdlh Tablespace esa Online Rollback Segment ds Data gksa] rks ml Tablespace dks Offline esa Use ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, Rollback Segments dks lHkh vU; Segments ls vyx ;kuh

Isolated j[kk tkuk t:jh gksrk gSA

gj Tablespace esa Physically ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Data Files gksrh gSa] ftUgsa ge ml

fLFkfr esa leku Disk ij Hold djds j[k ldrs gSa] tc gekjs ikl vf/kd Disks uk gksaA Logically ,d Tablespace Segments dk ,d Group gksrk gS] tks fd Database ds

Internal Structures dks Organize djus dk dke djrk gSA Tablespaces dks Offline Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;k bls ckdh ds Database dks fcuk izHkkfor fd, gq, Lora= :i ls

Backed Up Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh SYSTEM Tablespace dks fdlh Hkh gkyr

esa Offline ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA

Segments

gj Segment ,d veqd izdkj ds Database Structure dks Represent djrk gSA gj

Segment Extents ds ,d lewg dk cuk gksrk gSA Segments dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa] ftUgsa

fuEukuqlkj le>k tk ldrk gS%

1 Data Segments Oracle ds Database esa gj Non-Clustered Table ds fy, ,d Data Segment gksrk gSA

2 Cluster Segments gj Cluster ds fy, ,d Cluster Segment gksrk gSA ;s Cluster mu ,d ;k ,d ls

T;knk Tables dks Hold djus dk dke djrk gS] ftUgsa Database Designer us vkil

esa Physically utnhd j[kus ds fy, Decide fd;k gS] rkfd Tables dh

Performance dks Improve fd;k tk ldsA


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3 Rollback Segments Oracle esa gesa”kk de ls de ,d ;k vf/kd Rollback Segment gksrk gS] tks fd

Oracle ds SYSTEM Tablespace esa gksrk gSA bu Segments dks bl Information dks Hold djus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gS] ;fn t:jr gks rks fdlh Transaction dks

fdl izdkj ls Roll Back fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4 Index Segments budk iz;ksx fdlh Individual Indexes dks Hold djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

5 Temporary Segments bl Area dks Temporary Work Area ds :i esa Use fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa Sorting tSls fdlh dke dks iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Segments lkekU;r;k Temporary Type ds Tablespace esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA

gesa gesa”kk ,d Temporary Tablespace dks Create djuk pkfg, vkSj bls CREATE USER Command esa Specify djuk pkfg,A ;fn ge Lo;a ;s Segment Create ugha djrs gSa] rks Oracle Lo;a SYSTEM uke ds Tablespace ds Segments dks Use djds blls lEcaf/kr dke dks iwjk djrk gSA

Extents Extent fdlh Data File ds Data Blocks dk ,d Contiguous Group gksrk gS] tks fdlh

Particular Type dh Information dks Hold djus dk dke djrk gSA Extents vkil esa

Logically Group gksdj ,d Segment ds :i esa Identify gksrs gSaA

Database Blocks Database Blocks fdlh Database ds Logical Storage dk Lowest Level gksrk gSA ge Database Blocks dk iz;ksx djds Schema Objects tSls fd Table, View vkfn dks

Create djrs le; muds fy, Storage Requirement dks Define djrs gSaA gj Logical Database Block dks ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Physical Operating System Blocks }kjk

Represent fd;k tkrk gSA


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Oracle data cOncurrency

& cOnSiStency


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Data Concurrency and Data Consistency

tc dHkh Hkh fdlh Database dks ,d ls T;knk Users Use djrs gSa] rc ;s tkuuk t:jh gksrk

gS fd tc nks Users leku Table ds leku Row dks ,d gh le; ij Access djuk pkgrs gSa]

rc Oracle mUgsa dSls Manage djrk gSA ;s ckr Access ;k Oracle fdlh Hkh Database ij ykxw gksrh gSA ,d Database bl Multi-User Issue dks fdruh vPNh rjg ls Deal djrk gS]

;s ckr ,d Developer ds fy, cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA gkykafd Oracle bl leL;k dks Lo;a

gh Handle djrk gS vkSj gesa bl lEca/k esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha

gksrh gSA Multi-Users Issue ds lkFk fuEu Oracle Functions Deal djrs gSa%

Data Concurrency Different Users }kjk leku Data dks Update djus dh izfØ;k dks Manage djus dh Ability dks Data Concurrency dgk tkrk gSA Oracle esa ;s Management ,d fo”ks’k Locking Schema ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ;fn ge fdlh Table ds Row dks Update dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks

Oracle ml Row dks Lock dj nsrk gS vkSj dksbZ vU; User rc rd ml Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gS] tc rd fd ml Row ds lkFk gekjk Transaction Complete ugha gks tkrk

gSA

Data Consistency

fdlh SELECT Statement }kjk ,d Consistence Result izkIr djus dh {kerk dks Data Consistency dgk tkrk gSA bldk eryc ;s gksrk gS fd ;fn ge fdlh Data dks Use dj

jgs gSa rks fdlh nwljs User }kjk mlh Data dks Update djus dk izHkko gekjs Result ij ugha iMrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa og Change Hkh “kkfey gksrk gS] ftls fdlh vU; User us Database esa Apply rks fd;k gS] ysfdu ml Change dks vHkh rd Commit ugha fd;k gSA bl Function dks Statement Level Read Consistency dgk tkrk gSA

Locking Strategies tc dksbZ User fdlh Data dks Change djuk pkgrk gS] rc Oracle Affect gksus okys Rows ij ,d Lock yxk nsrk gSA ,slk djus ds dkj.k dksbZ Hkh nwljk User Same Rows dks tc rd

ds fy, Modify ugha dj ikrk gS] tc rd fd igyk User mu Affected Rows ds lkFk viuk

Transaction Complete ugha dj ysrk gSA bu Affected Rows dks Destructive Interference dgk tkrk gSA


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blds vykok Oracle Table ij ,d Share Lock Hkh Place djrk gSA ;s Lock fdlh Hkh vU;

User dks Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements }kjk Database ds Structure dks

Alter djus ;k fdlh Table dks Drop djus ls jksd nsrk gSA

Oracle fdlh Table esa Row Level ij Locking djus esa l{ke gS] tcfd dbZ vU;

Databases dsoy Page-Level Locking dh lqfo/kk gh Provide djrs gSa] ftlesa cgqr lkjs

Rows Lock gks tkrs gSa] fQj pkgs ,d gh Row dks Update D;ksa uk fd;k tk jgk gksA

Consistency Achievement Oracle esa Consistency dks ,d cgqr gh Clear rjhds ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge Oracle dks dksbZ SELECT Statement Submit djrs gSa] rks Oracle Request ds Start Time dks

Note dj ysrk gS vkSj mlds ckn Data dks Retrieve djrk gSA SELECT Statement ds

Start gksus ds ckn ;fn dksbZ Row Change gksrk gS] rks Consistency Rule dk Violation gksrk gSA

bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Oracle Changed Data dks fQj ls Rollback djds mlh

fLFkfr esa Store dj nsrk gS] ftl fLFkfr esa Data Rollback Segment esa igys FkkA bl rjg

ls Rollback Segment esa fiNyk Data gh Stored jgrk gSA tc SELECT Statement Changed Row ij igqaprk gS] Oracle Directly mls Rollback Segment ij Hkst nsrk gS]

rkfd fiNyk Record gh izkIr gksA

Schemas Developers dh utj esa Database ,d ,slk System gksrk gS] tks User dks fofHkUu izdkj ds

Database Objects Provide djrk gSA Developer dk View Schemas ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA

Oracle esa ftrus Hkh Users gksrs gSa] mu lHkh dk ,d Schema gksrk gS] tks fd Database ds

fofHkUu Objects dks Group djus dk ,d rjhdk gksrk gS] rkfd gj User vius Database Objects dks vU; Users ls lqjf{kr j[k ldsA

Users fcuk ,d User Name o Password ds] ge Oracle Database esa Log On ugha gks ldrs

gSaA Oracle vius gj User o mlds Encrypted Password dk /;ku j[krk gSA tc ge ,d

u;k User Create djrs gSa] ml User ls Associated ,d Schema Create gksrk gS vkSj

User ml Schema ds fdlh Hkh Object dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA fQj Hkh ,d u;k


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User Database ds fdu Objects dks Access dj ldus esa l{ke gksxk] ml User dks bl

ckr ls lEcaf/kr dqN vf/kdkj fn, tkrs gSaA gj u;k User viuh mu Limitations ds vUrxZr gh

fdlh Database dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA gj User ds fy, Oracle esa ,d

Session Create djuk o mls Tablespace ds dqN fgLls dks Access djus dh lqfo/kk nsuk

Privileges Allow djuk dgykrk gSA Tablespace ds bl Allowed Memory Space dks

Quota dgk tkrk gSA

Tables Tables fdlh Hkh Data ds Fundamental Storage Unit gksrs gSaA buesa Rows o Columns gksrs gSaA Schema ds gj Table dk ,d Unique uke gksrk gSA Table ds gj Column dk Hkh

,d Unique uke gksrk gS tks fd ,d Data Type tSls fd NUMBER ;k DATE ls

Associated gksrk gSA Tablespace esa ftruh Hkh Tables gksrh gSa] os ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk

Data Files ds chp fc[kjh gqbZ gks ldrh gSaA Table ds Extents dks Locate djus ds fy,

dba_extents o dba_data_files Views dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Indexes Indexes ,d nwljk Schema Object gksrk gS] tks vius Lo;a ds Segment esa Store gksrk gSA Indexes Create djus dk Most Common rjhdk B-Trees dks Use djuk gksrk gSA

Clusters Clusters fofHkUu Database Tables dks Store djus dk ,d Alternative rjhdk gksrk gSA

Clusters dk iz;ksx djds ge Data ds Disk ij Physically Store gksus ds rjhds dks Control dj ldrs gSa] rkfd ge Database dh Performance dks c<k ldsa vkSj Data ds Streams dks

ml rjhds ls izkIr dj ldsa] ftl rjhds ls Data Index File esa Store gksrs gSaA

tc ge Cluster Segment Create djrs gSa] rc ge Cluster Column dks Identify djrs gSaA

tc ge Tables Create djrs gSa] rc ge ;s Indicate djrs gSa fd ge mu Tables dks fdl

Cluster esa j[kuk pkgrs gSaA tc ge fdlh Table dks fdlh Cluster esa Add djrs gSa] rks

Cluster o Table nksuksa esa ,d leku Columns gksus t:jh gksrs gSaA Table dh Rows okLro esa Physically Cluster Index Order esa Store gksrs gSa] blfy, mUgsa Hashing Algorithm ds

vk/kkj ij Hkh Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA


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ge fdlh Cluster esa dbZ Tables Store dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu gesa ,slk rHkh djuk pkfg,] tc os

lHkh Tables ,d lkFk Use dh tkrh gksaA lkekU;r;k Clusters dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS]

D;ksafd Performance dk Qk;nk dsoy rHkh gksrk gS] tc Clusters esa fLFkr Tables Static gksaA

Sequence Generators ;s ,d ,slk Built-In rjhdk gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx Unique Sequential Numbers Create djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eq[; Purpose Tables dks Unique Keys Provide djuk

gksrk gS] D;ksafd Oracle esa Autonumber tSlh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha gksrh gS] tSlh dh MS-Access esa gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx fcuk fdlh ijs”kkuh ds ,d ls T;knk Users }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS]

tcfd fdlh nwljs rjhds ls ;s Number Create djus ij Locking ls lEcaf/kr leL;k dk

lkeuk djuk iM ldrk gSA

Procedures Oracle gesa ,sls Procedural Codes fy[kus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS] ftUgsa ge Database esa Store djds j[k ldrs gSaA bu Procedures dks PL/SQL Language esa fy[kk tkrk gSA ;s gesa

Procedures, Functions o Database Triggers fy[kus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA Triggers os

Code Blocks gksrs gSa] tks Table ij fdlh Action ds Perform gksus ij Automatically Execute gks tkrs gSaA

Views ;s ,d ,slk Predefined rjhdk gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk ge mu ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Joined Tables ds Data dks ns[k ldrs gSa] ftUgsa Base Tables dgrs gSaA ;s MS-Access dh Query ds leku gksrs gSaA Views dk iz;ksx Base Tables dh Information dks Hide djus ds fy,

fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlds }kjk Users dks Base Tables ds dsoy dqN Columns dks gh

Access djus dh lqfo/kk Provide fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk ,d lcls cMk Qk;nk ;s gS fd ;fn Base Tables esa u, Files Create fd, tk,] rks Hkh

Views dks Modify djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA os fcuk Modify fd, gq, Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj

ls dke djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables esa u, Columns dks Add djus ls igys djrs FksA

budk iz;ksx djds dbZ Tables dks Join djus dh Complexity dks Hkh Hide fd;k tk ldrk

gSA


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ge Views dk iz;ksx Hkh Bhd mlh rjg ls dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables dk djrs

gSaA ;kuh ge Views ij Hkh mlh rjg ls SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE o DELETE Commands dks Apply dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables ij djrs gSa] gkykafd ,slk

djus ij gesa dqN Restrictions dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA

Synonyms Synonym fdlh Hkh Schema Object dk ,d nwljk uke ;kuh Alias gksrk gSA Oracle esa ge fdlh Table, View, Procedure ;k Sequence dks ,d nwljk Alias Hkh iznku dj ldrs gSaA

Synonyms Public ;k Private gks ldrs gSa vkSj budk iz;ksx Schema ds fdlh Object ds

Names dks Security ds dkj.kksa ls Hide djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA Synonyms dks

Microsoft dk ODBC Support ugha djrk gS] blfy, bls ge lkekU; rjhds ls Visual Basic tSls fdlh Client Software esa Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA

gkykafd Oracle dh lHkh Internal Details dks iwjh rjg ls le>kuk dkQh eqf”dy gSA lkFk gh

tc ge Oracle dks Practically Development ds fy, Use djrs gSa] rc gesa bu Details dh

t:jr Hkh ugha gksrh gSA fQj Hkh gesa bl ckr dh General tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd Oracle D;k vkSj dSls dj jgk gSA Oracle ds dke djus dh iwjh izfØ;k dks ge fuEukuqlkj le> ldrs

gSa%

1 lcls igys DBA Database ds Start-Up Procedure dks Initiate djrk gS] tks fd • Initialization File ls Parameters dks Read djrk gSA • SGA dks Memory Allocate djrk gSA • Required Processes dks Start djrk gSA • Control Files dks Open o Read djrk gSA • Database dh Data Files dks General Access ds fy, Open djrk gSA

2 fQj DBA ,d Listener Process Start djrk gS vkSj User-Connection ds fy,

Request djrk gSA

3 ,d Visual Basic Connection Database ls ODBC Network ;k OLE Oracle Object }kjk Database ls Connection LFkkfir djrk gSA

4 fQj Listener Process ,d Server Process dks User ds SQL Requests dks

Handle djus ds fy, Dispatch djrk gSA

5 Visual Basic Application ,d SQL Statement dks Database ij Pass djrk gSA

6 SQL Statements ds fy, Shared Pool dk ,d Area Allocate fd;k tkrk gSA

7 ;fn Database Buffer Cache esa dksbZ Data uk gks] rks Required Data dks blesa

Pull fd;k tkrk gSA


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8 Memory esa fd, x, fdlh Hkh Change o Store fd, x, fdlh Hkh Change dh

Entry Redo Log Buffer esa dh tkrh gSA

9 Control fQj ls Visual Basic Client Application dks ,d Appropriate Result ds

lkFk Return gksrk gSA 10 tc dksbZ Criteria esy djrk gS] rc Database Writer Process Data Changes dks

fQj ls Disk ij Write dj nsrk gSA

11 tc Changes dks Commit fd;k tkrk gS] rc Log Writer bu Changes dks Redo Log Files esa Write dj nsrk gSA

bl rjg ls ,d Visual Basic Client o Oracle Server ds chp dk Communication Perform gksrk gSA


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Oracle databaSe creatiOn


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Creating a Database Oracle Architecture ds ckjs esa lkekU; tkudkjh izkIr djus ds ckn vc ge gekjk igyk

Database o Instance Create djsaxsA tc ge Database Create djuk “kq: djrs gSa] rc ge

dbZ xyfr;ka djrs gSa ;k ge phtksa dks vyx rjhds ls djrs gSaA blfy, lcls igys gesa

Database dk Demo Create djuk pkfg, vkSj tc ge gekjs Database Structure ls iwjh

rjg lUrq’V gks tk,a] mlds ckn gh Original Data ds lkFk dke djuk pkfg,A

ge gekjk Database o Visual Basic Client Application nksuksa gh leku Computer ij Create dj ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh Memory Resources o Disk dh Sharing ,d gh Computer ij djus ls Performance ij izHkko iM ldrk gSA

Administration Tools Oracle esa dbZ Administrative Tools Available gS] tgka gesa vyx&vyx dkeksa ds fy,

vyx&vyx izdkj ds Tools dks Use djuk iMrk gSA Oracle esa fofHkUu izdkj ds

Administrative dkeksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ge Oracle }kjk Provide fofHkUu izdkj ds GUI Windows dks Use dj ldrs gSa] tks fd Internally gekjs fy, mu Administrative dkeksa dks

iwjk djus okys Commands dks Execute djrs gSaA

ysfdu fQj Hkh dbZ ckj ;s GUI gesa Administration ls lEcaf/kr lHkh lqfo/kk,a iznku ugha dj

ikrk gS] tks fd gesa Command-Line Version }kjk izkIr gks tkrh gSaA blfy, lcls vPNk

rjhdk ;gh gS fd ge Command-Line Techniques dks gh igys lh[ksa vkSj mlds ckn GUI Tools dks iz;kssx djsaA

Identifying Database

ge gekjs Server ij ftrus pkgsa mrus Oracle Instances Create dj ldrs gSa] tks fd fofHkUu

