MA

RIA

N –

Mob

ileA

gent

sfo

rR

outin

gIn

Ad-

hoc

Net

wor

ks

Nik

os M

igas

PhD

stu

dent

2nd

Year

,Sc

hool

of C

ompu

ting,

Nap

ier U

nive

rsity

n.m

igas

@na

pier

.ac.

uk

Supe

rvis

ors:

W.B

ucha

nan,

K.M

cArtn

ey

Intro

duct

ion

•M

AR

IAN

is a

n on

-dem

and,

mul

ti-ag

ent,

met

ric-d

riven

rout

ing

prot

ocol

in

ad-h

oc n

etw

orks

.–

It ut

ilises

bot

h st

atic

and

mob

ile a

gent

s to

det

erm

ine

optim

al ro

utes

and

to

actu

ally

rout

e th

e da

ta.

•E

ach

mob

ile d

evic

e is

equ

ippe

d w

ith a

:–

Pro

xy a

gent

. •

resp

onsi

ble

for f

orw

ardi

ng n

etw

ork

traffi

c.•

Java

-bas

ed, m

ultit

hrea

ded

allo

win

g m

ultip

le c

onne

ctio

ns.

–B

ench

mar

king

mul

ti-A

gent

Sof

twar

e S

yste

m (B

AS

S).

•Ex

ecut

ing

stan

dard

per

form

ance

test

s (m

emor

y, C

PU

, pro

cess

ing

capa

bilit

ies,

et

c.).

•M

onito

ring

the

utilis

atio

n of

the

devi

ce.

•Pr

oduc

ing

a m

etric

of t

he p

erfo

rman

ce o

f the

dev

ices

in re

al-ti

me.

•Th

e pu

rpos

e of

this

pre

sent

atio

n is

to in

trodu

ce th

is n

ovel

rese

arch

ar

ea a

nd to

pre

sent

the

nove

l fin

ding

s co

ncer

ning

:–

Pro

xy c

apab

ilitie

s of

reso

urce

-con

stra

ined

dev

ices

.–

The

effe

ct th

e O

S a

nd th

e JV

M m

ay h

ave

in p

erfo

rman

ce.

–Th

e re

sour

ces

cons

umpt

ion

rate

s w

hile

rout

ing,

in te

rms

of:

•Ba

ttery

dis

char

ge ra

te, C

PU

util

isat

ion,

hea

p m

emor

y us

age,

and

tem

pera

ture

.

Res

earc

h H

ypot

hesi

s

–Is

it p

ossi

ble

to c

reat

e an

aut

omat

ical

ly c

onfig

urin

g sy

stem

w

hich

will

rout

e da

ta th

roug

h ad

-hoc

net

wor

ks in

an

optim

alw

ay?

For t

his

we

prop

ose:

–“A

fram

ewor

k us

ing

stat

ic a

nd m

obile

age

nts

that

can

be

used

fo

r rou

ting,

net

wor

k di

scov

ery,

and

aut

omat

ic n

etw

ork

reco

nfig

urat

ion

in a

d-ho

c ne

twor

ks, i

n an

effi

cien

t, ef

fect

ive,

an

d se

cure

way

.”

wire

less

dom

ain

Virt

ual

Inte

rnet

dom

ain

wire

less

dom

ain

Virt

ual

Inte

rnet

dom

ain

Pos

sibl

e be

nefit

s an

d ou

tcom

es (1

)

Max

imiz

e ne

twor

k pe

rfor

man

ce–

Mob

ile a

gent

s co

uld

filte

r hug

e am

ount

s of

dat

a lo

cally

to th

e de

vice

s,

gene

rate

d by

BA

SS

.–

Thus

, ben

efit

from

loca

l int

erac

tions

.–

Det

erm

inat

ion

of lo

w a

nd h

igh

band

wid

th ro

utes

.–

Low

ban

dwid

th ro

utes

will

be u

sed

for a

sync

hron

ous

netw

ork

traffi

c (e

-m

ails

, tex

t), w

hile

hig

h ba

ndw

idth

rout

es fo

r syn

chro

nous

net

wor

k tra

ffic

(real

-tim

e au

dio,

vid

eo).

Scal

abili

ty –M

As

are

inhe

rent

ly d

istri

bute

d, th

us th

ere

is a

sco

pe fo

r a to

tally

di

strib

uted

sys

tem

.–

The

wor

kloa

d w

ill be

dis

tribu

ted

even

ly:

»H

igh

perfo

rman

ce d

evic

es w

ill be

resp

onsi

ble

for c

ompl

ex c

alcu

latio

ns a

nd ta

sks.