Processing dks Separate rjhds ls Handle djrs gSaA pwafd ge ftl Database Instance ds

lkFk dke djuk pkgrs gSa] mldk uke ge lkekU; rjhds ls Enter ugha dj ldrs gSaA

blfy, gesa fofHkUu Oracle Tools dks Start djus ls igys Current Database Instance dks

Define djuk gksrk gSA ftl Instance dks ge Start djuk pkgrs gSa] ml Instance dk uke ;k

SID Operating System Environment ds ,d Variable esa Hold fd;k tkrk gSA Window NT esa bl uke dks ORACLE_SID esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA gesa bl Variable dks


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Command Prompt ij fuEu Command }kjk Set djus ds ckn gh Oracle ds fdlh Hkh

Tool dks Start djuk pkfg,%

C:\SET ORACLE_SID = DEMO

SQL *Plus

;s ,d ,slk Tool gS] ftldk iz;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds Database Objects dks Create djus]

Users dh Setting djus vkSj Privileges dks Grant djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ge bls

Command Prompt SQLPlus Command fy[k dj Start dj ldrs gSa ;k fQj Windows Platform esa Oracle ds Menu esa tkdj bls Start dj ldrs gSaA SQL *Plus ;k Server Manager esa fdlh Script dks Run djus ds fy, ge Script ds uke ls igys @ dk Symbol Use djuk iMrk gSA

tSls @Create_Database.sql

Server Manager ;s og Tool gS ftldk iz;ksx ge eq[; :i ls gekjs Database dks Setup o Administer djus ds fy, le;≤ ij dbZ ckj djrs gSaA bls ge fuEu Command }kjk Start dj ldrs

gSa%

C:\> SVRMGR30

NT Instance Manager bl Utility dh t:jr dsoy Windows NT Environment esa gksrh gS vkSj ge bldk iz;ksx

lkekU;r;k mu NT Services dks Create djus ds fy, djrs gSa] ftudh t:jr bl Platform

ij Oracle dks Run djus ds fy, gksrh gSA ge bu Services dk iz;ksx Internal Account dk

Password Set djus o Database dks Create o Start djus ds fy, Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

Oracle 8i Installation Oracle 8i o blds ckn ds Versions dks Install djus ds fy, Oracle gesa ,d Universal Installer Provide djrk gSA Oracle dh T;knkrj CDs Autorun gksrh gS] blfy, ge tSls gh


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Oracle dh CD dks CD-ROM esa Insert djrs gSa] gekjs lkeus Oracle dk Universal Installer vk tkrk gSA ;fn CD Autorun uk gks] rks gesa CD Drive esa tkdj Setup.exe File dks Open djuk gksrk gSA bl File dks Open djus ij gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj Oracle Installer Display gksrk gS%

bl Installer ij dqN Buttons gksrs gSa] ftudk Description fuEukuqlkj gS% Exit ;fn ge Oracle ds Universal Installer ls Quit djuk pkgsa] rks gesa bl Button dks Click djuk gksrk gSA bl Button dks Click djus ij Oracle geus Quit gksus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj

Dialog Box }kjk Confirmation djrk gS%

;fn ge ;gka ij Yes Button dks Click djrs gSa] rks ge Oracle ds Universal Installer ls

Quit gks tkrs gSaA


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Help bl Button ij Click djus ij gekjs lkeus ,d Help Window Open gksrk gSA bl Window

esa ge Oracle Universal Installer ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ;s Window

fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%

Installed Products ;fn gesa bl ckr dh tkudkjh izkIr djuh gks fd gekjs Computer ij Oracle ds dkSu&dkSu ls

Products Installed gSa] rks ge bl Button dks Click djds bl ckr dh tkudkjh izkIr dj

ldrs gSaA bl Button dks Click djus ij fuEukuqlkj ,d Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

bl Window dh Help izkIr djus ds fy, ge bl ij fLFkr Help Button dks Click dj ldrs

gSa rFkk bl Dialog Box dks Close djus ds fy, ge Close Button dks Click dj ldrs gSaA


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;fn ge Installed Products dh tkudkjh dks Save djuk pkgsa] rks ge bl Dialog Box ij fLFkr Save As… Button dks Click dj ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ij gekjs lkeus Save As… Dialog Box Display gksrk gS] tgka ge File Name nsdj Installed Products dh List dks

Save dj ldrs gSaA

About Oracle Universal Installer… Oracle Universal Installer ds Version dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, ge bl Button dks

Click dj ldrs gSaA bl Button dks Click djus ij gesa fuEukuqlkj ,d Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

Deinstall Products ;fn ge Oracle ds fdlh Installed Product dks Remove djuk pkgsa] rks ge bl Button dks

Click djrs gSaA bl Button dks Click djus ij gekjs lkeus fQj ls ogh Dialog Box vk tkrk

gS] tks Installed Products dh Information ds fy, vkrk gSA bl Dialog Box esa ge ml

Oracle Product dks Select djrs gSa] ftls ge Uninstall djuk pkgrs gSaA

Previous / Next Oracle ds Installation dks vkxs c<kus ds fy, ge Next Button ij Click djrs gSa] tcfd

fdlh Configuration dks Change djus ds fy, ;fn ge fQj ls Back tkuk pkgsa] rks gesa

Previous Button dks Click djuk gksrk gSA pwafd ge Oracle dks Install djuk pkgrs gSa]

blfy, gesa Next Button dks Click djuk gksrk gSA Next Button dks Click djus ij gekjs

lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d u;k Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%


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bl Dialog Box esa Oracle Installable Files dk Source o Destination crkuk gksrk gSA ge ftl fdlh Hkh Derive ls Oracle dks Install djus ds fy, Setup dks Run djrs gSa] Source Path esa ml Source dk iwjk Path Automatically vk tkrk gS] ftls Change djus dh

t:jr ugha gksrh gSA

fQj Hkh ;fn ge Source Path dks Change djuk pkgsa] rks Brows Button ij Click djds

Oracle ds Install fd, tkus okys Products dks Specify dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge Source Path ds Brows Button ij Click djrs gSa] rks gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d u;k Open Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%


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bl Dialog Box esa gesa Oracle dh CD esa fLFkr STAGE uke ds Folder esa tkuk gksrk gS vkSj

ogka ij fLFkr Products.jar uke dh File dks Select djuk gksrk gS] D;ksafd Oracle ds lHkh

Installable Products dh tkudkjh blh .Jar File esa Stored gksrh gSA

bl .Jar File dks Select djds Open Button ij Click djus ij ge fQj ls Oracle Installer esa igaqp tkrs gSaA vc gesa Oracle ds Destination dks Specify djuk gksrk gSA

;fn ge pkgsa rks bl Default Destination dks Selected j[k ldrs gSa vFkok ;fn ge Oracle dks fdlh vU; Destination ij Install djuk pkgsa] rks ge Browse… Button dk iz;ksx djds

ml Destination dks Specify dj ldrs gSaA bl Destination esa gesa nks ckrsa crkuh gksrh gSa%

1 Oracle Home dk uke 2 Destination dk Path

Oracle dk gj Instance ,d vyx Home esa Install fd;k tkrk gSA ge vyx&vyx

Homes dks Specify djds ,d gh Computer ij ,d ls T;knk Oracle Versions dks Install dj ldrs gSa] tks vkil esa ,d nwljs dks fdlh izdkj ls izHkkfor ugha djrs gSaA


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Source o Destination dks Specify djus ds ckn gesa Next Button ij Click djuk gksrk gSA

Next Button dks Click djus ij gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d vkSj Dialog Box Display gksrk gS] tks Oracle ds Products dh Information dks Memory esa Load djus dh Process dks

n”kkZrk gS%

Oracle ds fofHkUu Products ds Memory esa Load gks tkus ds ckn gekjs lkeus Oracle ds

Universal Installer dk vxyk Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

bl Dialog Box esa gesa rhu Options fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] tgka ge gekjh Requirement ds vk/kkj

ij fofHkUu Package Groups dks Select djds Install dj ldrs gSaA ;s rhuksa Options fuEukuqlkj gksrs gSa%

• Oracle8i Enterprise Edition 8.1.6.0.0 • Oracle8i Client 8.1.6.0.0 • Oracle8i Management Infrastructure 8.1.6.0.0

;fn ge gekjs Computer ij Oracle Database Server Install djuk pkgrs gSa] rc gesa

Oracle ds Enterprise Edition dks Select djds Install djuk gksrk gSA


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tc Oracle Server fdlh nwljs Computer ij Installed gksrk gS vkSj gesa gekjs Computer ij dsoy ml Server ls Connect gksus ls lEcaf/kr Products dks gh Install djuk gksrk gS] rc

ge nwljk Option Select djds Install djrs gSaA ;s Option gekjs Client Computer dks

Server Computer ij fLFkr Database ls Connect gksus ls lEcaf/kr t:jh Tools dks gh

Install djrk gSA

rhljk Option ge rc Select djrs gSa tc gesa Oracle ds Management ls lEcaf/kr

Products dks gh gekjs Computer ij Install djuk gksrk gSA

pwafd ge gekjs Computer ij gh Oracle Database Server dks Install djuk pkgrs gSa]

blfy, ge igys Option dks Select djds Next Button ij Click djrs gSaA ,slk djrs gh

gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj vxyk Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

bl Dialog Box esa Hkh rhu Options fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] tks ;s fuf”pr djus ds fy, gksrs gSa fd ge

fdl rjg dk Installation djuk pkgrs gSaA ;s Options fuEukuqlkj gSa%

• Typical (1001 MB) • Minimum (802 MB) • Custom

;fn ge Oracle dk Complete Installation djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ge igyk Typical Option (1002MB) Select djrs gSaA bl Option esa Preconfigured Starter Database, Management Tools, Networking Services, Utilities o Basic Client Softwares Install gksrs gSaA


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;fn ge nwljk Option Select djrs gSa] rks os Minimum Products (802MB) Install gksrs gSa] ftudh t:jr ,d Database Server dks pykus ds fy, gksrh gSA

rhljk Option Custom Option gksrk gS] tgka ge mu Products dks Select dj ldrs gSa]

ftUgsa ge Install djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj ftu Products dks ge Install djuk ugha pkgrs gSa] mUgsa

NksM ldrs gSaA

pwafd gesa Complete Oracle Install djuk gS] blfy, ge igys Option dks Select djds Next Button ij Click djrs gSaA bl Button dks Click djus ij fofHkUu izdkj ds Products ds

Install gksus ds fy, tks Hkh t:jh Resources gksrs gSa] os Memory esa Load gksrs gS vkSj bl

Loading Process dks ge fuEu Dialog Box esa ns[k ldrs gSa%

bl Dialog Box ds ckn ,d vkSj Dialog Box Display gksrk gS] ftuesa Currently Installed lHkh Databases dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA ;s Dialog Box gesa fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%


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bl Window ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys fdlh Existing Database dks ;fn ge Oracle 8i ds vk/kkj

ij Upgrade djuk pkgsa] rks gesa Window ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys Only Check Box dks Check djuk gksrk gSA bls Check djus ij gekjs lkeus igys ls Installed lHkh Databases ds

Identifier (SID) o muds Oracle Home Path fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSa] ftUgsa ge Select djds

Oracle 8i ds vuqlkj Update dj ldrs gSaA

lkekU;r;k ;s Window rc Display gksrk gS] tc gekjs Computer ij igys ls dksbZ Oracle Database Created gks fQj pkgs og fdlh iqjkus Oracle Version dk Database gks ;k Current Oracle Database dkA ;fn ge fcYdqy Fresh Installation djrs gSa ;kuh

Computer esa Operating System ds Installation ds ckn igyh ckj Oracle dks Install djrs

gSa] rks gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj Window Display gksrk gS%


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;gh Window gesa ml fLFkfr esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tc ge blls igys okys Window esa fn[kkbZ

ns jgs Only Check Box dks Check fd, fcuk Next Button ij Click dj nsrs gSaA ;gka gesa nks

ckrsa Specify djuh gksrh gSa%

1 Global Database Name 2 SID

Oracle Database Server dk igyk Database gesa gh Specify djuk gksrk gSA ;s gh og

Database gksrk gS] tks Global gksrk gS vkSj Oracle ds Install gksrs le; Create gksrk gSA

pwafd Oracle esa de ls de ,d Global Database dh Specification gksuk t:jh gksrk gS]

rHkh Oracle Install gksrk gS] blfy, ;gka gesa gekjs Global Database ds uke o mlds ID dks

Specify djuk gksrk gSA ge ;gka ij tks Hkh uke o SID nsuk pkgsa] ns ldrs gSaA ;s uke o SID

gekjs Global Database dks Refer djrk gSA ge gekjs Oracle Database dks fuEukuqlkj uke

o ID iznku dj jgs gSa%

Global Database Name = INVOICE.Domain SID = INVOICE

Global Database Name ds Field esa ge Dot ls igys tks uke nsrs gSa] og uke

Automatically SID esa Specify gks tkrk gSA gkykafd ;fn ge pkgsa] rks SID ds uke dks

Change Hkh dj ldrs gSaA bl Specified Global Database Name o SID dks ge vxys

fp= esa ns[k ldrs gSaA


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Global Database ds uke o SID dks Specify djus ds ckn tc ge Next Button ij Click djrs gSa] rc gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj vxyk Window Display gksrk gS] tks gesa Install gksus okys

fofHkUu Oracle Products dh tkudkjh nsrk gS%

bl Window ds Install Button ij Click djrs gh fuEukuqlkj Window Display gksrk gS] tks

Oracle Products ds Installation dks n”kkZrk gS%

tc Oracle ds fofHkUu Selected Products vius Destination ij Install gksrs gh Oracle Automatically Installed Tools dks fuEukuqlkj Configuration djus yxrk gS%


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;s Configuration Window fuEu Tools dks Configure djrk gS%

• Net8 Configuration Assistant • Oracle Database Configuration Assistant • OMS NT Service

igys Option ;kuh Net8 Configuration ds ckn Oracle nwljs Option ;kuh Oracle Database dks Configure djrk gSA Oracle Database dks Configure djrs le; gesa

fuEukuqlkj Dialog Box fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%

;s Configuration iwjk gksus ds ckn gesa fuEukuqlkj ,d Dialog Box fn[kkbZ nsrk gS]


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bl Dialog Box esa gesa Create gksus okys Database ls lEcaf/kr ,d Log File ds Location dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS] ftldk iz;ksx djds ge vius Create gksus okys Database ds ckjs esa

tku ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bl File dks Open djsa] tks fd “C:\Oracle\admin\INVOICE\ create\createdb.log” Path ij gS] rks gesa bl File esa fuEu Matters fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa% Echo ON SVRMGR> connect INTERNAL Connected. SVRMGR> startup nomount pfile="C:\Oracle\admin\INVOICE\pfile\init.ora" ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 24433932 bytes Fixed Size 70924 bytes Variable Size 7507968 bytes Database Buffers 16777216 bytes Redo Buffers 77824 bytes SVRMGR> CREATE DATABASE INVOICE 2> LOGFILE 'C:\Oracle\oradata\INVOICE\redo01.log' SIZE 1024K, 3> 'C:\Oracle\oradata\INVOICE\redo02.log' SIZE 1024K, 4> 'C:\Oracle\oradata\INVOICE\redo03.log' SIZE 1024K 5> MAXLOGFILES 32 6> MAXLOGMEMBERS 2 7> MAXLOGHISTORY 1 8> DATAFILE 'C:\Oracle\oradata\INVOICE\system01.dbf' SIZE 58M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 640K 9> MAXDATAFILES 254 10> MAXINSTANCES 1 11> CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1 12> NATIONAL CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1; Statement processed. SVRMGR> spool off


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bl Dialog Box ij gh gesa gekjs Global Database dk uke o SID Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rFkk

bl Database esa Log In gksus ds fy, gesa Oracle }kjk gh nks User Names o Passwords feyrs gSa] tks fuEukuqlkj gksrs gSa%

1 User Name – SYS Password - change_on_install 2 User Name – SYSTEM Password - manager

bl Dialog Box ds OK Button ij Click djus ij gesa Universal Installer fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ

nsrk gS%

;fn ge Oracle ds fdlh vU; Product dks Install djuk pkgsa] rks Next Install Button ij Click djds ,slk dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn gesa dksbZ Product Install uk djuk gks] rks ge Exit Button ij Click djds bl Universal Installer ls Quit gks ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa Installed Products ds ckjs esa tkuuk gks rks ge Installed Products… Button ij Click dj ldrs gSaA

,slk djus ij gesa Installed Products dh fuEukuqlkj tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS%


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;fn ge fdlh Oracle Product dks Uninstall djuk pkgsa] rks mijksDr fp=kuqlkj ml Product dks Select djds Remove… Button ij Click dj ldrs gSaA pwafd Oracle Products ds

Installation dh tkudkjh Control Panel ds Add/Remove esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh gS] blfy,

;fn ge Oracle dks Computer ls Uninstall djuk pkgsa] rks Hkh gesa blh Dialog Box dks Use djuk iMrk gSA Oracle dk Universal Installer gekjs Computer esa Permanently Install gksrk gS] blfy, ge tc pkgsa rc bl Universal Installer dks fuEu Path ls Activate dj

ldrs gSa%

Start Button => Programs => Oracle Installation Products => Universal Installer

Oracle ds Installation ds ckn gekjk lcls igyk dke Oracle ds Global Database dk

User Name o Password Change djuk gh gksrk gS] rkfd dksbZ Hkh vU; Unauthorized User gekjs Database ds lkFk fdlh rjg dh NsMNkM uk dj ldsA blds fy, gesa fuEu Path ls Oracle ds “DBA Studio” Applet dks Open djuk gksrk gS%

Start Button => Programs => Oracle–OraHome81 => Database Administration => DBA Studio

tc ge DBA Studio Option dks Click djrs gSa] rc gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d Window Display gksrk gS%


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bl Window esa gesa “Launch DBA Studio standalone” Radio Button dks Select djds

OK Button ij Click djuk gksrk gSA ,slk djrs gh gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj “DBA Studio” Window Open gks tkrk gS%

bl Window ds Display gksrs gh gesa ,d Add Database To Tree uke dk Dialog Box fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tks gesa Available Databases dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA ge ftl Database dks

DBA Studio esa Add djuk pkgrs gSa] mlds Check Box dks Check djds OK Button ij Click djrs gSaA ,slk djus ij gesa gekjk DBA Window fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gS%


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pwafd ;gka ij nks Database fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSa] ftlesa ls ,d geus Create fd;k gS vkSj Oracle dk Default Database gSA

pwafd geus ftl INVOICE.DOMAIN uke ds Database dks Add fd;k gS] gesa mlls

Connect gksuk gS] blfy, gesa lcls igys DBA Studio dh Tree esa Mouse }kjk

“INVOICE.DOMAIN” Database dks Select djuk gksrk gSA

fQj gekjs Global Database ls Connect gksus ds fy, vc gesa bl DBA Studio ds File dks

Open djuk gksrk gSA blesa Connect uke ds lcls igys Option dks Click djrs gh gekjs

lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d Connect Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%


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bl Dialog Box esa gesa User Name ds Field esa SYS o Password ds Field esa

change_on_install Type djuk gksrk gSA Service Field esa ml Service dk uke

Automatically vk tkrk gS] ftls Select djds geus Connect Option dks Click fd;k gS vkSj

pwafd ge Oracle ds Global System Database dk Password Change djuk pkgrs gSa]

blfy, gesa Connect as Field esa SYSDBA Select djuk gksrk gSA

ysfdu ;fn ge bl txg ij SYSDBA Specify djrs gSa] rks Login gksrs le; lHkh Client Softwares esa gesa SYSDBA dh rjg gh Login gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA blfy, ;fn Oracle Administration dh i;kZIr tkudkjh uk gks rks Connect as Field esa Normal dks gh pquuk

pkfg,A ;s tkudkfj;ka Specify djus ds ckn OK Button ij Click djus ij DBA Studio fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gS%


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pwafd ge Oracle ds Global Database esa igqap pqds gSa vkSj gesa Oracle ds SYS User dk

Password Change djuk gS] blfy, gesa fuEu fp=kuqlkj SYS User ij igqapuk gksxk%


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okafNr Password Change djus ds ckn ;fn ge ml Change dk SQL Statement ns[kuk pkgsa] rks bl Window ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys SHOW SQL Button dks Click dj ldrs gSaA tc

ge bl Button dks Click djrs gSa] rc gesa SQL Statement fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gS] ysfdu bl

Button dk uke cny dj Hide SQL gks tkrk gSA u, Password dks Apply djus ds fy,

gesa Apply Button ij Click djuk gksrk gSA bl Button ij Click djrs gh Oracle ds Global Database ds SYS User dk Password Change gks tkrk gSA

vc ;fn ge pkgsa] rks File Menu esa tkdj Connect Option dks Click dj ldrs gSa rFkk geus

Database ij tks u;k Password Apply fd;k gS] ml u, Password }kjk Global Database esa Login gks ldrs gSaA

Configuring The Network Server Database Install djus ds ckn ml Database ls fdlh Client dks Connect djus

ds fy, gesa dqN vkSj Configuration djus iMrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Oracle us Database Server ds lkFk gh Client Softwares Create djus ds fy, Developer2000 uke dk ,d

IDE Hkh Create fd;k gSA


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ysfdu bl IDE dks gesa Oracle ds Database ls Connect djuk t:jh gksrk gS] rHkh ge

Developer dks Front-End o Oracle dks Back-End ds :i esa Use djds Database Management dk iwjk Application System Create dj ldrs gSaA

Developer2000 Client Software pkgs mlh Computer ij gks] ftl ij Oracle Database Server dks Install fd;k x;k gS] ;k pkgs fdlh nwljs Computer ij gks] nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa gesa dqN Configuration djds Client Developer dks Database Server ls Connect djus

ds fy, Configure djuk t:jh gksrk gSA

ge ftl Computer ij Oracle Database Server dks Install djrs gSa] mlh Computer ij Database Server ds lkFk SQL *Plus tSls dqN Client Software Hkh Install gksrs gSaA pwafd

;s Softwares Database ls Directly Connected gksrs gSa] blfy, bUgsa Directly Run djds

Database Server ds Data dks Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ysfdu dqN Client Softwares ,slsgksrs gSa] ftUgsa Oracle Database Server okys Computer ij gh Install djus ds ckotwn Oracle Database Server ls Connect djus ds fy,

Configure djuk iMrk gSA

pwafd] Oracle Database Distributed rjhds ls dke djrk gS] ftlesa fdlh ,d Computer ij Database Server dks Install fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vU; Client Softwares dks nwljs

Computers ij Install fd;k tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa nwljs Remote Computers ij fLFkr Clients bl Oracle Database Server dks Access dj ldsa] bl lqfo/kk dks izkIr djus ds

fy, gesa dqN Configuration djus iMrs gSaA

Database Server ls fdlh Client dks Connect djus ds fy, gesa tks Configuration djus

gksrs gSa] mu Configuration dks iwjk djus ds fy, Oracle gesa “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” uke dk ,d Tool iznku djrk gSA ;s Tool ;k rks Oracle8i ds lkFk Install gksrk gS] ;k fQj

Developer2000 ds Package ds lkFk Install gksrk gSA bl Tool dks Select djus ij gesa

fuEukuqlkj ,d Wizard fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%


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bl Dialog Box esa igys ls dqN Services Configured gksrh gSa] ftUgsa ge Modify ;k Delete dj ldrs gSa ;k fdlh Hkh Service dks Database ds lkFk Connectivity ds fy, Check dj

ldrs gSaA pwafd ge u;k Connection Service Create djuk pkgrs gSa] blfy, gesa fn[kkbZ ns jgs

pkjksa Actions esa ls “Add New Service” Radio Button dks Select djuk gksrk gS vkSj “New Service Name” Text Box esa Create fd, tkus okys u, Service dk uke Specify djuk

gksrk gSA geus ;s uke “OraDev” Specify fd;k gSA bl uke dks Specify djds Next Button ij Click djrs gh gekjs lkeus Wizard dk vxyk Dialog Box vkrk gS%

bl Dialog Box esa gesa ml Networking Protocol dks Select djuk gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk ge

Client Computer o Server Computer dks vkil esa Connect djokuk pkgrs gSa] blfy, gesa

bl Dialog Box esa TCP/IP (Internet Protocol) dks Choose djuk gksrk gSA bls Choose djds Next Button ij Click djus ij gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj vxyk Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%


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bl Dialog Box esa “Host Name” Field esa gesa ml Host Computer dk uke Specify djuk

gksrk gS] ftl ij gekjk Oracle Database Server fLFkr gSA pwafd geus ftl Computer ij Oracle Server dks Install fd;k gS] ml Computer dk uke BETALAB gS]] blfy, Host Name Field esa geus BETALAB uke Specify fd;k gSA

vius Computer dk uke tkuus ds fy, Windows NT Platform esa gesa Desktop ij fLFkr My Computer ij Right Click djus ij Popup gksus okys Popup Menu ls Properties Option dks Select djuk gksrk gSA bl Option dks Select djrs gh gekjs lkeus “System Properties” uke dk ,d Dialog Box Display gksrk gS] ftlds nwljs Tab dk uke

“Computer Name” gksrk gSA bl Tab dks Click djus ij gesa System Properties Dialog Box fuEukuqlkj nsrk gS] ftlesa gekjs Computer dk uke fy[kk gksrk gS%


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;fn ge pkgsa] rks ge blh Dialog Box ij fLFkr Change Button dks Click djds vius

Computer dk uke Change dj ldrs gSaA tc ge Change Button ij Click djrs gSa] rc

gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d vkSj Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

bl Dialog Box ds “Computer Name” Filed esa gesa gekjs Computer dk uke Selected Form esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;fn ge gekjs Computer ds uke dks cnyuk pkgsa] rks gesa gekjs

Computer dk u;k uke blh Field esa Specify djuk gksrk gSA Computer ds uke ds

Change gksus dk Effect rc vkrk gS] tc ge gekjs Computer dks Restart djrs gSaA

;fn gekjk Computer fdlh Network ls tqMk gqvk gks] rks gekjk Computer rHkh vU;

Computers ds lkFk Interact dj ldrk gS] tc mldk WORKGROUP Network ds vU;

Computers ds WORKGROUP ds leku gksA ge blh Dialog Box ds “Member of” Frame ds “Workgroup” Radio Button ds Text Field esa gekjs Computer dk Workgroup Specify dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, geus gekjs Computer ds WORKGROUP dks ORACLE_NETWORK uke

ns j[kk gSA ;fn ge ;s Workgroup Specify ugha djrs gSa] rks Computer dk Default Workgroup “WORKGROUP” gksrk gSA

Oracle Net8 Easy Config Wizard ds Dialog Box esa Host Name ds LFkku ij Server Database ds Computer dk uke Specify djus ds ckn gesa ml Port Number dks Specify djuk gksrk gS] ftl ij Oracle Client dh Request dks Listen djrk gSA


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;fn gekjk Oracle Database Server mlh Local Computer ij gks] ftl ij ge Client dks

Install dj jgs gSa] rks ge “Host Name” Field esa Localhost uke Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa] D;ksafd

tc Hkh fdlh Computer dks Lo;a dks gh Identify djuk gksrk gS] rc ge ml Computer dks

Localhost uke }kjk Identify dj ldrs gSaA Localhost uke fy[kus ds ctk; ge 127.0.0.1 IP Address Hkh Specify dj ldrs gSa] tks fd fdlh Hkh Localhost dk gh IP Address gksrk gSA

lkekU;r;k Oracle 1521 Number ds Port ij gh Client dh Request dks Listen djrk gS]

tks fd Oracle dk Default Client Connection Port gksrk gSA blfy, tc rc bl ckr dh

iwjh tkudkjh uk gks fd Oracle Server Client ds Connection dks fdl Port ij Listen dj

jgk gS] rc rd bl Port Number dks Change ugha djuk pkfg,A Host Name o Port Number dks Specify djus ds ckn Next ij Click djus ij gesa fuEukuqlkj vxyk Dialog Box fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%

bl Dialog Box esa gesa gekjs ml Global Database dk System Identifier ;kuh SID Specify djuk gksrk gS] ftls geus Oracle Server ds :i esa Install fd;k gSA pwafd geus

Oracle Server dks Install djrs le; Global Database System dk SID INVOICE Specify fd;k Fkk] blfy, bl Dialog Box ds Only Text Field esa gesa ;gh SID Specify djuk gksrk gSA

pwafd ge ,d gh Computer ij ,d ls T;knk Database Instances dks Install dj ldrs gSa

vkSj gj Database Instance dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, gj Database Instance dk ,d Unique uke o System Identifier (SID) gksrk gSA blfy, bl Filed esa SID Specify djds ge Oracle Database Server dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh nsrs gSa] fd ge fdlh

Client dks fdl Oracle Database Instance ls Connect djuk pkgrs gSaA bl SID dks


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Specify djds Next Button ij Click djus ij gekjs lkeus Oracle Net8 Easy Config Wizard dk fuEukuqlkj vxyk Windows Display gksrk gS%

bl Dialog Box ij “Test Service” uke dk dsoy ,d Button gksrk gSA bl Button dks

Click djus ij gekjs lkeus “Connection Test” uke dk ,d vkSj Window Display gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx djds ge ;s Check dj ldrs gSa fd geus tks Connection cuk;k gS] og Connection Bhd rjg ls dke dj jgk gS ;k ughaA ;s Dialog Box fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

bl Dialog Box esa gesa gekjs Server Database dk Login Username o Password Specify djds Test Button ij Click djuk gksrk gSA ;fn ;s Window gekjs Database ls

Connect gks tkrk gS rks Dialog Box esa “The connection test was successful” Message fy[kk gqvk vkrk gSA


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bl Message ds vkus dk eryc ;s gS fd vc dksbZ Hkh Client Computer tks fd bl

Database Server dks Access djuk pkgrk gS] og Oracle Database Server ls OraDev uke dh Service ;k Host String dk iz;ksx djds Connect gks ldrk gSA

Connection Successful gksus ds ckn Dialog Box ds Done Button ij Click djus ij ;s

Dialog Box Unload gks tkrk gS vkSj ge fQj ls fiNys Dialog Box ij igqap tkrs gSa] tgka gesa

Next Button o vUr esa Finish Button ij Click djuk gksrk gSA bl rjg ls ge ,d Client dks Database Server ls Connect gksus ds fy, “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” Tool dk

iz;ksx djds Configuration Perform djrs gSaA

;fn ge bl Connection dks bl ckr ds fy, Check djuk pkgsa] fd gekjk ;s OraDev uke dk Connection fdlh Client dks Database ls Connect djsxk ;k ugha] rks bl ckr dks

Confirm djus ds fy, gesa Developer2000 dks gh Oracle ds Database ls Connect djrs

gSaA Developer Client dks Database ls Connect djus ds fy, gesa Developer ds Form Builder Option dks Click djuk gksrk gS] tks fd Programs Group ds vUrxZr gksrk gSA bl

Option dks Select djus ij gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d MDI Window Open gksrk gS%


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Display gksus okys “Welcome to the Form Builder” Dialog Box dks Unload djus ds fy,

Cancel Button ij Click djsaA bl ij Click djrs gh gesa Developer IDE fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ

nsrk gS%

bl Front End dks Oracle ds Database Server ls Connect djus ds fy, gesa File Menu esa fLFkr “Connect” Option dks Select djuk gksrk gSA ;fn ge pkgsa rks “Ctrl + J” Key Combination dks Hkh Connection ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSaA tc ge bl Key Combination dks Use djrs gSa] rc gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj ,d “Connect” Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

bl Dialog Box esa gesa Database Server ds Login User Name o Password dks Fill djus ds lkFk gh ;s Hkh Specify djuk gksrk gS fd ge fdl Database ls Connect gksuk pkgrs


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gSa vkSj ge ftl Database ls Connect gksuk pkgrs gSa] ml Database dh Connection Configuration dks “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” Tool }kjk ,d Service Create djds

Specify djrs gSaA gekjs mnkgj.k esa geus bl Service dk uke OraDev fn;k gSA

;fn ge bl Connect Dialog Box ds “Database” Field ls “OraDev” “kCn dks Remove dj nsa] rks bl Form Developer Client dks ;s irk ugha py ik,xk fd mls fdl Database Server ls Connect gksuk gS vkSj og Server dgka ij fLFkr gSA bl fLFkfr esa ;s Form

Developer Client Oracle ds Server Database ls Connect ugha gks ik,xkA

;s rhuksa Information Specify djds tc ge Connect Button ij Click djrs gSa] rc fcuk

fdlh ijs”kkuh ds ;s Connect Window Unload gks tkrk gS] tks bl ckr dk Signal gksrk gS fd Form Developer Client Oracle Database Server ls Connect gks x;k gSA

tc Form Developer Client Oracle Database Server ls Connect gks tkrk gS] rc ge

Forms Developer IDE ds Object Navigator Window ds “Database Objects” Pane esa OUTLN, SYS o SYSTEM uke ds Database Objects dks ns[k ldrs gSa] tks fd gekjs

Oracle Database Server esa gskrk gS%


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ysfdu ;fn ge bl Connect Dialog Box ds Database Field dks Empty j[krs gq,

Connect Button ij Click dj nsa] rks gesa fuEukuqlkj ,d Error Dialog Box Display gksrk gS%

;s Dialog Box bl ckr dks Specify djrk gS fd gekjk Form Developer Client Oracle Database Server ls Connect ugha gks ik;k gSA bl rjg ls ge ,d Client Software ds

ek/;e ls bl ckr dh iwjh Checking dj ldrs gSa fd “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” Wizard }kjk Configuration djds tks Service geus Create dh Fkh] og lgh rjhds ls dke dj jgh gS

;k ughaA

Oracle, Client o Server dks vkil esa Connect djus lEcaf/kr Information dks

tnsnames.ora o listener.ora uke dh nks Files esa Store djrk gSA

Tnsnames.ora

bl Configuration File dk iz;ksx “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” Tool }kjk ;s r; djus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ,d Client fdl Database ls Connect gksuk pkgrk gSA ;s File ,d

Hosts File dh rjg gksrh gS] ftldk iz;ksx Host-Names dks IP Address esa Convert djus

ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;s File Client Computer ij rks Exist gksrh gh gS] lkFk gh dqN

Internal Connection Requests dh t:jr iwjk djus ds fy, Server ij Hkh Exist gksrh gSA

tc ge “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” Utility Program dks Use djrs gSa] rc gesa bl

Program ds Wizard dk igyk Window fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%


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bl Dialog Box dks ge u;k Service Create djus] fdlh Existing Service dks Modify djus ds fy,] fdlh Existing Service dks Delete djus ;k fdlh Existing Service dks

Connectivity ds fy, Test djus ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSaA

Oracle esa ftruh Hkh Services Exist gksrh gSa] mudh Information tnsnames.ora uke dh

File esa fy[kh gksrh gS] lkFk gh bl Window esa ge fofHkUu Existing Services dh tkudkjh dks

“Existing Services” uke ds List Box esa ns[k ldrs gSaA

tnsnames.ora uke dh File esa ftruh Hkh Entries gksrh gSa] mUgsa Database Alias dgk tkrk

gSA bl File dh gj Entry ml Databases dk Pointer gksrh gS] ftls Remote User }kjk Use fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls Alias blfy, dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;s Lo;a Database SID ugha

gksrk gS] cfYd ;s fdlh Database SID dk ,d nwljk uke gksrk gSA

Oracle dk Default SID ORCL gksrk gS] ysfdu ge ftl Database ls Connect gksuk pkgrs gSa] gesa mlh Database dk SID bl Wizard esa Specify djuk gksrk gSA bl Configuration esa pkj rjg ds Protocols gksrs gSa] tks vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa esa Client dks Server ls Connect djus ds fy, Use fd, tkrs gSaA TCP/IP Protocol dks Use djuk geus lh[k fy;k gSA

vU; Protocols dh ckr djsa rks Bequeath Protocol dks Oracle }kjk Internally Use fd;k

tkrk gSA bl Protocol dks ge rc Use djrs gSa] tc gekjk Database Server Hkh mlh

Computer ij gksrk gS] ftl ij ge Client dks Install djuk pkgrs gSaA tc ge SQL *Plus tSls fdlh Tool dk iz;ksx djds Database Server dks Access djuk pkgrs gSa] rc