»Lo

w p

erfo

rman

ce d

evic

es w

ill be

use

d as

an

alte

rnat

ive

whe

n hi

ghpe

rform

ance

dev

ices

ar

e un

avai

labl

e or

bus

y.

Dyn

amic

–M

obile

age

nts

are

reac

tive,

that

is, t

hey

sens

e th

e en

viro

nmen

t,an

d re

act i

n ch

ange

s of

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Rel

iabl

e en

d-to

-end

com

mun

icat

ions

–M

obile

age

nts

will

mig

rate

to o

ther

net

wor

k no

des

and

com

mun

icat

e lo

cally

.–

Mob

ile a

gent

s ca

n w

ait u

ntil

the

netw

ork

is a

vaila

ble,

and

mig

rate

th

en.

Pos

sibl

e be

nefit

s an

d ou

tcom

es (2

)

QoS

gua

rant

ees

–Th

e tra

nsm

ittin

g de

vice

cou

ld re

ques

t an

estim

ate

of th

e av

aila

ble

band

wid

th th

roug

h a

certa

in ro

ute.

Secu

rity –

Onl

y au

then

ticat

ed a

gent

s w

ill pa

rtici

pate

in th

e ro

utin

g pr

oces

s.–

A g

uard

sta

tic a

gent

will

prot

ect d

evic

e’s

reso

urce

s fro

m p

oten

tial

mal

icio

us a

gent

s.–

Bal

ance

bet

wee

n se

curit

y an

d pe

rform

ance

.R

econ

figur

abili

ty–

Mob

ile a

gent

s ca

n be

eas

ily d

ispa

tche

d to

inst

all u

pdat

es in

the

rout

ing

prot

ocol

.En

ergy

effi

cien

t–

Dev

ices

with

low

per

form

ance

cha

ract

eris

tics,

or l

ow b

atte

ry li

fe

will

not b

e ov

erut

ilised

by

the

rout

ing

prot

ocol

.»

Busy

dev

ices

will

not p

artic

ipat

e in

rout

ing,

as

long

as

othe

r dev

ices

can

do

the

sam

e jo

b.»

If ba

ttery

life

of a

dev

ice

is lo

w, t

he ro

utin

g pr

otoc

ol w

ill co

nsid

er th

at d

evic

e as

a

wea

k lin

k.

Bac

kgro

und

•W

irele

ss n

etw

orks

and

the

usag

e of

mob

ile d

evic

es a

re b

ecom

ing

incr

easi

ngly

pop

ular

, esp

ecia

lly in

cre

atin

g ad

-hoc

net

wor

ks–

The

grea

t ben

efit

of w

irele

ss n

etw

orks

is th

e ab

ility

of u

sers

to

com

mun

icat

e, c

oope

rate

, and

acc

ess

the

netw

orke

d se

rvic

es in

an

anyt

ime

and

anyw

here

fash

ion.

•W

irele

ss n

etw

orks

can

be

grou

ped

into

two

cate

gorie

s:–

Infra

stru

ctur

ed n

etw

orks

•Fi

xed

and

wire

d ga

tew

ays,

with

acc

ess

poin

ts•

A m

obile

uni

t con

nect

s to

, and

com

mun

icat

es w

ith, t

he n

eare

st a

cces

s po

int t

hat

is w

ithin

its

com

mun

icat

ion

radi

us.

–In

frast

ruct

ure-

less

net

wor

ks (t

ypic

ally

kno

wn

as a

d-ho

c ne

twor

ks)

•A

colle

ctio

n of

geo

grap

hica

lly d

istri

bute

d m

obile

nod

es th

at c

omm

unic

ate

with

one

an

othe

r ove

r a w

irele

ss m

ediu

m w

ithou

t the

nee

d of

fixe

d ne

twor

king

equ

ipm

ent,

such

as

rout

ers

and

switc

hes.

•M

obile

nod

es c

ould

act

as

gate

way

s to

oth

er n

etw

orks

.

Rou

ting

in A

d-ho

c ne

twor

ks

•R

outin

g is

the

mos

t im

porta

nt fu

nctio

n in

ad-

hoc

netw

orks

, ho

wev

er a

cha

lleng

ing

issu

e:–

Mob

ility

•e.

g. A

rout

e th

at is

con

side

red

as g

ood

now

, may

bec

ome

unav

aila

ble

or n

ot o

ptim

al s

ome

time

late

r–

Rou

ting

requ

ires

a lo

t of p

roce

ssin

g po

wer

•M

obile

nod

es ru

nnin

g on

bat

terie

s m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

cop

e

Mul

timed

ia

traffi

c?

Asy

nchr

onou

s tra

ffic?