Tnsnames.ora File esa bl Protocol ds lkFk ,d Alias dh ,d Entry gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA

bl File esa fuEukuqlkj Configuration Information Stored gksrh gS] ftls ge Modify Hkh dj

ldrs gSaA ysfdu bl File dks ,d ckj Modify dj nsus ds ckn “Oracle Net8 Easy Config” bl File dks nqckjk Use ugha dj ikrk gS] blfy, bls Manually Edit ugha djuk pkfg,A


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# C:\ORACLE\DEVLOPER\NET80\ADMIN\TNSNAMES.ORA Configuration File:C:\Oracle\Devloper\net80\admin\tnsnames.ora # Generated by Oracle Net8 Assistant ORADEV = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = BETALAB) (PORT = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = INVOICE)) ) EXAMPLE3.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = localhost) (PORT = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = invoice)) ) EXAMPLE1.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = BEQ) (PROGRAM = oracle80) (ARGV0 = oracle80invoice) (ARGS = '(DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))')) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = invoice)) ) BEQ-LOCAL.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (COMMUNITY = beq.world) (PROTOCOL = BEQ) (PROGRAM = oracle73) (ARGV0 = oracle73ORCL) (ARGS = '(DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))')) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = ORCL)) )


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EXAMPLE2.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (COMMUNITY = spx.world) (PROTOCOL = SPX) (Service = Server_lsnr)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = ORCL)) ) TCP-LOOPBACK.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (COMMUNITY = tcp.world) (PROTOCOL = TCP) (Host = 127.0.0.1) (Port = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = ORCL)) )

bl File esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd geus tks OraDev uke dh Service Create dh gSa] ml

Service dh Information dks bl File esa Bold djds fn[kk;k x;k gSA Bhd blh rjg ls ge

ftruh Hkh Services Create djrs gSa ;k tks Hkh Network Service Modify djrs gSa] ml

Modification ;k Creation dh tkudkjh bl File esa Store gksrh jgrh gS] ftls ge bl File dks Open djds ns[k ldrs gSaA

Listener.ora tnsnames.ora Configuration File dh rqyuk esa listener.ora uke dh Configuration File T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;s og Initialization File gksrh gS] tks Oracle Listener dks

Configure djus dk dke djrh gSA bl Configuration File ds fcuk Oracle dk Listener Process Run ugha gks ldrk gSA

bl File dk igyk Hkkx Listener Addresses dks Define djrk gS] tks fd os Servers, Protocols o Port Numbers gksrs gSa] tgka ij Listener Process Listening djrk gSA bl

File esa dqN Internal Addresses Hkh gksrs gSa] blfy, gesa bl File dks Alter ugha djuk pkfg,A

bl File esa Configuration Information fuEukuqlkj Store gksrh gSa% ################ # Filename......: listener.ora # Node..........: local.world


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# Date..........: 24-MAY-94 13:23:20 ################ LISTENER = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL= IPC) (KEY= oracle.world) ) (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL= IPC) (KEY= ORCL) ) (ADDRESS= (COMMUNITY= TCP.world) (PROTOCOL= TCP) (Host= hostname) (Port= 1521) ) ) STARTUP_WAIT_TIME_LISTENER = 0 CONNECT_TIMEOUT_LISTENER = 10 TRACE_LEVEL_LISTENER = OFF SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = tftp) (PROGRAM = tftpd) ) (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = sfinger) (PROGRAM = sfingerd) ) ) PASSWORDS_LISTENER = (oracle)


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Oracle aPPlicatiOn

develOPment PrOceSS


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Application Development Process

gj Application dh viuh vyx fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSa] blfy, gj Application vyx izdkj dk

gksrk gSA fQj Hkh fdlh Hkh rjg ds Applications dks Develop djus ds fy, gesa dqN ckrksa dks

/;ku esa j[kdj vkxs c<uk gksrk gSA ;gka ge mUgha ckrksa ij /;ku ns jgs gSaA fdlh Hkh

Application dks Develop djrs le; fdlh Developer dh fuEu Responsibilities gksrh gSa%

1 Application ds Database Structure dks Design djukA 2 Database Application dks Design o Develop djukA 3 Development ds vUrxZr fofHkUu izdkj dh Database t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,

SQL Codes fy[kukA 4 Application esa Business Rules o Database Rules dks Strict rjhds ls Enforce

djukA 5 Application dh Performance dh Tuning djukA 6 Application dks Maintain o Update djukA

Finding The Requirements Of The Application

fdlh Hkh Application dks Design djrs le; lcls igys gesa Application dh mu

Requirements dks gh Identify djuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa ge ml Application }kjk Solve djuk

pkgrs gSsaA gesa gekjk Focus bl ckr ij ugha j[kuk gksrk gS fd gekjs Application ls lEcaf/kr

Data D;k gS] cfYd gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk gksrk gS fd Data, Application esa Use fdl

izdkj ls gks jgk gSA tc ge gekjk Application Design djrs gSa] rks ml le; gesa fuEu lokyksa

dk tokc izkIr djus dh dksf”k”k djuh pkfg,] rkfd ge Application dh Requirements dks

Identify dj ldsa%

1 Create gksus okys Application dks dkSu Use djsxk\

2 tks yksx bl Application dks Use djsaxs] os bl Application dk iz;ksx djds fdl

dke dks iwjk djokuk pkgrs gSa\ 3 User dh t:jrksa dks Application }kjk fdl izdkj ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS\

Application dks Design djrs le; gesa ml End-User dks ftruk gks lds] mruk vius

Designing Process esa Involve djuk pkfg,A ;fn Application dks Design djrs le; gesa

End-User ls i;kZIr tkudkjh feyrh gS] rks gesa Application Development ls lEcaf/kr mu

ijs”kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk ugha djuk iMrk gS] tks Application ds Development Purpose dks

Bhd rjg ls uk le> ikus ds dkj.k iSnk gksrh gSaA


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tc gesa End-User dh Application ls Requirement dh iwjh tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gS vkSj

gesa iwjh rjg ls ;s le> esa vk tkrk gS fd End-User dks Application ls D;k Output pkfg,] rc ge User dh Requirement dks iwjk djus ls lEcaf/kr Required Data dks Identify dj

ldrs gSaA bl Step esa gesa fuEu ckrksa dks r; djuk gksrk gS%

1 User dh Requirement dks iwjk djus ls lEcaf/kr Available Data dkSuls gSa\ 2 User dh Requirement dks iwjk djus ds fy, bu Data dks Application esa fdl rjg

ls Process fd;k tk,xk\ 3 Processing ds ckn izkIr gksus okys Result dks fdl rjg ls Meaningfully rjhds ls

User dks Represent fd;k tk,xk\ 4 Develop fd;k tkus okyk Application Future esa fdl rjg ls Use fd;k tk,xk\

gekjs Application }kjk Generate gksus okyk Output End-User dks iwjh rjg ls le> esa vkuk

cgqr gh t:jh gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;fn gekjs Application }kjk Generate gksus okyk Output User dks iwjh rjg ls le> esa ugha vkrk gS] rks End-User gekjs Application dks dHkh Use djuk ilUn ugha djsxkA ;g Hkh t:jh gksrk gS fd gekjs Application dk Design bl rjg dk

gks fd ;fn dHkh Hkfo’; esa Application dks Modify djus dh t:jr iMs] rks ml Application dks Modify Hkh fd;k tk ldsA

Designing The Database

igys Step dks iwjk djus ds ckn bl nwljs Step esa gesa gekjs Application ds Data-Model dks

Design djuk gksrk gSA ;s Model gesa bl ckr dks r; djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS] fd ge gekjs

Data dks fdrus Efficient rjhds ls Store o Use dj ldrs gSaA fdlh Real-World System

dks Relational Database Management System ds :i esa Map djus ds fy, lkekU;r;k

Entity-Relationship Model dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA

ER-Model fdlh System ds lHkh Elements tSls fd Person, Place ;k Things dks

vFkok nks Entities ds chp dh Relationship dks Categorize djrk gSA bl Model esa

Entities o Relationships nksuksa dks Tables ds :i esa gh Represent fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, Order Entry System esa Order o Item nksuksa Entity ds :i esa gksrs gSa]

ftUgsa Tables ds :i esa Represent fd;k tkrk gSA vc fdl Order esa fdl Item dh

Request dh xbZ gS] bl ckr dh Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, Hkh ,d Third Table cuk;k tkrk gSA fdlh Application ds Entity-Relationship Model dks Create djus

ds fy, gesa fuEu Steps dks Follow djuk gksrk gS%


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1 gekjs Application System ls lEcaf/kr Required Entities dks Identify djukA

2 gj Entity ds mu Attributes dks igpkuuk] ftUgsa Database esa Store djuk gS vkSj

mu Attributes ds vk/kkj ij gj Entity dks Represent djus okyh Table Create djukA

3 fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh vkilh Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, gekjs

Application System ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu Entities dh Tables esa Modification djuk

;k ubZ Relationship Table Create djukA

tc ge gekjs Application System dh Modeling Entity-Relationship Model ds vk/kkj ij

djrs gSa] rc gesa vDlj Normalization uke ds ,d Step dks Modeling Process esa Include djuk gksrk gSA

T;knkrj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Database dks Third Normalization Form rd Normalize fd;k

tkrk gSA Third Normal Form esa gj Table esa dsoy ,d Primary Key gksrh gS vkSj gj

Table ds lHkh Attributes dsoy mlh Table ds Primary Key ij Depend gksrs gSaA ER Model ij vk/kkfjr ,d Proper Application esa lHkh Tables ,d Well Designed Form esa

izkIr gksrh gSaA ,d Well Designed Table ls gesa fuEu Benefits izkIr gksrs gSa%

1 ,d gh Data ckj&ckj Store ugha djus iMrs gSa] ftlls Storage dh cpr gksrh gS lkFk

gh Data ds Duplications ls Generate gksus okyh fofHkUu izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk

ugha gksrh gSaA

2 fofHkUu izdkj ds Integrity Constraints dks Tables ij Apply djus ds dkj.k

Database dh Abilities c< tkrh gSaA

3 Database dks Future dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vklkuh ls Modify djus dh

lqfo/kk izkIr gksrh gSA

Designing The Application Database dk Design cukus ds ckn ge Application dks Design djus ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gSaA

;s Hkh ,d Iterative Process gksrk gS vkSj gesa gekjs Application dks dbZ ckj Refine djuk

iMrk gS lkFk gh dbZ ckj gesa gekjs Database dks Hkh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij fQj ls Modify djuk iMrk gSA Application dks Design djrs le; gesa ftruk gks lds mruk mu End-Users dks Designing Process esa Involve djuk gksrk gS] tks gekjs Application dks Use djus okys

gksrs gSaA


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Application Design djus ds ckn ftruk tYnh gks lds] mruk tYnh gesa ml Application dks

End-Users rd igqapkuk gksrk gS] rkfd End-Users ml Application dks Use dj lds vkSj

;fn Application esa mUgsa dgha dksbZ ijs”kkuh vkrh gS] rks os mu ijs”kkfu;ksa ls gesa voxr djk ldsa

vkSj gekjs Application dks fQj ls Fine-Tune dj ldsaA

Enforcing Security

gekjs Application dk Designing Process rc rd Complete ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd ge

gekjs Application dh Security Related Requirements dks Identify ugha djrs gSaA ge gekjs

Application esa fdl User Group dks Application ds fdl fgLls dks vkSj fdl gn rd

Access djus dh lqfo/kk ns ldrs gSa] bl Step esa gesa ;gh Identify djuk gksrk gSA

gesa”kk gesa bl ckr ds fy, lko/kku gksuk gksrk gS fd End-User Application dks dHkh Hkh mldh

Limitations ls T;knk Access uk dj lds] D;ksafd gesa gesa”kk ;s eku dj pyuk gksrk gS fd

Application dks Use djus okyk User Application System dks iwjh rjg ls ugha tkurk gSA

blfy, ;fn User Application dks vko”;drk ls vf/kd NksMus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS] rks ml

fLFkfr esa mldk Important Data Lost gks ldrk gSA

End-User Application dks mruk gh Use dj lds] ftruk mls djuk pkfg,] bl ckr dks r;

djus ds fy, gesa gekjs Application esa dqN Security Settings Hkh djuh gksrh gSA ,slk djus

ij dsoy ge gh Application dks iwjh rjg ls Administrator ds :i esa Access dj ldrs gSa

vkSj Application dks xyr rjhds ls Access djus ds dkj.k iSnk gksus okyh ijs”kkfu;ksa ls cpk

ldrs gSaA

Performance Tuning Application Develop djrs le; gesa Application dh Performance dks t:jr ds fglkc ls

Tune djuk iMrk gSA Application dks Tune djus ds nks rjhds gksrs gSa%

1 Application ds Design dks Tune djukA

2 gekjs Application ds os rjhds o SQL Statements tks fd Data dks Access djus

dk dke djrs gSa] mu rjhdksa o SQL Statements dh Tuning djukA


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Maintaining and Updating

;fn ge fdlh igys ls Exist Application dks Upgrade djuk pkgrs gSa] ;k ,d ,slk u;k

Application Create djuk pkgrs gSa] tks igys ls Existing Database ij Run gksrk gS] rks gesa mijksDr fofHkUu Steps dks Use djuk iMrk gSA gesa gekjs End-User dh t:jr dks Identify djuk iMrk gS o le>uk iMrk gS vkSj fQj t:jr dks /;ku esa j[kdj Application dks Design djuk iMrk gSA ,d Database Administrator ds :i esa gesa fuEu ckrksa dks Hkh r; djuk iMrk

gS%

1 igys ls Exist Application fdl rjg ls vkSj D;k dke djrk gS\

2 dkSulk Data Available gS \ D;k muesa ls fdlh Data dks Eliminate fd;k tk ldrk

gS ;k fdlh u, Data dks Add fd;k tk ldrk gS\

3 D;k Database ds Structure esa dksbZ Modification djuk iMsxk\ ;fn Database ds

Structure dks Change djuk t:jh gS] rks fdl izdkj ls ;s Change fd;k tk,]

rkfd igys ls Stored Data dks fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ uqdlku uk gksA


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Oracle databaSe deSign


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Database Design

tc ge igyh ckj Database Create djrs gSa] rc ge vDlj Database ds Design ij dksbZ

/;ku ugha nsrs gSaA ,slk eq[;r% rc gksrk gS] tc ge dksbZ Small Application Develop djrs gSa]

ftlesa Limited Data Store djus gksrs gSa] ;k fQj ge Front-End dh Coding djus ds fy,

mRlqd gksrs gSaA

Database ftruk NksVk gksrk gS] mldk Design mruk gh de egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA fQj Hkh

Database dk Bhd rjhds ls Design uk gksuk dqN ijs”kkfu;ka rks NksVs Database esa Hkh iSnk djrk gSA fcuk O;ofLFkr Design ds Database dk Data tSls&tSls c<rk tkrk gS] fofHkUu

izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk gksus yxrh gSaA

blfy, ,d Professional Database Management System esa Database dks vPNh rjg ls

Design djuk dkQh t:jh gksrk gS] rkfd tc ml Database esa Hkfo’; esa Data dh ek=k c<

tk,] rc Hkh de ls de ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk gksaA

Database dk Design okLro esa System Design djus dk ,d iwjk Øfed Process gksrk gSA ge gekjs Database dks fdruh vPNh rjg ls Design dj ikrs gSa] ;s bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk

gS fd geus ml Database Environment dks fdruh vPNh rjg ls le>k gSA ,d Business System esa tks dqN Hkh gksrk gS] mu lHkh ckrksa dks Database ds ek/;e ls Represent djus

dk dke ,d Database Designer dk gksrk gSA

blfy, Database Hkys gh NksVk gks] gesa Database dks Bhd rjg ls Design djus dh dksf”k”k

djuh pkfg,] rkfd ml Database dks Upgrade djus] Maintain djus o Implement djus esa

ijs”kkuh iSnk uk gksA ge Database Design Process dks eq[;r% rhu Lora= Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs

gSa%

Conceptual Design bl Design esa gesa mu lHkh Requirements dh Specification rS;kj djuh gksrh gS] ftls

ge End-User ds dke djus ds rjhds }kjk Identify djrs gSaA bl Design esa gesa End-User dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gS vkSj bl rjg dk Concept rS;kj djuk gksrk gS] ftlls

End-User ds dke djus dk rjhdk fuf”pr gksrk gSA bl Design dks rS;kj djus esa

Entity-Relationship Model dk lcls T;knk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Logical Design

Conceptual Design ds vk/kkj ij gesa mi;qDr DBMS Software dk p;u djuk gksrk gS]

ftlesa bl Conceptual Design dks iwjh rjg ls o vklkuh ls Implement fd;k tk ldsA


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bl Design esa gesa Technically ;s fuf”pr djuk gksrk gS fd Database esa Redundant Data de ls de gksa vkSj Database ds Data Reliable gksA

Physical Implementation

bl Design esa ge Logical Design ds vk/kkj ij Physical Objects tSls fd Tables, Views vkfn Create djrs gSa] tks fd Design dks mi;ksxh cukrs gSaA lkFk gh blh Design esa ge Database dk Front-End Hkh Create djrs gSaA

fofHkUu izdkj ds Systems esa Use fd, tkus okys Methodology ds vk/kkj ij In Design Phases esa vUrj vkrk jgrk gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh fdlh Hkh System dks Design djrs le; gesa

bu rhuksa Phases dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A pkgs geus ftrus Hkh Design cuk, gksa] ysfdu fQj