AB

Sec

ure

traffi

c?

App

licat

ions

of A

d-ho

c ne

twor

ks

•M

ilita

ry •Ba

ttlef

ield

•Te

rror

ism

& R

escu

e O

pera

tions

•Ev

acua

tion

of a

bui

ldin

g on

fire

•H

ospi

tals

•R

etrie

ve p

atie

nt’s

info

rmat

ion

from

hos

pita

l’s d

atab

ase

whi

le in

surg

ery

•C

onfe

renc

e m

eetin

gs•

Shar

e in

form

atio

n qu

ickl

y•

Sche

dule

mee

tings

•N

etw

orki

ng w

hile

on

the

road

•In

ter-v

ehic

le c

omm

unic

atio

n

Mob

ile A

gent

s (1

)

•P

ropo

sed

as a

pro

mis

ing

solu

tion

for d

istri

bute

d co

mpu

ting

over

ope

n an

d he

tero

gene

ous

netw

orks

.•

Pro

pose

d to

ove

rcom

e ce

rtain

lim

itatio

ns o

f tra

ditio

nally

des

igne

d di

strib

uted

sys

tem

s su

ch a

s cl

ient

-ser

ver.

•A

mob

ile a

gent

can

be

defin

ed a

s a

softw

are

prog

ram

that

can

sus

pend

its

exe

cutio

n on

a h

ost c

ompu

ter,

trans

fer i

tsel

f to

anot

her a

gent

-en

able

d ho

st o

n th

e ne

twor

k, a

nd re

sum

e its

exe

cutio

n on

the

new

host

.•

The

key

feat

ures

of m

obile

age

nts

are:

•M

obilit

y; n

etw

orks

aw

aren

ess;

com

mun

icat

ion;

inte

lligen

ce; r

eact

ivity

; au

tono

mou

s; g

oal-o

rient

ed; t

empo

raril

y co

ntin

uous

; lea

rnin

g; fl

exib

le; a

nd

char

acte

r•

A m

obile

age

nt c

onsi

sts

of it

s co

de a

nd s

tate

, whi

ch c

arrie

s w

ith it

du

ring

the

self-

initi

ated

mig

ratio

n

Mob

ile a

gent

s v.

clie

nt/s

erve

r?

Res

pons

em

essa

ge

Get

m

essa

ge

Age

nt m

igra

tes

to

the

serv

er

Agen

t

Age

nt c

omm

unic

ates

with

the

serv

er, o

nth

e se

rver

Ser

ver

Trad

ition

alag

ent i

n a

clie

nt/

serv

er a

rchi

tect

ure

Mob

ile a

gent

sin

a c

lient

/se

rver

arc

hite

ctur

e

Net

wor

kN

etw

ork

Ser

ver

Clie

nt

Mob

ile A

gent

s S

yste

ms

(MA

S)

•M

obile

age

nt s

yste

ms

prov

ide

an e

nviro

nmen

t in

whi

ch m

obile

age

nts

can

exis

t an

d of

fer s

tand

ardi

zed

serv

ices

to a

gent

s do

ckin

g on

•Se

rvic

es in

clud

e: c

omm

unic

atio

n; m

igra

tion;

sec

urity

; cre

atio

n an

d te

rmin

atio

n of

ag

ents

•

Man

y m

obile

age

nt s

yste

ms

have

bee

n de

velo

ped

from

aca

dem

ic a

nd

indu

stria

l bac

kgro

und.

•A

ccor

ding

to a

com

preh

ensi

ve li

st o

n M

AS

(Frit

z H

ohl,

Stu

ttgar

t):–

Ther

e ex

ist a

ppro

xim

atel

y 70

mob

ile a

gent

s sy

stem

s (c

omm

erci

al &

educ

atio

nal)

.•

Mos

t MA

S a

re im

plem

ente

d in

Jav

a du

e to

pla

tform

inde

pend

ence

. •

Som

e w

ell-k

now

are

: MO

LE, T

eles

crip

t, A

glet

s W

orkb

ench

, ffM

AIN

, D’A

gent

s,

Trac

y, a

nd G

rass

hopp

er.

•H

owev

er, o

nly

few

sup

port

mob

ile d

evic

es:

–G

rass

hopp

er M

E(P

ocke

tPC

)»

The

mos

t com

preh

ensi

ve M

AS fo

r PD

As.

»W

ell-d

ocum

ente

d.–

Age

ntSp

ace

(Poc

ketP

C)

»In

suffi

cien

t doc

umen

tatio

n.–

Trac

y 2

(Poc

ketP

C)

»U

nder

dev

elop

men

t.