Hkh bu esa ls fdlh Hkh Concept dks Hkwy tkuk dkQh LokHkkfod ckr gSA

;fn ge buesa ls fdlh Hkh Phase dks NksM dj Database Design djrs gSa] rks gesa bu

Phases dks ckn esa fQj ls Use djuk iMrk gS] D;ksafd buesa ls fdlh Hkh Phase dks NksMus dk

eryc gS fd gekjk Database iwjh rjg ls Bhd Design Form esa ugha gSA

gkykafd ;s rhuksa gh Phase vius vki esa Lora= gSa] fQj Hkh ;s gesa”kk ,d gh rjhds ls mi;ksx esa

ugha vkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa yxrk gS fd Physical Database Layer dk dksbZ

Particular Feature gekjs Design ij izHkko Mky ldrk gS] rks ge bl tkudkjh dks Logical-Design Phase esa mi;ksx esa ysdj vius Design dks Bhd dj ldrs gSaa vkSj gesa vDlj ,slk

djuk Hkh iMrk gSA

Conceptual Design ,d vPNk Database Design djus ds fy, gesa Data Modeling uke ds ,d Process dks

Use djuk gksrk gSA Data Model fdlh Real-World Business Environment dk Abstract Representation gksrk gS] ftlesa ml Environment ds Objects o mudh Relationship dks

Represent fd;k tkrk gSA ge fdlh General Store Business ;k fdlh ns”k dh Economy ds Budget Purpose ds fy, Modeling dj ldrs gSaA nksuksa dh Modeling dk Process leku

gh gksrk gS ysfdu budh Complexity Change gks tkrh gSA bl Model dk eq[; Purpose Environment dks Represent djuk gksrk gS] ftlesa ml Database Technology dk dksbZ

n[ky ugha gksrk gS] ftls ge Use djds vius Database dks Manage djuk pkgrs gSaA

Conceptual Phase esa ge fdlh Business Environment dk Model Create djrs gSaA bl

Design esa gesa Current System o Proposed System nksuksa ds fy, End-Users ls ftruh

gks lds mruh tkudkfj;ka izkIr djuh gksrh gS] ysfdu Business ds Current Implementation


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ij iwjh rjg ls fuHkZj ugha gksuk gksrk gS] D;ksafd Current Implementation Computerized Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj Paper Based Hkh gks ldrk gSA

bl Environment esa gesa ;s irk yxkuk gksrk gS fd Business System esa Data fdl rjg ls

Flow gks jgk gS vkSj Business System ds eq[; Processes D;k&D;k gSaA ;kuh Business System D;k dke djrk gS] mls fdu tkudkfj;ksa dks Manage djus dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj

og mu tkudkfj;ksa dks fdl rjg ls Manage djrk gSA bl Analysis ds vk/kkj ij gesa ;s r;

djuk gksrk gS fd ml Business System ds eq[; Data Items dkSuls gSa] ftUgsa Business System Handle djrk gSA bl izfØ;k dk General Approach fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

1 lcls igys Business ls Related eq[; Data Requirements dks Identify o

Define djuk gksrk gSA

2 fQj Data ds Process dks le>us ds fy, Data Flow Diagram cukuk gksrk gSA

3 fQj Data dks Entity-Relationship Diagrams ds :i esa Document djuk gksrk

gSA vkSj

4 vUr esa Diagram dks Entity ds mu Attributes dks Identify djrs gq, Complete djuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa Manage djuk gSA

;gka ge vfUre nks Steps dks gh Describe djsaxs] D;ksafd igys ds nks Steps vyx&vyx

Business ds vk/kkj ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA

Entity-Relationship Diagrams Entity-Relationship Diagrams ,d ,slk Accepted rjhdk gksrk gS] tks Environment ds

fofHkUu Entities dh vkilh Relationship dk View Represent djrk gSA bu Diagrams dks

Create djus ds dbZ rjhds gksrs gSaA ge bl Section esa lcls T;knk Use fd, tkus okys o

lcls Basic rjhds dks le>us dh dksf”k”k djsaxsA

fdlh Real-World Object dh ,d Class dks ge Entity ds :i esa Identify dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, Jobs, People ;k Cities vkfn fofHkUu Entity Classes gSaA gesa gekjs

Development esa Environment ls lEcaf/kr lHkh Entities dks Uniquely Define djuk gksrk

gSA ge ;s dke fofHkUu Entities dh Properties tSls fd Name, Age, Color vkfn Attributes }kjk dj ldrs gSaA

Attributes fdlh Hkh Entity dh os Additional Information gksrs gSa] ftUgsa ge Manage djuk

pkgrs gSaA tSls fd Job Entity ds fy, Job Title, Employee Entity ds fy, Employee Name vkfnA Visual Basic esa bl Operation dks Classes }kjk Define fd;k tkrk gS]


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ftlesa gj Entity dh Loa; dh dqN Properties gksrh gS] tks fd Logical Design esa Rows o Columns dh rjg Appear gksrh gSaA

Database Design ds ,d mnkgj.k ds :i esa ge ljy ysfdu Familiar Case dks vk/kkj cuk

jgs gSa] ftlesa Video-Rental Store ds Data dks Manage djus ds fy, ge ,d Database Design rS;kj djsaxsA

ekuyks fd ,d Video-Rental Store gS] ftldk ekfyd orZeku esa Videos dh tkudkjh dks

Spreadsheet dk iz;ksx djds Manage djrk gS] ftlls og vius Store dks vPNh rjg ls

Mange ugha dj ikrk vkSj mlds Customers dks fofHkUu izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk

iMrk gSA og vius Customers dks vkSj vPNh lqfo/kk nsus ds fy, Rent ij tkus okyh fofHkUu

Movies dh Information dks Computer ij T;knk vPNs rjhds ls Store o Mange djuk

pkgrk gS] rkfd mlds Customers Store esa miyC/k fdlh Hkh Movie dh fdlh Hkh rjg dh

tkudkjh dks T;knk csgrj rjhds ls rqjUr izkIr dj ldsaA

bl mnkgj.k esa fiNys Paragraph esa geus Business dh Requirement dks Identify fd;kA

vc bl Requirement ds vk/kkj ij ge mu egRoiw.kZ Entities dks Identify dj ldrs gSa] tks

bl Business Store dks Manage djus ls lEcaf/kr gSaA Video-Rental Store Business Environment System ls lEcaf/kr eq[; Entities fuEukuqlkj gks ldrs gSa%

• os Movies] ftUgsa ge Stock djuk pkgrs gSaA

• bu Movies dh Actual Video Copies • Movie ds Actors • Movie ds Directors • Movie dks Rent ij ysus okys Customers

Video-Rental Store Business Environment System ds eq[; Entities dks Identify djus

ds ckn gesa bu Entities ds chp dh Relationship dks Identify djuk gksrk gSA bl

Environment ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh Relationship dks ge fuEukuqlkj

Define dj ldrs gSa%

1 Actors, Movies esa dke djrs gSaA 2 Directors, Movie dks Direct djrs gSaA 3 Store esa fdlh Movie dh ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Copies miyC/k gks ldrh gSaA 4 Movie dh ,d Copy dks ,d le; esa dsoy ,d gh Customer Rent ij ys ldrk

gSA


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Entity-Relationship esa ,d ckr gesa”kk /;ku j[ksa fd Entities dks gesa”kk ,d Noun }kjk Describe fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Relationship dks gesa”kk ,d Verb }kjk Represent fd;k

tkrk gSA Conceptual Model dks Design djus dh Standard Technique esa gj Entity dks

,d Rectangle }kjk n”kkZ;k tkrk gS] tcfd Relationship dks Diamonds }kjk

Represent fd;k tkrk gSA

,d ckj fdlh Environment ls lEcaf/kr Entities o muds chp dh Relationship dks Identify dj ysus ds ckn ge Entities ds Rectangles fdlh nwljs Entity ds Rectangle ls Relate djus ds fy, nksuksa Entities ds chp Lines Draw djrs gSa vkSj Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, Draw dh tkus okyh Lines ds chp esa Diamonds dk iz;ksx djds Relationship dk mYys[k dj nsrs gSaA vUr esa gesa Entities ds gj Object dh la[;k dks Identify djuk gksrk

gS] tks fd fofHkUu Relationships esa Involved gksrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, dbZ Actors dbZ Movies esa Role Play dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu Movie dh ,d

Specific Copy dks ,d le; esa dsoy ,d gh Customer Rent ij ys tk ldrk gSA bl

izfØ;k dks Relationship dh Cardinality ;kuh vk/kkj ;k Basic dgk tkrk gSA

tc ge bl Movie Database ij Diagramming Technique dks Apply djrs gSa] rc gekjs

lkeus ,d Design vkrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh vkilh Relationship Represent gksrh gSA bl Design dk mu Business Rules ls Match djuk t:jh gksrk gS]

ftUgsa ge Users dh Requirements dks Analyze djrs le; Identify djrs gSaA bl

Database Design esa gesa fuEu Relationships izkIr gksrs gSa%

1 gj Customer dbZ Movies dks Rent ij ys tk ldrk gSA 2 Video-Rental Store esa gj Movie dh dbZ Physical Copies miyC/k gks ldrh gSaA

3 gj Movie esa dbZ Actors gks ldrs gSa vkSj gj Actor dbZ Movies esa Role Play dj ldrk gSA

4 gj Movie ds dbZ Directors gks ldrs gSa vkSj gj Director dbZ Movies dks Direct dj ldrk gSA

Adding Attributes with Entity System ls lEcaf/kr Entities izkIr gks tkus ds ckn gesa gj Entity ds mu Attributes dks

Identify djuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa Business System vius Environment esa Manage djrk gSA

Attributes os ckrs gksrh gSa] tks fdlh Object dks T;knk Details ls Describe djrh gSaA

gesa fdlh Entity dh mu lHkh lEHko Information dks lksapuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa Database esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA Movies ds lUnHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ge Movie dk Name] mldh


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Rating] Movie dh Length o Movie ds Release gksus ds Year dks Database esa Store dj ldrs gSaA lkFk gh ge bl ckr dks Hkh Database esa Store dj ldrs gSa fd gj Movie esa fdu Actors us dke fd;k gS] ysfdu bl tkudkjh dks ge Relationship }kjk Represent dj

ldrs gSa uk fd Entity }kjkA

Entities ds Attributes dks ER-Diagram esa Ellipse esa n”kkZ;k tkrk gS] ysfdu tc ge

Attributes dks bl rjg ls Represent djrs gSa] rc Diagram dkQh tfVy gks tkrk gSA

blfy, gesa Attributes dks Entity ds lkFk ,d Box ds :i esa Represent djuk pkfg,A blls

ER-Diagram u dsoy ns[kus o le>us esa ljy gks tkrk gS] cfYd blls Transaction dk

Logical Design Simple gks tkrk gSA fdlh cMs System dk ER-Diagram dkQh tfVy cu

tkrk gS] ysfdu gekjs Video-Rental Store dk Diagram bruk tfVy ugha gS] D;ksafd ;s cgqr

gh NksVk System gSA

Reviewing The Design ER-Diagram cukus o Entity ds Required Attributes dks Identify djus ds ckn gesa

Diagram dks fQj ls ns[kuk gksrk gS vkSj ;s irk yxkus dh dksf”k”k djuh gksrh gS fd D;k ;s

Design vkSj ljy cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;k ughaA

Design dks vkSj Simplify djus ds fy, ge lcls igys Entities dh la[;k dks de djus dh

dksf”k”k djrs gSa] D;ksafd fdlh System esa ftrus T;knk Entities gksaxs mudks Represent djus

ds fy, Database System esa mrus gh T;knk Tables Create djus iMsaxs vkSj fdlh

Database System esa ftrus T;knk Tables gksrs gSa] mUgsa Maintain o Update djuk mruk gh

dfBu gks tkrk gSA Entities dks de djus ds fy, gesa mUgsa Combine djuk gksrk gSA

Entities dks Combine djus ds fy, Most Commonly Use dh tkus okyh Technique ;s gS fd ;fn fdlh Entity esa cgqr gh de Code o Descriptions gksa] rks mUgsa Combine djds ,d

Entity cuk fy;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljs Entity dh Information dks igys Entity esa Fields ds :i

esa Define dj fy;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, Video dh Status o Ratings dks Store djus ds fy, nks vyx Entities cukus ds ctk; ge bu nksuksa izdkj dh Information dks fuEukuqlkj ,d gh Table esa Store dj

ldrs gSa%

Code Type Code Description RATING PG Parental guidance RATING PG-13 No children under 13


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RATING NC-17 Adults only STATUS RS Reserved STATUS AV Available STATUS RE Rented

bl rjg dh Table esa igys nks Columns Key dh rjg gksrs gSaA bl izdkj dh Tables dh

Indexing dh tk, ;k uk dh tk,] ;s ckr Table ds Implementation Stage esa r; djuh

gksrh gSA pwafd bl Table esa fofHkUu Codes cgqr gh de la[;k esa gSa] blfy, bl Table dh

Indexing djuk t:jh ugha gSA

gkykafd ;s ,d Simple Example gS] fQj Hkh ge bls FkksMk vkSj Modify dj ldrs gSaA bl

Stage esa gesa ;s irk yxkuk gksrk gS fd D;k fdlh Table esa fdlh Entity ds ,d gh Attribute dks ,d ls T;knk Fields }kjk Describe fd;k tk jgk gSA

gekjs Example esa Directors o Actors nksuksa dh Tables fdlh Person dks rFkk Movie Industry esa mu Persons ds Role dks Describe dj jgh gSaA bu nksuksa Entities dks ,d

Participant Entity ds :i esa Combine djuk dkQh lqfo/kktud gks ldrk gS D;ksafd gekjs

Database esa ;s nksuksa gh Entities Movie esa vius Role dks gh Define djus ds fy, mi;ksxh

gSaA

;s nksuksa gh Entities Hkys Actors gksa ;k Directors] ysfdu bl rjg ls bUgsa Combine djds

ge Producers ;k Screenwriter tSls vU; Persons dh Information dks Hkh bl

Participant Entity esa Store dj ldrs gSa vkSj buds fy, Hkh gesa vyx ls Tables Create djus dh t:jr ugha gSA lkFk gh bl rjg ls Combined Table ds dkj.k gesa dsoy ,d gh

Table dks Mange djus dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftlls Database dk Design FkksMk vkSj Simple gks tkrk gSA

Logical Design

,d vPNk Conceptual Design cukus ds ckn ge bl Design dks ,d Logical Design esa Convert djus dh Process “kq: dj ldrs gSaA bl Process esa Conceptual Design ds lHkh

Entities dks Logical Model esa Map fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fofHkUu Tables ds chp dh vkilh

Relationships dks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Tables ds Combination ds :i esa Implement dj

ldrs gSaA

tc Database dh Complexity Increase gksrh gS] rc fdUgha nks Designers }kjk ,d gh

System ds fy, vyx&vyx rS;kj fd, x, Design ,d tSls gksa] ,slk t:jh ugha gksrk gS vkSj


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bl ckr ls Database ds Design ij dksbZ fo”ks’k QdZ Hkh ugha iMrk gSA vkt ds le; ds

ftrus Hkh Business Systems gSa] mUgsa Market dh Requirements ds vk/kkj ij tYnh&tYnh

Change fd;k tkrk jgrk gSA

blfy, egRoiw.kZ ckr rks ;s gksrh gS] fd bu tYnh&tYnh gksus okys Changes dks gekjk

Database Proper rjhds ls Handle dj lds ;k Databases dks bu Changes ds fy,

le;≤ ij mfpr rjhds ls fcuk ijs”kkuh ds Modify fd;k tk ldsA

tc ge Simple Spreadsheet Layout esa fdlh Database dks Handle djrs gSa] rc ge ns[krs

gSa fd Spreadsheet esa ,d gh tSlh Information dks ckj&ckj Store fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge

Logical Design Create djrs gSa] rc gekjk eq[; Purpose ;s gksrk gS fd Database esa ckj&ckj Repeated Form esa Store gksus okys Data dks de ls de ,d ckj Store fd;k

tk,A ;kuh Data Redundancies dks de ls de fd;k tk,A

bl Concept dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, tc ge fdlh Database dks Design djrs gSa] rc

Design ls lEcaf/kr leL;k,a o Anomalies dh lEHkkouk de ls de gksrh gS vkSj Database dks Future dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, cMh gh vklkuh ls Modify fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ge ftl Relational Model dks Use djds viuk Database Design dj jgs gSa] ml

Relational Model dks 1970 esa Dr. E. F. Codd uke ds xf.krK us fodflr fd;k FkkA mldk

Model Simple o Discrete Data dh Tables o mu Tables ds chp dh Relationship ij vk/kkfjr gSA Relationship dks ,d Table ls nwljh Table ds Reference ds :i esa

Represent fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls Data ds Duplication dh leL;k dkQh gn rd de gks

tkrh gS] D;ksafd Relate gksus okyh nksuksa gh Tables esa ,d Same Key gksrh gS] ftlls nksuksa

Tables vkil esa Relate gks tkrh gSaA

fiNys dqN lkyksa esa Relational Model Database Management System dk eq[; vk/kkj cu

x;k gS] gkykafd vc bl Model dks Object Oriented Database Model ls Challenge fey

jgk gSA Logical Design ds Phase esa fuEu dke djus gksrs gSa%

1 Record ds izdkj dks igpkuuk vkSj mUgsa Represent djus okys Entity dh Table ds

:i esa Mapping djukA 2 Records esa Store gksus okys Fields dks igpkuuk vkSj Field esa Store fd, tkus okys

Data ds Type Definition dks Define djukA 3 Tables esa fLFkr Data dh Dependencies dks igpkuukA 4 Database dks Normalize djukA 5 Tables dh Keys dks Identify djukA


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Identifying the Record Types and Fields

geus Conceptual Design ds vUrxZr ftl Entity-Relationship Diagram ds ckjs esa tkuk gS]

og Relational Model ij vk/kkfjr Model gksrk gSA D;ksafd gekjk Logical Model Hkh ,d

Relational Model gksuk pkfg,] blfy, Conceptual Design dks Logical Design esa

Convert djuk Hkh dkQh Simple dke gSA

Logical Model dk Record Type (Table) Conceptual Model ds Entity ds leku gksrk gS]

blfy, ge Conceptual Model ds ER Diagram ds lHkh Entities ds leku gh Logical Model esa ,d Table Create dj ldrs gSaA Bhd blh rjg ls Conceptual Model esa gj Entity dk tks Attribute gksrk gS] Logical Model esa ogh Attributes Table ds Fields ds :i

esa Represent fd, tk ldrs gSaA

Identifying Any Data Dependencies Conceptual Model ds Entities dks rks ge Directly Logical Model esa Tables ds :i esa

Represent ;k Map dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu Relationship ds lkFk ge ,slk ugha dj ldrsA

Relationships dks Logical Model esa Map djus ds fy, gesa Additional Attributes Create djus iMrs gSa] rkfd ge Relationships dks Tables ds Combination ds :i esa Implement dj ldsaA ;s u, Attributes vDlj ,d Table ls nwljh Table esa References dh rjg

Appear gksrs gSa vkSj gekjs Database ds Physical Design esa ;s Foreign Keys dh rjg

Represent gksrs gSaA

pwafd Relational Database Model esa Many-To-Many dh Relationship dks Directly Represent ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Environment esa bl Relationship ds gksus dk eryc ;s

gksrk gS fd bl Relationship dh Lo;a dh Hkh dqN Characteristics gks ldrh gSaa] ftUgsa

Attributes ds :i esa bUgha Relationships esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Many-To-Many dh Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, gesa gesa”kk ,d ubZ Table cukuh iMrh gS] ftlesa nksuksa Tables ds Key Fields gksrs gSaA ,slk djus ij ,d Many-To-Many Relationship nks One-To-Many Relationships esa Convert gks tkrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, Video-Rental Store Example esa Movies o Directors Entities ds chp

Many-To-Many dh Relationship gS] D;ksafd ,d Movie ds dbZ Director gks ldrs gSa vkSj

blh rjg ls ,d Director dbZ Movies dks Direct dj ldrk gSA


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bl fLFkfr esa ge Participant_Assignment uke dk ,d u;k Table Create dj ldrs gSa] tks

fd bu nksuksa gh Entities ls ,d One-To-Many dh Relationship }kjk Relate gks tkrk gSA

;s Step eq[; :i ls ml fLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS tc gesa bl Relationship ls lEcaf/kr

tkudkjh tSls fd Payment ds Start Date o End Date dks Specify o Store djus dh

t:jr gksrh gSA

Normalizing The Database

,d ckj Record Layout cuk ysus ds ckn ge ml Record Layout (Table) ij

Normalization Process dks Apply dj ldrs gSaA bl Process }kjk ge ,d Complex Database Design dks Simple relationships ds Group ds :i essa Break Down dj ysrs gSaA

Normalization blfy, Hkh t:jh gS D;ksafd bl Process ls ,d Database System mlh

rjg ls Represent gksrk gS] ftl rjg ls ,d Real Life Business Represent gksrk gSA

Normalization dk ,d Formal Mathematical vk/kkj gS] ysfdu ;s lkjk Process okLro esa Commonsense ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS vkSj gesa Database dks vPNh rjg ls Design djus ds

fy, blh Commonsense dks Use djuk gksrk gSA Normalization ds ckn ,d Database esa fuEu fo”ks’krk,a vk tkrh gSa%

1 Database Maintain djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA 2 Database dks vklkuh ls Future Use ds fy, Expand fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3 blesa vko”;drk ls vf/kd Duplicate Data Store ugha gksrs gSaA 4 Data Inconsistencies dh lEHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA 5 Update o Delete Anomalies dk Effect de gks tkrk gSA

Codd us rhu Normal Forms Propose fd, Fks] ftlds vk/kkj ij ,d vPNk Relational Database Design rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu rhuksa Normal Forms dks First Normal Form, Second Normal Form o Third Normal Form uke fn;k x;k gSA blds vykok

Third Normal Form dks Expand djrs gq, Codd us ,d vkSj Normal Form Boyce-Codd Form iznku fd;k Fkk] tks fd Third Normal Form dk gh foLr`r :i gSA ckn esa

Researchers us Fourth Normal Form o Fifth Normal Forms dks Hkh Develop fd;k]

ysfdu T;knkrj Databases dk Third Normal Form esa gksuk ,d vPNk Relational Database Design ekuk tkrk gSA Normalization Processes dks vius Database ij

Apply djds ge vius Database esa fuEu ckrsa Ensure djrs gSa%

1 lHkh Tables ds lHkh Attributes Atomic (Individual) gksaA ;kuh dksbZ Hkh Field ,d ls

T;knk ekuksa dks Store djus esa l{ke uk gksA


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2 fdlh Table esa dksbZ Hkh Repeating Field uk gks] tks fdlh Entity ds ,d gh

Attribute dks ,d ls T;knk ckj Store djsA

3 fdlh Table ds lHkh Fields flQZ vkSj flQZ ml Table ds Primary Key ij gh Depend gksaA

4 Table dh lHkh Non-Key Attributes dks Table ls Remove dj fn;k x;k gksA

vc ge gekjs Video-Rental Store ds Database dks ysrs gSaA Video Store ds Owner us vius Data dks Excel Spreadsheet esa Store dj j[kk gSA gkykafd Microsoft Company Excel dks ,d lcls T;knk Use fd, tkus okys Unofficial Database ds :i esa ns[krh gSA

fQj Hkh ge blesa fdlh Database dks ljyrk ls Manage ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd blesa

Data dk ckj&ckj Duplication djuk iMrk gSA blesa Actor dh Information dks ,d ls T;knk

Columns esa Store djuk iMrk gS] ftlls SQL Query dks Run djuk eqf”dy gks tkrk gSA

;kuh ,d Excel Spreadsheet esa Stored Data dks Manage djuk dkQh eqf”dy gS] blfy,

gesa bl Database dks Normalize djus dh t:jr gSA

Ensure Attributes Are Atomic tc ge gekjs Database dks Normalize djrs gSa] rc lcls igys gesa gj Table ds gj Field dks bl ckr ds fy, Check djuk gksrk gS] fd og Atomic gS ;k ughaA bl fu;e dk eryc ;s

gS fd fdlh Hkh Table esa dksbZ Hkh Field ;fn ,d ls T;knk fgLlksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] rks

mldk Actual Meaning Change gks tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fdlh Table esa Pincode Number dks Store fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd 6 Digits dk gksrk gSA rks bl Number dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV nsus ij bldk Meaning lekIr gks

tk,xk] D;ksafd bls nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV nsus ds ckn blesa dqy 6 Digits ugha gksaxs] tks fd fdlh Hkh

Pincode Number dks Represent djus ds fy, t:jh gksrs gSaA

;fn ge gekjs mnkgj.k ds vk/kkj ij le>sa rks ge gekjs Database esa Actors o Directors dk uke Store djuk pkgrs gSaA ysfdu ,d uke gesa”kk ,d Composite eku gksrk gS] ftls

First_Name, Middle_Name o Last_Name ds :i esa rhu Atomic Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk

ldrk gSA blfy, Name ,d Atomic Attribute ugha gSA ;fn ge Name tSls fdlh

Composite Attribute dks Table ds fdlh ,d Filed esa Store djrs gSa] rks gesa dbZ izdkj dh

ijs”kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd Last_Name ds vk/kkj ij Table dh Sorting djuk pkgsa] rks ge

bl dke dks rHkh vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSa] tc Name ds rhuksa gh fgLlksa dks Lora= Fields esa Store fd;k x;k gksA ;kuh Normalization dh “kq:vkr djus ls igys dk dke ;gh gksrk gS] fd


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mu lHkh Fields dks Identify djds Atomic Fields esa Convert fd;k tk,] ftuesa Multi-Valued Data Store fd, tk ldrs gSaA

First Normal Form (1FN) igys Normal Form dk edln ;s gksrk gS fd fdlh Hkh Table ls Repeating Fields dks

Remove dj fn;k tk,A okLro esa ,d Pure Relational Database esa gj Object dk ,d

Structure gksrk gSA ;fn ge Video-Store dk Example ns[ksa] rks ,d Movie esa ,d ls T;knk

Actors gks ldrs gSaA ml fLFkfr esa D;k ge ,d vkSj Actor dks Store djus ds fy, Table esa ,d vkSj Field Create djsaxsA

Excel tSls Spreadsheet esa rks ,slk djuk lEHko gS] ysfdu blesa Hkh rc ge D;k djsaxs tc gesa

mu lHkh Movies dks Search djuk gksxk] ftlesa fdlh ,d Actor us gh Role Play fd;k gSA

bl fLFkfr esa gesa nks Query djuh iMsxh vkSj ekuyks fd Table esa ,d rhljs Actor dks Hkh

Store djuk gks] rks ml fLFkfr esa gesa ,d vkSj Field Create djuk iMsxk lkFk gh fdlh ,d

Actor dh lHkh Movies dks Search djus ds fy, vc gesa rhu Queries djuh iMsxhA ;kuh

ge le> ldrs gSa fd Table esa Fields dh la[;k c<k dj Actors dks Store djuk o

Manage djuk ,d vPNk Solution ugha gSA

bl fLFkfr esa gesa gekjs Movie Table ls Actor dks Remove djuk gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;s ckj&ckj

Repeat gks ldrk gSA bl Removed Field dks ,d u, Table esa Store djds ge dsoy

Actors dh gh Information dks bl u, Table esa Store dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl Table esa ge ftrus pkgsa] mrus Actors dh Information dks Store dj ldrs gSaA

Relational Database Theory o SQL esa Repeating Columns dks Restricted j[kk x;k gSA dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa Data Repetitive gksrs gSa vkSj gesa Data dks bl rjg ls Modify djuk gksrk

gS] rkfd os Database esa Fit gks ldsaA Visual Basic esa ,d Case ;s gksrk gS fd Visual Basic ds Class Object dks Table esa Convert djuk iMrk gSA

,d Object esa ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Collections Contained gks ldrs gSaA Collection dks

Table esa j[kus ds fy, gesa Object dks Deconstruct djuk iMrk gS vkSj bls Separate Tables esa Place djuk iMrk gSA fQj Object dks Recover djus ds fy, gesa bls blls

lEcaf/kr Object esa Reconstruct djuk iMrk gSA

bl leL;k dks Object Oriented Databases }kjk Solve fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd Data Collections dks Bhd mlh rjg ls Represent djus esa l{ke gksrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Visual Basic djrk gSA fQj Hkh Object Oriented Databases dh Lo;a dh dqN leL;k,a gksrh gSaA


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Oracle8 o blds ckn ds lHkh Versions Object Oriented Concept dks Support djrs gSaA

lkFk gh Oracle ds u, Versions fdlh Complex Database ds Repeating Columns dks

Nested Tables o VARRAY izdkj ds u, Data type }kjk Support djrs gSaA

;fn ge Repeating Columns dks Use djrs gq, dksbZ Database Design Implement djuk

pkgsa] rks gesa mu Columns dks Visual Basic }kjk vyx djds Use djuk iMrk gSA gkykafd

Oracle ls igys SQL esa bl izdkj dh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha Fkh] fd og Attributes ds ,d Array dks Handle dj lds] ysfdu ;fn ge Visual Basic ds Recordset }kjk Data dks Read djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ge Oracle ds ,sls Fields dks ,d Field Index }kjk Access dj ldrs gSaA

;fn ge Table esa fdlh Array dks Represent djuk pkgsa] rks lcls vPNk rjhdk ;gh gksrk gS

fd ge Array ds gj Dimension ds fy, ,d Column dks Setup djsa vkSj ,d ;k ,d ls

vf/kd Columns dks Data Values ds fy, Set djsaA ,sls Data dks Retrieve djus ds fy,

gesa Array ds Subscript dks Choose djuk gksxkA gkykafd ;s rjhdk dke djrk gS] fQj Hkh gesa

bldk ,d Alternate Use djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd Multi-Valued Data ds fy, Table ,d Ideal Design ;k Implementation ugha gskrk gSA

Repeating Columns ds Table ls Removal ds ckn ,d vfUre ckr ;s gksrh gS fd ge ,d

gh Heading okyh ,slh Reports dks dSls Develop djsa] ftlesa Records dh la[;k bruh gksrh

gS fd os ,d Page ls T;knk esa Print gksrh gS] D;ksafd Oracle esa Cross-Tabulation Function tSlh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha gSA

blfy, lcls Best Option ;gh gS fd ,sls Data dks VB esa ,d Array Format esa Hold fd;k

tk,] mls Stored Procedure esa Store fd;k tk, ;k Crystal Reports tSlk dksbZ Report Generator Use fd;k tk,] tks ;s dke dj ldsA First Normal Form ds vk/kkj ij Video-Renting Database dks Normalize djus ij gesa ,d Video Table ds LFkku ij Videos o Actors uke dh nks Tables izkIr gksrh gSaA

Repeating Columns in Real Life Database Modeling dh iqLrdksa esa Repeating Columns dk lcls Popular Example Invoicing System Create fd;k tkus okyk Invoices o LineItems dk gksrk gSA bl

fLFkfr esa Invoices dks LineItems esa Split djds Master/Detail Relationship cukuk lcls

vPNk rjhdk gksrk gSA

tSlkfd geus igys Hkh dgk gS fd Relational Database Management System esa

Repeating Columns dks Include ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

gesa Repeating Columns ds lkFk dke djus dh t:jr iMrh gSA Repeating Columns ds


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Concept esa dksbZ ijs”kkuh ugha gS] ysfdu fLFkfr cl ;gh gS fd Relational Database Repeating Columns dks Handle ugha djrk gSA

,slh fLFkfr vDlj ,sls Database esa iSnk gksrh gS] ftlesa Hourly Data dks Hold djuk gksrk gS]

ftlesa gj Hour ds lkFk ,d vyx Value dks Store djuk gksrk gSA D;k ge bl izdkj ds

Data dks bl rjg ls Normalize dj ldrs gSa] ftlls gj Hour dh Information ,d vyx

Row esa fuEukuqlkj Hold gks\

Date Hour Value

12/01/98 1 101

12/01/98 2 105

12/01/98 3 116

;k ge bl Data dks fuEukuqlkj Store dj ldrs gSa] ftlesa gh Hour ds fy, ,d vyx

Column gks\

Date Hour1 Hour2 Hour3 Hour4 etc.

12/01/98 101 105 116 116

12/02/98 105 106 108 120

12/02/98 206 206 205 NULL

bl leL;k dk ,d Solution ;s Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ge Hours dks Data ds :i esa Store djus ds ctk; Hours ds Start o Stop Duration dks Database esa fuEukuqlkj Store djsa%

Date Start Stop Value

12/01/98 0 1 101

12/01/98 1 2 105

12/01/98 2 6 116

bl izdkj ds Data dks Hold djrs le; ;s gesa r; djuk gksrk gS fd ge Data o Time nksuksa dks ,d lkFk Handle djuk pkgrs gSa ;k vyx&vyxA


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Second Normal Form (2NF) Second Normal Form dks le>us ds fy, gesa Keys dks le>uk gksrk gSA ,d ;k ,d ls

T;knk Fields ds Combination dks Key dgrs gSa] ftldk iz;ksx fdlh Table ds fdlh ,d

Record dks Identify djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA budk Unique gksuk t:jh ugha gksrk gSA

Unique Candidate Keys ds ckjs esa ge vkxs le>saxsA tc ,d ls T;knk Fields dks

Combined Form esa Use djds fdlh Key dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS] rks bl izdkj dh Key dks Composite Key dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh Keys esa lHkh Keys dk ,d nwljs ds utnhd

gksuk t:jh ugha gksrk gSA

gekjs Video-Rental Store ds mnkgj.k esa] Copy Number ds lkFk Videos ds Name dk

Column gh lcls Li’V Key gSA bu nksuksa Fields ds Combination dks Use djds ge gekjs

Entire Stock esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh Video dks Identify dj ldrs gSaA

ge ns[ksaxs fd Video Table ds dqN Non-Key Fields bl Key Combination ij Depend gksrs gSa] tSls fd Acquisition dh Date o Status tcfd dqN Non-Key Fields tSls fd

Movie dh Release dk Year o Length Loa; Video ij Depend gksrs gSaA

tc fdlh Table ds dqN Attributes mlh Table ds Key Combination ij Depend ugha gksrs gSa] cfYd ml Key Combination ds fdlh ,d Field ij gh Depend gksrs gSa] rks bl izdkj dh

Dependency dks Partial-Key-Dependency dgk tkrk gSA

Second Normal Form dk fu;e dgrk gS fd fdlh Hkh Table esa dksbZ Hkh Partial Key Dependencies ugha gksuh pkfg,A Video-Store ds Example esa Release Date o Movie Length ;s nksuksa Attributes Entire Key Combination ds dsoy ,d Field Film Name ij gh Depend gSA blfy, bl Table dks Second Normal Form esa ykus ds fy, gesa bu Fields dks fdlh nwljs Table esa Shift djuk gksxk] ftls ge ;gka ij Movies uke ns jgs gSaA Actors dh Table igys ls gh bl Form esa gS D;ksafd geus bls blh rjg ls Create fd;k gSA

Time-Dependent Data Database Design djrs le; ,d ,slh leL;k Hkh gekjs lkeus vkrh gS] ftlesa gesa ,sls Data dks Handle djuk gksrk gS] tks fd Time Dependent gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge Stock-Market dks ys ldrs gSa] ftlesa fdlh Product dh Rate fdlh Hkh le; Change gks ldrh gS]

ysfdu Purchase djrs le; Product dh flQZ ,d gh Rate Apply gksrh gSA


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okLro esa bl leL;k esa nks vyx izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ka gSaA igyh ;s fd gesa Purchase Order ij Price dh ,d Local Copy dks Hold djuk gksxk D;ksafd blh Rate dks fQj ls izkIr djuk

yxHkx vlEHko gksxkA bl dke dks yxHkx lHkh Purchasing System esa fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd

Product dh Price fdlh Hkh le; Change gks ldrh gSA

nwljh ijs”kkuh ;s gksrh gS fd Product ds Price dh Changes ds Historical Records dks