•N

o re

al s

uppo

rt fo

r oth

er O

pera

ting

Sys

tem

s (O

Ss)

:–

Fam

iliar L

inux

.–

Embe

dded

Lin

ux.

Mob

ile a

gent

app

licat

ions

•M

obile

age

nt p

arad

igm

has

bee

n pr

opos

ed fo

r a n

umbe

r of

appl

icat

ions

: –

Inte

rnet

-wid

e co

llabo

ratio

n sy

stem

s.–

Net

wor

k m

anag

emen

t.–

Mon

itorin

g sy

stem

s.

–In

form

atio

n re

triev

al.

–In

trusi

on d

etec

tion

syst

ems.

–E

-com

mer

ce.

•A

new

pot

entia

l app

licat

ion

that

mob

ile a

gent

s ar

e id

eal i

s w

irele

ss

netw

orks

–M

obile

age

nts

supp

ort a

sync

hron

ous

com

mun

icat

ion,

and

flexi

ble

quer

y pr

oces

sing

.•

Use

r tas

ks c

an b

e de

lega

ted

to m

obile

age

nts,

and

then

a m

obile

clie

nt c

an

disc

onne

ct.

•C

an re

duce

net

wor

k tra

ffic

unde

r som

e ce

rtain

circ

umst

ance

s.•

Mai

ntai

n lo

ad b

alan

cing

.

JVM

sup

port

forh

andh

elds

•M

ost m

obile

age

nt s

yste

ms

are

deve

lope

d in

Jav

a:–

Plat

form

inde

pend

ence

.•

Porta

bilit

y of

cod

e, w

hich

is th

e na

ture

of m

obile

age

nts.

•Th

eref

ore

a JV

M is

nec

essa

ry to

pro

vide

the:

–Ex

ecut

ion

envi

ronm

ent f

or M

AS

.

Fam

iliar

Linu

x

JRE

1.3

J9

Gra

ssho

pper

ME/

SE

Pock

et P

C

2003

CrE

me

J9

Gra

ssho

pper

ME

Pock

et P

C

2002

Jeod

eGra

ssho

pper

ME

J9C

rEm

e

Fam

iliar

Linu

xFa

mili

arLi

nux

JRE

1.3

J9

Gra

ssho

pper

ME/

SE

JRE

1.3

J9

Gra

ssho

pper

ME/

SE

Pock

et P

C

2003

CrE

me

J9

Gra

ssho

pper

ME

Pock

et P

C

2003

Pock

et P

C

2003

CrE

me

J9

Gra

ssho

pper

ME

Pock

et P

C

2002

Pock

et P

C

2002

Jeod

eGra

ssho

pper

ME

J9C

rEm

e

•IB

M J

9, In

sign

ia J

eode

, NS

Icom

CrE

me,

and

Bla

ckdo

wn

JRE

1.3

are

Sun

ce

rtifie

d JV

Ms.

•Je

ode

is o

nly

avai

labl

e fo

r Poc

ketP

C 2

002.

•J9

doe

s no

t offi

cial

ly s

uppo

rt Fa

milia

r Lin

ux.

•JR

E 1

.3 is

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

full

Java

1.3

ver

sion

. The

rest

are

J2M

E

com

patib

le.

Res

ourc

e-co

nstra

ined

dev

ices

(PD

As)

:

•Li

mite

d ba

ndw

idth

–Av

erag

e w

hen

oper

atin

g in

a c

lient

-ser

ver m

ode.

•Ap

prox

imat

ely

4-5M

bits

/s.

–D

ram

atic

ally

redu

ced

whe

n ac

ting

as a

pro

xy.

•R

ange

s be

twee

n 3-

70K

bits

/s.

•W

orks

tatio

ns a

nd la

ptop

s ac

hiev

e up

to 1

0 tim

es m

ore.

•P

ower

con

sum

ptio

n (F

amilia

r Lin

ux,i

PA

Q).

–W

hen

IDLE

:•

Batte

ry la

sts

5 ho

urs

and

40 m

inut

es.

–W

hen

IDLE

, wire

less

on:

•Ba

ttery

last

s 3

hour

s an

d 20

min

utes

.–

Whe

n ro

utin

g, w

irele

ss o

n:•

Batte

ry la

sts

2 ho

urs.

•C

ompu

tatio

nal d

efic

ienc

y–

Smal

l-sca

le p

roce

ssin

g po

wer

, low

mem

ory

capa

city

, and

slo

w in

tern

al b

usse

s m

ay b

e ju

st a

few

of t

he re

ason

s th

at p

rohi

bit t

he e

xecu

tion

of c

ompl

exca

lcul

atio

ns.

–C

ompl

ex c

ompu

tatio

nal t

asks

suc

h as

the

4D b

ubbl

e so

rt of

30,

000

rand

om in

tege

rs:

•P

DA

requ

ires

15 ti

mes

mor

e tim

e th

an a

lapt

op.

•P

DA

requ

ires

40 ti

mes

mor

e tim

e th

an a

wor

ksta

tion.

Rou

ting

softw

are

vs. P

roxy

•R

outin

g so

ftwar

e:–

It re

quire

s co

mpl

ex a

nd p

ower

inte

nsiv

e ca

lcul

atio

ns.

•It

take

s in

to a

ccou

nt lo

w la

yers

of t

he O

SI m

odel

.•

Res

ourc

e-co

nstra

ined

dev

ices

may

not

be

able

to e

ffici

ently

exe

cute

th

em.

–It

requ

ires

high

impl

emen

tatio

n ef

fort.

•P

roxy

–It

base

s its

func

tiona

lity

on s

impl

e TP

C/IP

soc

ket i

mpl

emen

tatio

n.–

They

can

be

light

-wei

ghte

d.–

They

can

be

effic

ient

ly e

xecu

ted

on re

sour

ce-c

onst

rain

ed d

evic

es.

–P

roxi

es c

an b

e de

sign

ed a

s Ja

va-b

ased

sta

tiona

ry a

gent

s.

Age

nt d

iagr

am –

Ban

dwid

th a

nd R

esou

rces

mon

itorin

g

87

5

1

3

4

6

910 11

File

out

put 8

7

5

2

1

3

4

6

910 11

File

out

put

Libr

aria

n ag

ent

11

Dat

a ga

ther

ing

agen

t10

Band

wid

th c

alcu

latio

n ag

ent

9

TTC

P re

ceiv

er a

gent

8

TTC

P tra

nsm

itter

age

nt7

Prox

y ag

ent

6

Res

ourc

es m

onito

ring

agen

t5

Hea

p m

emor

y us

age

agen

t4

CP

U u

tilis

atio

n ag

ent

3

Batte

ry a

gent

2

Tem

pera

ture

age

nt1

•B

ench

mar

king

ban

dwid

th a

nd R

esou

rce

Con

sum

ptio

ns m

ulti-

agen

t S

oftw

are

Sys

tem

(RC

AS

S)

–is

des

igne

d w

ith p

urpo

se to

ben

chm

ark

band

wid

th p

roxy

-PD

As

in a

d-ho

c ne

twor

ks.

•It

also

has

the

capa

bilit

y of

mon

itorin

g re

sour

ces

cons

umpt

ion

of

the

PD

A in

term

s of

:–

Batte

ry d

isch

arge

rate

, CP

U u

tilis

atio

n, h

eap

mem

ory

usag

e, a

nd

tem

pera

ture

.

Ove

rvie

w o

f the

Ban

dwid

th a

nd R

esou

rces

mon

itorin

g fu

nctio

nalit

y

•TT

CP

rece

iver

list

ens

on a

fixe

d po

rt 10

01.

•P

roxy

age

nts

liste

ns o

n a

fixed

por

t 100

0, a

nd fo

rwar

ds in

com

ing

traffi

c to

the

rece

iver

at p

ort 1

001.

•TT

CP

tran

smitt

er s

ends

net

wor

k tra

ffic

to th

e pr

oxy

on p

ort 1

000.

•O

nce

the

prox

y es

tabl

ishe

s a

conn

ectio

n w

ith th

e tra

nsm

itter

and

rece

iver

:–

It fo

rwar

ds in

com

ing

netw

ork

traffi

c to

the

rece

iver

.–

It cr

eate

s th

e re

sour

ce m

onito

ring

agen

t, w

hich

in tu

rn c

reat

es:

•Te

mpe

ratu

re a

gent

*.•

Batte

ry a

gent

.•

CPU

util

isat

ion

agen

t.•

Hea

p m

emor

y ag

ent.

•Th

e tra

nsm

itter

and

rece

iver

cal

cula

te th

e ba

ndw

idth

thro

ugh

the

prox

y fo

r eac

h ite

ratio

n.•

The

data

gat

herin

g ag

ent c

olle

cts

the

resu

lts a

nd p

asse

s th

em to

the

libra

rian

agen

t.•

The

libra

rian

agen

ts s

tore

s th

e re

sults

in o

utpu

t tex

t file

s.