Store djuk vkSj Hkh T;knk dfBu dke gksrk gS D;ksafd bl Historical Data dks Store djus ds

fy, gesa ,d vkSj Table Create djuh iMrh gSA

Second Normal Form ds vk/kkj ij Video-Renting Database dks Normalize djus ij gesa

vc nks dh ctk; Videos, Movies o Actors uke dh rhu Tables izkIr gksrh gSaA

Third Normal Form (3NF)

fdlh Hkh lkekU; Database dks ftl vfUre Normal Form esa Normalize djuk gksrk gS] og

Third Normal Form gS vkSj bls le>uk igys nksuksa Normal Forms dks le>us dh rqyuk esa

dqN T;knk dfBu gSA bl Normal Form esa gesa Technically Database ls lHkh Transitive Dependencies dks Remove djuk gksrk gSA

ljy “kCnksa esa dgsa rks gesa ,slh Situations dks Avoid djuk gksrk gS ftlesa fdlh Table ds

fdlh ,d Non-Key Field dks Change djus dk eryc ;s gksrk gS fd gesa nwljs Non-Key Field dks Hkh Change djuk gksxkA

blh ckr dks ;fn ge nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh Table ds lHkh Non-Key Fields dks Primary Key ij Depend gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Non-Key Field iwjh rjg ls Primary Key ij Depend ugha gS cfYd mlh Table ds fdlh nwljs Non-Key Field ij Depend gS] rks Transitive Dependent Non-Key Field dks gesa gekjh Table ls

Remove djds fdlh nwljh Table esa Store djuk gksrk gSA ;kuh lkjka”k esa dgsa rks fdlh

Table ds lHkh Non-Key Fields dk dsoy mlh Table ds Primary Key ij Depend gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA

gekjs mnkgj.k esa ge ;s eku jgs gSa fd ge Movie ds Director ds Gender dks Hkh Record esa Store djrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa Movie dk Director Movie ij Depend gS ysfdu Director dk

Gender Movie ij Depend ugha gS] cfYd Director ij Depend gSA blfy, Director dk

Gender Movie ij Directly Depend ugha gSaA

vr% 3NF Process dks Apply djus ij gesa Movie dh Table ls Director dh Information dks Movie dh Table ls Remove djds Participant dh Table esa Place djuk gksxkA lkFk


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gh gesa Movie esa Director ds Role dks ,d Description ds Field esa Store djuk gksxk] rkfd

gesa ;s irk py lds fd Director us fdlh Particular Movie esa D;k Role Play fd;k gSA

tc ge gekjs Database ij Third Normal Form dks Apply djrs gSa] rc gekjs Database ds

Tables dh la[;k pkj gks tkrh gS] tks fd Actors, Directors, Movies o Videos gSaA

Storing Derived Data

ge gekjs Database esa ;fn ,slh Values dks Store djrs gSa tks fdlh nwljs Field dh Value ls Derive gks ldrh gS ;k fdlh nwljs Field dh Calculation ls Generate gksrh gS] rks gekjk Design Third Normal Form esa ugha gksrk gSA

fQj Hkh dbZ ckj ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka iSnk gks tkrh gSa] ftuesa gesa Derived Data dks Tables esa Store djuk t:jh gksrk gSA bl rjg dh Situation rc iSnk gksrh gS tc cgqr lkjs Server Resources repeatedly fdlh Value dks Calculate djrs gSaA vDlj gesa Detail Rows dh

Total djrs le; ;s dke djuk iMrk gSA

lkFk gh ,slh ifjfLFkfr rc Hkh iSnk gksrh gS tc fdlh Derived Value dks ckn esa fQj ls Re-Create djuk vlEHko gksrk gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa gesa Derived Values dks Hkh Table esa Store djus dh t:j iMrh gSA

tc ge Performance dh ckr djrs gSa] rc dksbZ Hkh Master/Detail Relationship Derived Values dks Store djus okyk Candidate gksrk gSA Movie Database esa] tgka gekjs Movies o Videos Entities ds chp esa One-To-Many dh Relationship gS] ge dqy Videos dh

la[;k dks Movies Entity esa Store dj ldrs gSaA ;s ,d ,slh Situation gksrh gS] ftlds ckjs esa

gesa Design Stage esa cgqr lksapuk iMrk gSA

gkykafd bls ckn esa Hkh Add fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu bl izdkj dh Derived Values dks vHkh

ls Maintain djus ds ckjs esa /;ku j[kuk pkfg,] rkfd og Details tks fd bl Value dks

Generate djrk gS] gesa”kk bldh Summary ls Agreed jgsA

Video Store Database esa] lEHkor;k bl ckr dh tkudkjh j[kus dh dksbZ fo”ks’k t:jr ugha gS

fd fdlh Movie dh dqy fdruh Copies miyC/k gS] ysfdu gekjh ifjfLFkfr esa ;s fu.kZ;

Performance ds fygkt ls dqN tfVy gks ldrk gSA


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Boyce-Codd Normal Form

geus vHkh rd ftu rhu Normalization Forms ds ckjs esa tkuk] mudks fdlh Hkh Database ij Apply dj nsus ls og Database T;knkrj Anomalies o Redundancies ls eqDr gks

tkrk gSA fQj Hkh Third Normal Form esa Hkh dqN ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka iSnk gks tkrh gSa] ftuls dqN

Special izdkj dh Problems dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA

bl izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ksa dks Researchers us 1980 esa igpkuk vkSj bl izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ksa ls

cpus ds fy, nks vkSj Normal Forms Fourth Normal Form o Fifth Normal Form dks

Develop fd;kA Boyce-Codd Normal Form, Third Normal Form o Fourth Normal Form ds chp dh fLFkfr dks Represent djrk gSA

oSls ;fn gekjk T;knkrj le; Database Design djus esa gh xqtjrk gS] rks gesa bu rduhdksa

dks le>us dh t:jr iMrh gS vU;Fkk T;knkrj Databases dks Third Normal Form rd gh

Normalize fd;k tkrk gSA

Simplify the Design Normalization djus ds ckn gesa fQj ls gekjs Design dks ns[kuk pkfg, vkSj ;s irk yxkus dh

dksf”k”k djuh pkfg, fd D;k bl Design dks vkSj Simple cuk;k tk ldrk gS vFkok D;k

bldh Flexibility dks vkSj Improve fd;k tk ldrk gS\

Logical Design ds First Hkkx esa] tgka ge Data Dependencies dks Identify dj jgs Fks] geus

ns[kk Fkk fd Actors o Directors Table ds Contents dkQh gn rd Similar gSaA bu Individual Persons dh Information dks ,d gh Table esa Store djus ds fy, geus

Participants uke dh ,d Table cukbZ Fkh vkSj Movie esa buds Role dks Store djus ds

fy, geus Participant_Assignment uke dh ,d nwljh Table cukbZ FkhA

gkykafd Actors o Directors nks Entity dh nks Tables ds vk/kkj ij geus Participants o Participant_Assignment uke dh fQj ls nks Tables gh Create dh gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh geus

bu nksuksa Tables dh Flexibility dks Improve dj fn;k gS vkSj bu nksuksa Tables esa

Assignments o Different Roles dh Information dks vklkuh ls Hold dj ldrs gSaA

bl rjg ls vc gekjs ikl gekjs Database ls lEcaf/kr ikap Tables Videos, Movies, Participants, Participant_Assignment o Customers dh Tables gksaxhA Customer dh

Table dk mYys[k geus igys ugha fd;k gS] ysfdu pwafd fofHkUu izdkj ds Videos dks fofHkUu

Customers gh Rent ij ys tkrs gSa] blfy, dkSulk Customer fdl Video dks Rent ij ys


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x;k gS] bl ckr dh tkudkjh Store djus ds fy, gesa Customer Table dks Hkh vius

Database esa Include djuk gksxkA

Database De-Normalization Database ds Design dks Third Normal Form esa ykus ds ckn] gesa igyh Table ls ikapoh

aTable rd Move djuk gksrk gSA gkykafd geus Database dks Pure Form esa Design djus

ds fy, dkQh le; fy;kA

ysfdu ,d Pure Database Design dks Use djus ij Database dh Performance esa deh

vk ldrh gSA Ideal :i esa ns[ksa rks ge tc Hkh fdlh Database ls fdlh Data dks izkIr djuk

pkgrs gSa] gesa ml Data dks izkIr djus ds fy, rhu ;k pkj Tables ls T;knk dk Reference Use ugha djuk pkfg,A

;fn ge ,slk djrs gSa ;kuh Required Data dks izkIr djus ds fy, gesa vf/kdre pkj Tables ls T;knk Tables dks Use djuk iMrk gS] rks bl izdkj ds Data dks izkIr djus ds fy, gesa

Complicated Queries Create djuh iMrh gS] ftlls Database dh Performance dkQh

izHkkfor gksrh gSA

bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa gesa gekjs Normalization Process ds ,d ;k ,d l vf/kd

Steps dks Undo djuk gksrk gS] ftls Database dk “De-Normalization” Process dgk

tkrk gSA bl dke dks gesa cgqr gh lko/kkuh ls djuk gksrk gSA De-Normalization ds fy, ge

Code tables dks Choose dj ldrs gSa] fo”ks’kr% rc tc ge cgqr lkjh Tables dks Use dj

jgs gksrs gSaA

;fn fdlh Record dks Identify djus ds fy, Code ds LFkku ij Full Name dks Use djsa] rks

gekjs Database dh Performance rks c< tkrh gS] ysfdu gekjk Database T;knk Storage Space Lose djrs gSaA blh rjg ls ge dbZ vkSj rjhds Use dj ldrs gSa] ftuls gekjs

Database dh Performance c< ldrh gS] ysfdu Performance gesa”kk fdlh uk fdlh

Trade-Off ls Related gksrh gSA

Keys Database dks Normalized Form esa ykus ds ckn gesa ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd ge fdlh

Table ds fdlh Unique Record dks fdl rjg ls Uniquely Identify dj ldrs gSaA

Relational Database Table dh gj Row dk vyx gksuk t:jh gksrk gS vkSj gj Table esa de ls de ,d ,slk Attribute gksuk t:jh gksrk gS] tks fdlh Record dks Uniquely Identify


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dj ldsA bu Attributes dks Candidate Keys dgk tkrk gSA t:jr gksus ij ge ,d ls

vf/kd Attributes dk iz;ksx djds Hkh fdlh Record dks Uniquely Identify dj ldrs gSaA bl

izdkj dh Combined Fields okyh Key dks Composite Key dgrs gSaA

Video-Store Database ds Design ds bl Stage esa gesa lHkh Tables ds fy, Candidate Keys dks Identify djuk gksrk gSA Participants Table ds fy, Actor ;k Director dk uke

Candidate Key gks ldrk gS] ysfdu uke dks dHkh Hkh Candidate Key ds :i esa Use ugha djuk pkfg,A Videos Table ds Case esa gesa ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd ge MovieName dks

Candidate Key dh rjg Use djsa ;k VideoNumber dksA ,d vPNk Alternative ;s gS fd

ge Video Table ds fy, ,d vyx Unique Key dk iz;ksx djsa vkSj Movie Table ds fy,

,d vyx Unique Key dk iz;ksx djsaA

Primary Key Primary Key ,d ,slh Key gksrh gS tks fdlh Table esa fdlh Record dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Use dh tkrh gSA Primary Key okys Attribute dks dHkh Hkh Null ugha j[kk tk

ldrk vkSj blesa leku Values dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Oracle esa ge fdlh Table esa dsoy ,d gh Primary Key dks Define dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu Table dh vU; Candidate Keys ds fy, ge Unique Keys dks Define dj ldrs gSaA bu Unique Keys esa Null Assign fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu Practically ge bUgsa ,slk Define djrs gSa fd buesa Null Store uk fd;k tk ldsA gesa gj Table ds fy, ,d Primary Key dks Define o Implement djuk pkfg,A gkykafd budk iz;ksx Query esa gesa”kk ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu Visual Basic dsoy

mUgha Tables dk Updatable Recordset Create dj ldrk gS] ftuesa Primary Keys dks

Define fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

Surrogate Key ekuyks fd ge fdlh Table esa fdlh ,sls Field dks Identify ugha dj ikrs gSa] ftls Unique Key dh rjg Use fd;k tk ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd geus tks Database cuk;k gS mlesa Actors dh Table esa Actor ds First Name o Last Name ds Combination dks

Primary Key ds :i esa Use fd;k gS vkSj gesa tgka Hkh fdlh Actor dks Specify djus dh

t:jr iMh gS] geus blh Key dks Use fd;k gSA

vc ekuyks fd fdlh Actor us viuk uke Change dj fy;kA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa ge ml

Actor dks vius Database esa fdl izdkj ls Uniquely Identify djsaxs \ lkFk gh ;fn ge

Actor ds First o Last Name ds Combination dks Primary Key ds :i esa Use djrs gSa]

rks ;fn ,d gh uke ds ,d ls T;knk Actors dks Database dh Actors Table esa Store djuk


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gks] rks ge ;s dke ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Primary Key dk Repetition ugha fd;k tk ldrk

gSA

;fn ge uke dks Primary Key dh rjg Use djsa] rks blh rjg dh cgqr lkjh ijs”kkfu;ka gekjs

lkeus iSnk gks ldrh gSaA bu lHkh ijs”kkfu;ksa dh Detail esa uk tkrs gq, lkjka”k esa ;gh ckr ;kn

j[kuh pkfg, fd dHkh Hkh fdlh ,sls Attribute dks Primary Key ds :i esa Set ugha djuk

pkfg,] ftlds Change gksus dh lEHkkouk gksA

bl izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ksa ls cpus ds fy, ge Surrogate Keys dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;s ,d

Free Form Number ;k Alphanumerical “kCn gksrk gS] ftldk dksbZ Meaning ugha gksrk gS vkSj ;s Table ds fdlh Hkh Attribute ls Independent gksrh gSA

ge bldk iz;ksx lkekU;r;k Primary Key ds :i esa djrs gSaA MS-Access esa Primary Key dks Assign djus ds fy, bl izdkj dh Key dks Autonumber Data Type }kjk Generate fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd Oracle esa bl rjg ds Number dks Generate djus ds fy, gesa

Sequence Generator dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA

Surrogate Keys dh dqN dfe;ka Hkh gSaA ;fn ge fdlh Record dh Key ugha tkurs gksa] rks ge

ml Record dks vklkuh ls Locate ugha dj ldrs gSa vkSj ml Required Record dks Find djus ds fy, lEHkor;k gesa iwjh Table esa Search djuk iM ldrk gSA bl leL;k ls cpus ds

fy, gesa ml Attribute ij ,d Non-Unique Index dks Hkh Place djuk gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge Participants Table esa Surrogate Key dks Primary Key dh rjg

Use djrs gSa] rks MovieName Attribute ds lkFk gesa ,d Index dks Hkh Place djuk gksxk

rkfd ge fdlh Personal Information dks Quickly Locate dj ldsaA Indexes ds ckjs esa ge

vkxs vPNh rjg ls le>saxsA

Surrogate Key ds lkFk nwljh leL;k ;s gS fd tc ge nks Different Source ls Data dks

Merge djuk pkgrs gSaA ;s ifjfLFkfr rc iSnk gks ldrh gS tc gekjh Company fdlh nwljh

Company esa Merge dh tk jgh gks ;k ge gekjs Data dks fdlh Warehouse dks Copy dj

jgs gksaA ;fn nks Compare dh tk ldus ;ksX; Tables esa Surrogate Keys gksa] rks Merging ds le; Duplication dh leL;k Generate gks ldrh gSA

gkykafd Surrogate Keys ds lkFk ,slh gh dqN NksVh&NksVh leL;k,a gSa] fQj Hkh blds Qk;ns ds

fglkc ls ;s Disadvantages dkQh ekewyh gSa] ftUgsa vU; rjhdksa ls Manage fd;k tk ldrk

gSA bu Surrogate Keys dks gh fdlh Related Table esa Reference djus ds fy, Foreign Keys dh rjg Use fd;k tkrk gSA


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Foreign Key Foreign Key Child ;k Detail Table ls Parent ;k Master Table esa fdlh ,d Row dk

Reference gksrk gSA gekjs mnkgj.k esa Videos Table ,d Detail Table gS vkSj Movies Table ,d Master Table gS] blfy, bl mnkgj.k esa Foreign Key Videos Table ls

Movies Table esa fdlh ,d Row dk Reference gksxkA

dkSulh Table Child/Detail gS vkSj dkSulh Table Parent/Master gS] bl ckr dks r; djus ds

fy, gesa One-To-Many dh Relationship dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA ftl rjg ls One Parent ds Many Child gks ldrs gSa] mlh rjg ls ,d Master ;k Parent Table ds ,d

Record ls dbZ Child ;k Detail Record Reference gks ldrs gSaA

Child vius Parent dks ,d Foreign Key }kjk Identify djrk gS] tks fd Child Table dk

,d Attribute gksrk gSA Child Table dk ;s Attribute Parent Table ds ,d Attribute ls Tie ;k Bind gksrk gS vkSj Parent Table dk og Attribute Parent Table dk Primary Key gksrk gSA ;kuh Parent/Master Table dk Primary Key Attribute mlds Child/Detail Table esa Foreign Key gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, Videos Table esa ,d Foreign Key Attribute gksrk gS] tks fd ogh Value Hold djrk gS] tks Value Movies Table ds Primary Key esa gksrk gSA Relationships dks

bl rjhds ls le>uk FkksMk vthc yx ldrk gS] ysfdu Relational Database Management System esa ,d Parent Object dks ;s irk ugha gksrk gS fd mlds Child dkSu&dkSu ls gks

ldrs gSa] blfy, Child Tables dks ,d Foreign Key }kjk Parent Table dks Lo;a ;s crkuk

iMrk gS fd os mlds Child gSaA

Oracle esa ,d Special Constraint gksrk gS] tks bl ckr dh tkap djus dk dke djrk gS] fd

;fn Parent Table uk gks rks dksbZ Child Table mlds Parent dks Refer ugha dj ldsA bl