Pro

xy-b

ased

Ban

dwid

th o

fPD

As

01020304050607080

Fam

iliar L

inux

Poc

ketP

C20

03P

ocke

tPC

2002

01020304050607080

Fam

iliar L

inux

Jeod

e

CrE

me

JRE

1.3

J9Jeod

e

CrE

me

JRE

1.3

J9Jeod

e

CrE

me

JRE

1.3

J9

Poc

ketP

C20

03P

ocke

tPC

2002

Ban

dwid

thK

bits

/s•

The

band

wid

th o

ffere

d by

th

e pr

oxy

devi

ce h

ighl

y de

pend

s on

:–

The

JVM

use

d.–

The

OS

use

d.•

The

high

est b

andw

idth

is

achi

eved

by

Poc

ketP

C 2

003

–C

rEm

e•

The

low

est b

andw

idth

is

achi

eved

by

Jeod

e an

d J9

fo

r Poc

ketP

C 2

002.

Dis

char

ge ra

tes

forP

DA

sw

hile

act

ing

as p

roxi

es

0102030405060708090100

Dis

char

ge

rate

(s) Fa

mili

ar L

inux

Pock

etPC

200

3Po

cket

PC

200

2

0102030405060708090100

Dis

char

ge

rate

(s) Fa

mili

ar L

inux

Pock

etPC

200

3Po

cket

PC

200

2

•Th

e ba

ttery

dis

char

ge ra

te

rang

es fr

om 6

0 (s

) -70

(s).

•Fa

milia

r Lin

ux a

pplie

s be

tter

batte

ry c

onse

rvat

ion

mec

hani

sms:

–Ex

tend

s ba

ttery

life

by

30%

, com

pare

d to

P

PC

2003

.–

Exte

nds

batte

ry li

fe b

y 35

%, c

ompa

red

to

PP

C20

02.

•J9

ext

ends

the

batte

ry li

fe

by 1

5%, c

ompa

red

to

CrE

me

for P

PC20

03.

–H

owev

er, t

he b

andw

idth

is

sign

ifica

ntly

low

er

CP

U u

tilis

atio

n of

PD

As

whi

le a

ctin

g as

pro

xies

0102030405060708090

Fam

iliar L

inux

Pock

etPC

200

3Po

cket

PC

200

2

CPU

(%)

0102030405060708090

Fam

iliar L

inux

Pock

etPC

200

3Po

cket

PC

200

2

CPU

(%)

•C

PU u

tilis

atio

n w

hile

rout

ing

is ra

ngin

g be

twee

n 65

% -

85%

.–

JRE

is th

e he

avie

st J

VM

.–

The

light

est a

re J

eode

and

J9

.–

CrE

me

is h

eavy

as

wel

l re

quiri

ng 8

0% o

f the

CP

U.

•R

outin

g is

a C

PU

-inte

nsiv

e ta

sk.

•Th

e O

S d

oes

not p

lay

a si

gnifi

cant

role

in C

PU

ut

ilisat

ion.

Hea

p m

emor

y us

age

of P

DA

s w

hile

act

ing

as p

roxi

es

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Fam

iliar L

inux

Pock

etPC

200

3Po

cket

PC 2

002

Hea

p (K

B)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Fam

iliar L

inux

Pock

etPC

200

3Po

cket

PC 2

002

Hea

p (K

B)

•H

eap

mem

ory

is th

e m

emor

y us

ed b

y Ja

va

obje

cts

to p

erfo

rm th

eir

task

s.•

Sign

ifica

nt d

iffer

ence

s ca

n be

obs

erve

d fro

m th

e gr

aph:

–C

rEm

e an

d JR

E 1

.3 a

re

the

mos

t hea

p-in

tens

ive

JVM

s.–

Oth

ers,

are

util

isin

g si

mila

r he

ap m

emor

y.•

Hea

p m

emor

y us

age

seem

s to

hav

e a

stro

ng li

nk

to b

andw

idth

:–

The

high

er th

e H

eap

mem

ory

usag

e th

e hi

gher

th

e ba

ndw

idth

.

Inte

rnal

tem

pera

ture

var

iatio

n of

PD

As

whi

le a

ctin

g as

pro

xies

•Te

mpe

ratu

re re

adin

gs w

ere

take

n fo

r eac

h ba

ttery

di

scha

rge

by 1

%.

•Th

e ov

eral

l var

iatio

n in

ba

ttery

has

bee

n ca

lcul

ated

.•

The

prox

y de

vice

s ru

nnin

g J9

exp

erie

nces

fast

er

incr

ease

s in

the

over

all

tem

pera

ture

.•

This

may

be

asso

ciat

ed to

th

e fa

ct th

at J

9 pr

ovid

es

high

er b

andw

idth

than

JR

E

1.3/

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.080.1

0.12

0.14

JRE

1.3

J9

Cel

sius

(C0 )

J9 JRE

1.3

J9 JRE

1.3

J9 JRE

1.3

J9 JRE

1.3

Ove

rvie

w -

Ban

dwid

th o

f C/S

and

Pro

xy-P

DA

s

•C

lient

-Ser

ver,

PD

A:

–4-

5M

bits

/s.

•C

lient

-Pro

xy-S

erve

r, P

DA

:–

3-70

Kbi

ts/s

.•

Clie

nt-P

roxy

-Ser

ver,

Lapt

op (m

ediu

m

pow

ered

dev

ice)

:–

200-

300

Kbi

ts/s

.•

Clie

nt-P

roxy

-Ser

ver,

Wor

ksta

tion

(hig

h po

wer

ed d

evic

e):

–40

0-50

0K

bits

/s.

0123456

PD

A: C

lient

-Se

rver

PDA:

Pro

xy

Ban

dwid

th (M

bits

/s)

Min

imum

Max

imum

200

300

400

500

600

Ban

dwid

th (K

bits

/s)

0

100

Wor

ksta

tion

Lapt

opP

DA

Ove

rvie

w-B

atte

ry li

fe o

fPD

As

•Fa

milia

r Lin

ux.

–ID

LE:

•5

hour

s an

d 25

min

utes

–W

irele

ss:

•3

hour

s an

d 12

min

utes

.–

Rou

ting:

•2

hour

s an

d 18

min

utes

.•

Poc

ketP

C20

03–

IDLE

:•

4 ho

urs

and

32 m

inut

es.

–W

irele

ss:

•2

hour

s an

d 03

min

utes

.–

Rou

ting:

•1

hour

and

50

min

utes

.•

Poc

ketP

C20

02.

–ID

LE •3

hour

s an

d 58

min

utes

.–

Wire

less

:•

1 ho

ur a

nd 5

8 m

inut

es.

–R

outin

g:•

1 ho

ur a

nd 4

5 m

inut

es.

00:0

0:00

01:1

2:00

02:2

4:00

03:3

6:00

04:4

8:00

06:0

0:00

Fam

iliar

PPC

2003

PPC

2002

IDLE

Wire

less

Rou

ting

hh/m

m/s

s

Ove

rvie

w -

Pro

xy re

sults

•Pr

oxy

effic

ienc

y de

pend

on:

–JV

M u

sed.

–O

S u

sed.

•R

esou

rces

con

sum

ptio

n on

pro

xy-P

DA

s is

hig

h in

term

s of

:–

Batte

ry li

fe, C

PU

util

isat

ion,

Hea

p m

emor

y us

age,

and

Tem

pera

ture

.•

Pock

etP

C 2

002

–Je

ode

and

J9 p

erfo

rm e

qual

ly fo

r Poc

ketP

C 2

002.

–C

rEm

e pr

ovid

es a

lmos

t 3 ti

mes

mor

e ba

ndw

idth

and

util

ises

3 ti

mes

mor

e he

ap m

emor

y th

an J

eode

an

d J9

.•

Pock

etP

C 2

003.

–J9

impr

oves

its

band

wid

th b

y 30

% c

ompa

red

to P

ocke

tPC

200

2.–

CrE

me

prov

ides

6 ti

mes

mor

e ba

ndw

idth

com

pare

d to

Poc

ketP

C a

nd u

tilis

es 4

tim

es m

ore

heap

m

emor

y.•

Fam

iliar

Lin

ux.

–J9

pro

vide

s 12

tim

es m

ore

band

wid

th c

ompa

red

to P

ocke

tPC

200

2 an

d 8

times

mor

e co

mpa

red

to

Poc

ketP

C 2

003.

–It

also

add

s 25

min

utes

bat

tery

life

.–

JRE

1.3

is q

uite

effi

cien

t for

suc

h a

heav

y JV

M.

–It

prov

ides

mod

erat

e ba

ndw

idth

and

doe

sn’t

over

-con

sum

e re

sour

ces.

•Th

e st

rong

er c

ombi

natio

n ba

ndw

idth

-wis

e, is

Poc

ketP

C 2

003

with

CrE

me.

•A

seco

nd a

ltern

ativ

e is

Fam

iliar

Lin

ux w

ith J

9, w

hich

ach

ieve

s m

oder

ate

band

wid

th k

eepi

ng

the

utili

satio

n of

reso

urce

s qu

it lo

w.

BA

SS

–B

ench

mar

king

mul

ti-A

gent

Sof

twar

e S

yste

m

•B

AS

S is

a J

ava-

base

d, li

ght-w

eigh

ted,

mul

ti-ag

ent s

oftw

are

syst

em th

at

is a

ble

to ru

n on

mob

ile d

evic

es.