Foreign Key Constraint dks Referential-Integrity Constraint dgk tkrk gSA

bl Constraint ds vk/kkj ij ;fn ge fdlh ,sls Detail/Child Table esa fdlh Record dks

Input djrs gSa] ftldk Parent ugha gS] rks Oracle ml Record dks Database esa Store ugha djus nsrk gSA


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Oracle databaSe deSign

a cOmPlete examPle


1

How to Buy from BccFalna.com इस Website पर उपलब सभी Saleable Hindi EBooks के साथ “ADD TO CART” नाम का एक Button

Attached है। आप जो भी पुस क खर�दना चाह ेह�, उसके साथ Associated ADD TO CART Button को Click

कर े ह� वह पुस क आपके Shopping Cart म� Add हो जा ी है:

य�द आप अपने Shopping Cart म� कई पुस क� Add कर े ह�, ो Extra Discount पार हो ा है, जो �क

Discount Amount व Discount Amount घटाने के बाद सभी पुस क� के Total Payable Amount के रप म� इसी My Shopping Cart म� उपरोक �चतानुसार �दखाई दे ा है।

सभी वां�छ पुस क� अपने Shopping Cart म� Add करने के बाद अपना Order Place करने हे ु Checkout Button को Click करना हो ा है। प�रणामस वरप �नम नानुसार Checkout Page Display हो ा है, जहां आपको अपनी Billing Details को Specify करके अपना Payment Mode Select करना हो ा है:

http://www.bccfalna.com/how-to-pay/

http://www.bccfalna.com/shop/

2

य�द आप इन पुस क� को खर�दने के �लए Total Payable Amount का भुग ान अपन ेDebit Card (ATM,

Credit Card), Cash Card अथवा Net Banking) दवारा घर बैैे करना चाह ेह�, ो आपको Online Payment Option Select करना हो ा है।

ले�कन य�द आपके पास �कसी पकार का CCAvenue Supported Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card) या Cash

Card नह�ं है, न ह� आपके पास �कसी Bank क� Internet या Mobile Banking सु�व ा है, ो उस िसथ� म� अपना Offline Order Place करने के �लए Offline Manual Payment Option को Select कर सक े ह�।


3

Online Payment using CCAvenue

जब आप Online Payment Option को Select कर े हुए “Place order” Button पर Click कर े ह�, ो आपके

सामन े�नम नानुसार Page Display हो ा है:

अपनी सु�व ा अपन ेDebit Card (ATM, Credit Card), Net Banking, Cash Card या Mobile Payments

Option को Select क�िजए और उपरोक �चत म� द ाशए अनुसार सभी जरर� Payment Information को Fill

करके Make Payment Button पर Click क�िजए था आगे आने वाले Payment Security से सम बं� Step

(Login/Password/Pin) Follow क�िजए, ा�क आपका Total Payable Amount आपके Bank A/c से हमारे Bank

A/c म� Transfer हो सके।


4

आपका Payment Transfer हो े ह� आप �नम न �चतानुसार My Account Page पर पहंुच जा े ह�, जहां पर आप

दवारा Order क� गई सभी पुस क� के Download Links हो ेह�, साथ ह� आपको Automatically एक Email भी Send कर �दया जा ा है, िजसम� आप दवारा खर�द� गई पुस क� के Download Links हो े ह�:


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5

Offline Payment using Manual Ways

जब आप Offline Manual Payment Option को Select कर ेहुए “Place order” Button पर Click कर े ह�, ो Click कर े ह� आपका Order Place हो जा ा है और आपके सामने �नम नानुसार Page Display हो ा है:

ये Webpage आप दवारा Place �कए गए Order क� Information के साथ ह� Order क� गई पुस क� के

Download Links पार करने के �लए Follow �कए जाने वाले अगले Step क� जानकार� भी दे ा है, साथ ह� इस Page पर �दखाई देन ेवाल� सार� Information आपको आपके Email पर भी Send कर द� जा ी है, िजन ह� Follow कर े हुए आप अपन ेTotal Payable Amount का Offline Manual Payment करके अपनी Order क� गई पुस क� के Download Links पार कर सक े ह�।

जब आप इस Offline Manual Payment Option को Select कर े हुए Order Place कर े ह�, ो आपका Order

ब क On-Hold Status म� रह ा है, जब क �क आप Offline Manual Payment Page पर Specified �कसी भी र�के का पयोग कर े हुए अपना Total Payable Amount, हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit नह�ं कर दे े।

अपना Total Payable Amount हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit करने के बाद आपको हमारे Mobile No.:

097994-55505 पर Call/Miss Call करके अपन ेPayment Transfer/Deposit करने से सम बं� जानकार� देनी हो ी है। जैसे ह� आपका Call/Miss Call हम� पार हो ा है, हम अपना Bank A/c Check कर े ह� और जैसे ह� आपका Payment हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit हो ा है, हम आप दवारा Order क� गई पुस क� का Download Link Manually Activate कर दे े ह�।


http://www.bccfalna.com/how-to-deposit-payment/


http://www.bccfalna.com/payment-options/

http://www.bccfalna.com/payment-options/

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प�रणामस वरप आपको Automatically एक EMail पार हो ा है, िजसम� आप दवारा Order क� गई सभी पुस क� के Download Links हो ेह�, िजन ह� आप अगले 48 घण ट� के दौरान Download कर सक ेह�। साथ ह� आपके

Download Links के Activate होने क� Information हम आपको Call/SMS के माध यम से भी दे े ह�।

जब�क अपने Order क� Current Status देखने के �लए आप Website के Menubar म� �दखाई देने वाले My

Account Menu Option पर Click कर सक े ह�, जहां आपके Order क� Current Status Information �नम न

�चतानुसार �दखाई दे ी है:

चंू�क ये सारा Process हम� व आपको Manually Follow करना हो ा है, इस�लए इस Offline Manual Payment

दवारा Order करने क� िसथ� म� पुस क� का Download Link पार होने म� 5 से 10 �मनट का समय लग ा है।

एक बार Download Link Activate हो जाने के बाद आप अपनी खर�द� गई पुस क� को अपन ेMy Account Page से भी Download कर सक े ह�, जहां Download Link Activate होने के बाद आपको अपना My Account

Page �नम न �चतानुसार �दखाई देने लग ा है:






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इसके अलावा �कसी Particular Order क� Details पार करन ेके �लए आप इस My Account Page पर �दखाई देने वाले View Button को भी Click कर सक ेह�।



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Offline Manual Methods to Pay “Total Payable Amount” viuk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, vki viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh rjhds dks Use dj ldrs gSa%

Fund Transfer Using ATM Machine orZeku le; esa yxHkx lHkh Banks viuh ATM Machine }kjk Fund Transfer djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrs gSa] tgka vki vius ATM Card }kjk gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank Account esa viuh iqLrdksa dk Total Payable Amount Transfer dj ldrs gSaA vr% ;fn vkids ikl fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh State Bank dk Debit Card gS%

• SBI (State Bank of India) • SBBJ (State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur) • SBH (State Bank of Bikaner and Hyderabad) • SBP (State Bank of Bikaner and Patiala) • SBM (State Bank of Mysore) • SBT (State Bank of Travancore)

vFkok PNB (Punjab National Bank) ;k BOB (Bank of Baroda) dk Debit Card gS] rks vki SBI/PNB/BOB ds ATM Machine ls Hkh viuk Payment gekjs SBI/PNB/BOB Bank A/c esa Transfer dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki SBI ATM Machine ls gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa Payment Transfer djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks fuEu Steps dks Follow djuk gksrk gS% SBI ATM Machine esa viuk Debit Card, Swipe dhft,A ATM Screen ds Bottom Right Corner esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys Transfer uke ds Option dks

Select dhft,A vius Debit Card dk PIN Number Enter dhft,A vc Card to Card Transfer uke ds Option dks Select dhft,A vc gekjs SBI Debit Card Number (6220180786800030243) dks Enter dhft,A vc gekjs SBI Debit Card Number (6220180786800030243) dks nksckjk Enter dhft,A vc Transferable Amount ds :i esa Total Payable Amount Specify dhft,A vc vius Account Type (Savings or Checking) dks Select dhft,A mijksDr lHkh Steps lgh rjhds ls Follow gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkidk Transaction

Complete gks pqdk gS vkSj Total Payable Amount yxHkx rqjUr gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa tek gks tkrk gSA


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Bhd blh rjg ds Steps vkidks ml le; Hkh Follow djus gksrs gSa] tc vki PNB या BOB ds

ATM Machine ds ek/;e ls gekjs PNB Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount, Card to Card Transfer djrs gSaA gkykafd vki HDFC, IDB, ICICI tSls dbZ vU; ATM Machines }kjk Hkh Card to Card Transfer dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn nksuksa Debit Cards leku Banks (PNB, SBI or BOB) ds u gksa] rks Transaction Perform gksus esa 24 ls 96 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA

blfy, bl fLFkfr esa csgrj ;gh gksrk gS fd ;fn vkids ikl Net Banking, Mobile Baking, AirTel Money ;k SBI/PNB/BOB Debit Card fdlh Hkh rjg dh lqfo/kk u gks] rks vki Total Payable Amount dk Payment djus ds fy, Cash Deposit rjhds dks gh Use djsa vFkok Bank esa tkdj NEFT Transfer Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ftlesa vkidk Payment vf/kdre 4 ?k.Vs ds njE;ku gekjs Bank A/c esa Deposit gks tkrk gSA

Payment Transfer Using Net-Banking ;fn vkids ikl Net-Banking dh lqfo/kk gS] rks vki Payment Transfer djus ds fy, vius Account esa Login djds fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Payment Deposit dj ldrs gSa%


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tc vki Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls Payment djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks yxHkx 8 ls 24 ?k.Vs igys gekjs ml Account dks Beneficiary ds :i esa vius Bank A/c ls Link djuk iMrk gS] ftlesa vki Payment Transfer djuk pkgrs gSaA tc ,d ckj gekjk Bank Account Beneficiary ds :i esa Activate gks tkrk gS] mlds ckn vki ml Bank Account esa viuk Total Payable Amount Transfer dj ldrs gSaA

Pay with Mobile-Banking or AirTel Money ;fn vkius vius Mobile Number ij AirTel Money uke dh Service dks Activate fd;k gqvk gS] rks vki vius Mobile }kjk AirTel Money Account ds ek/;e ls Hkh gesa Payment dj ldrs gSaA tcfd ;fn vkius vius Bank ls Mobile Banking dh lqfo/kk dks Activate djok;k gqvk gS] rks vki vius Mobile }kjk gesa Mobile-Banking ds ek/;e ls Hkh Payment Transfer dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki viuk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, AirTel Money ;k Mobile Banking Transfer lqfo/kk dks Use djrs gSa] rks vkidk Payment rqjUr gekjs Account esa Transfer gks tkrk gSA blfy, rqjUr EBooks izkIr djus gsrq Payment Transfer djus dk ;s lcls rst rjhdk gSA tcfd blds vykok tks nwljk lcls rst rjhdk gS] og ATM Machine }kjk Fund Transfer lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Payment Transfer djuk gSA tcfd Internet-Banking ml fLFkfr esa dkQh /khek Process gS] tc vki igyh ckj Payment dj jgs gksrs gSa] D;ksafd First Time Payment djus ls igys vkidks Beneficiary ds :i esa gekjs fdlh ,d Bank Account dks vius Bank Account ls Link djuk iMrk gS vkSj bl Process esa Payment Transfer gsrq gekjk Bank Account Activate gksus esa de ls de 8 ls 24 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA gkykafd ,d ckj Account Activate gks tkus ds ckn vkidk Transfer rqjUr gks tkrk gSA


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tcfd Cash Deposit dk rjhdk lcls /khek rjhdk gS] tgka vki Bank Holidays dks Payment Deposit ugha dj ldrs vkSj Business Days esa Hkh Payment Deposit djus dk ,d fuf”pr le; 10PM to 4AM gksrk gSA

Cash Deposit in Bank Brach ;fn vkids ikl Net-Banking ;k Mobile-Banking dh lqfo/kk ugha gS] rks vki gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount, Cash Deposit Hkh dj ldrs gSa vFkok vki Bank Branch esa tkdj NEFT Transfer ds ek/;e ls Hkh Payment dj ldrs gSa] tks fd Cash Deposit ds leku gh gksrk gSA

tc vki Direct Deposit djuk pkgrs gSa] rc vkidks vkids fdlh Hkh utnhdh Bank Branch esa tkdj ,d Payment Deposit Slip Fill-Up djuk gksrk gS] ftlesa vkidks gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c dh Information dks Fill djuk gksrk gS] tcfd Payment Deposit djokus ds fy, mlh Bank esa vkidk Lo;a dk Account gksuk t:jh ugha gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn vki gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa viuh Selected iqLrdksa dk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, Bank esa tkdj Direct Deposit djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki tks Payment Deposit Slip Fill-Up djsaxs] og vxys fp=kuqlkj djuk gksrk gSA


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bl fp= }kjk vki le> ldrs gSa fd Payment, Direct Deposit djus ds fy, vkidks gekjs fdlh Bank A/c dh Information dks Payment Deposit Slip esa Specify djuk gksrk gS] blfy, ml Bank esa vkidk Lo;a dk Bank A/c gksuk t:jh ugha gksrkA

blh rjg ls ;fn vki pkgsa] rks gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Check }kjk Hkh Total Payable Amount dk Check Deposit dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh vki fdlh Hkh rjhds ls gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount Deposit dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ge Money-Order, Demand-Draft ;k Check tSls Manual ek/;eksa ls Payment Accept ugha djrs] D;ksafd bl rjg dk Payment Clear gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA tcfd ATM Fund Transfer, Cash Deposit, Mobile Banking vFkok Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls rqjUr Payment Transfer gks tkrk gS] ftlls ge vkidks vkidh Purchased EBooks 10 ls 30 Minute ds njE;ku vkids Order esa Specified Email Address ij Send dj nsrs gSaA

viuk Payment djus ds fy, vki ftu Offline Manual rjhdksa dks mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSa] mudh Detailed Information vki http://www.bccfalna.com/how-to-deposit-payment/ ls Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSa] tgka vkidks Payment djus ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh rjg dk Latest Update izkIr gksrk gSA

Pay with PayPal if you live Out Of India ;fn vki India esa ugha jgrs ysfdu ;s Hindi EBooks [kjhnuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki viuh okafNr iqLrdksa ds Total Payable Amount dk Hkqxrku gesa PayPal ds ek/;e ls [email protected] ij Hkh Send dj ldrs gSaA

pwafd International Payment Processing esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Extra Charges Pay djus gksrs gSa] blfy, PayPal ds ek/;e ls Payment djrs le; vkidks Total Payable Amount (In USD) + $2 dk Extra Payment Send djuk t:jh gksrk gSA

viuk Payment Send djus ds ckn vki vius Payment dh Information gesa SMS ;k Email ds ek/;e ls ns ldrs gSaA tSls gh vkidk Email/SMS gesa izkIr gksxk] vki }kjk Order dh xbZ iqLrdksa dk Download Link vkids Email Address ij ftruk tYnh lEHko gksxk] mruk tYnh Send dj fn;k tk,xkA




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Confirm the Payment tc vki viuh Order dh xbZ iqLrdksa dks [kjhnus ds fy, mijksDrkuqlkj fdlh Hkh Offline Manual rjhds ls “Total Payable Amount” gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Deposit/Transfer dj nsrs gSa] rks Payment Deposit/Transfer djrs gh vkidks gesa mlh Mobile Number ls ,d Call/Miss Call/SMS djuk gksrk gS] ftls vkius Order Place djrs le; “Order Form” esa Specify fd;k FkkA

blh Mobile Number ds ek/;e ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd vkius fdu iqLrdksa ds fy, dkSulk Order fd;k gS vkSj mudk Total Payable Amount fdruk gSA lkFk gh gesa ;s Hkh irk py tkrk gS fd vki }kjk Purchase dh tk jgh iqLrdsa fdl Email Address ij Send djuh gSA

vkids Total Payable Amount dks ge Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls vius Bank A/c esa Check djrs gSa vkSj ;fn vkidk Total Payable Amount gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Deposit/Transfer gqvk gksrk gS] rks ge vkidks 10 Minute ds njE;ku vkidh Order dh xbZ EBooks vkids Email Address ij Send dj nsrs gSa] ftls vki vxys 2 fnuksa esa dHkh Hkh Download dj ldrs gSaA


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If you have any problem ;fn iqLrds a [kjhnus ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dksbZ ckr vkidks Bhd ls le> esa u vkbZ gks ;k fdlh Hkh rjg dk Confusion gks] rks vki 097994-55505 ij Call/Miss Call/SMS dj ldrs gSaA ;Fkk lEHko rqjUr vkidh leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k tk,xkA pwafd ;s lkjh iqLrdsa PDF Format Softcopy Ebooks gSa blfy, bu iqLrdksa dk Download Link vkidks vkids Email ij gh Send fd;k tkrk gS ] ftUgsa Click djrs gh ;s iqLrds a vkids Computer ij Download gksuk “kq: gks tkrh gSaA

,d ckj bu iqLrdksa dks Download djus ds ckn vki bUgsa fdlh Hkh PDF Supported Computer, Mobile, Smart Phone, Tablet PC, Net-Book, Notebook ;k Laptop tSlh Device ds ek/;e ls i< ldrs gSa vFkok ;fn vki pkgsa] rks vius Printer }kjk bu iqLrdksa dk Hard Copy Printout fudky ldrs gSaA pwafd bu iqLrdksa ds Download Links vkidks vkids Email Address ij gh izkIr gksrs gSa] blfy, t:jh gS fd mijksDr “Order Form” ij vki viuk tks Email Address o Mobile Number Specify djrs gSa] og Working vkSj ,dne lgh gksA D;ksafd fdlh Hkh rjg dh ijs”kkuh gksus dh fLFkfr esa ge vkidks vkids Mobile Number vFkok Email Address }kjk gh Contact djrs gSaA



Oracl ein hindi

Education

Transcript of Oracl ein hindi