•Th

e pu

rpos

e of

BA

SS

is to

:–

Det

erm

ine

the

fitne

ss o

f mob

ile d

evic

es b

y pe

rform

ing

stan

dard

test

s:•

Gro

up le

vel t

ests

:–

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m v

ersi

on.

–JV

M v

ersi

on, a

nd s

o on

.•

Kern

el-le

vel t

ests

:–

CP

U te

sts:

bub

ble

sort

and

mer

ge te

st.

–M

emor

y an

d ha

rd-d

rive

test

s.

–M

onito

r util

isat

ion

of d

evic

es:

•N

etw

ork

leve

l tes

ts:

–Ba

ndw

idth

and

late

ncy.

–Er

ror p

acke

ts m

onito

ring.

–In

tern

et c

onne

ctiv

ity.

•U

tilis

atio

n m

onito

ring:

–O

vera

ll m

emor

y an

d C

PU

usa

ge.

–P

rodu

ce m

etric

s w

hich

can

late

r be

used

by

the

rout

ing

prot

ocol

to

dec

ide

on o

ptim

al ro

utes

.

Rou

ting

scen

ario

(1)

Hig

h ba

ndw

idth

Mod

erat

e ba

ndw

idth

Low

ban

dwid

th

Hig

h ba

ndw

idth

Mod

erat

e ba

ndw

idth

Low

ban

dwid

th

S

X Y

Z

W

D

PD

A

PD

A

Lapt

op

PD

A

Dev

ice

JRE

1.3

Fam

iliar L

inux

Z

CrE

me

Pock

etPC

2002

W

JRE

1.4

Win

dow

s XP

Y

CrE

me

Pock

et P

C 2

003

X

JVM

OS

Nod

e

D

XS

Y

Z W

J9Fa

milia

r Lin

uxZ

J9Po

cket

PC20

02W

Jeod

ePo

cket

PC20

02Y

CrE

me

Pock

et P

C 2

003

X

JVM

OS

Nod

e

•O

ptim

al ro

ute

from

S to

D:

–S

-> Y

->W

or Z

-> D

•O

ptim

al ro

ute

from

S to

D:

–S

-> X

-> Z

-> D

Rou

ting

scen

ario

(2)

low

low

low

high

Mem

ory

usag

e

low

low

high

Z WYXNod

e

mod

erat

ehi

ghlo

w

low

low

hi

gh

mod

erat

e

Bat

tery

lif

e

low

low

Tem

pera

ture

CPU

ut

ilisa

tion

J9Fa

milia

r Lin

uxZ

J9Po

cket

PC20

02W

Jeod

ePo

cket

PC20

02Y

CrE

me

Pock

et P

C 2

003

X

JVM

OS

Nod

e

S

X Y

Z

W

D

•O

ptim

al ro

ute

from

S to

D,

band

wid

th-w

ise:

–S

-> X

-> Z

-> D

–H

owev

er, X

has

:•

Low

bat

tery

.•

Hig

h C

PU u

tilis

atio

n.

•H

igh

mem

ory

usag

e.

•To

be

ener

gy e

ffici

ent,

and

light

-wei

ghte

d:–

Rou

te w

ill be

:•

S ->

Y ->

Z ->

D

Con

clus

ions

•W

e ha

ve p

rove

d th

e co

ncep

t of a

pro

xy-P

DA

and

show

ed th

at it

may

be

a go

od a

ltern

ativ

e to

pro

per r

outin

g so

ftwar

e du

e to

its:

–Lo

w im

plem

enta

tion

effo

rt.–

Ligh

t-wei

ghte

d na

ture

.•

We

have

por

ted

vario

us J

VM

s to

var

ious

OS

s fo

r iP

AQ

PD

As.

–Fa

milia

r Lin

ux:

•Bl

ackd

own

JRE

1.3

and

IBM

J9.

–Po

cket

PC

200

3:•

IBM

J9

and

NSI

com

CrE

me.

–Po

cket

PC

200

2.•

Insi

gnia

Jeo

de, I

BM

J9,

and

NS

Icom

CrE

me.

•W

e ha

ve p

rove

d th

at th

e O

S a

nd th

e JV

M u

sed

can

play

an

impo

rtant

role

in th

e ef

ficie

ncy

of th

e pr

oxy-

PD

A in

term

s of

ban

dwid

th, b

atte

ry d

isch

arge

rate

, CP

U u

tilis

atio

n, h

eap

mem

ory,

and

tem

pera

ture

.•

We

have

iden

tifie

d th

e be

st p

air a

s be

ing:

Poc

ketP

C 2

003

with

CrE

me

and

as a

n al

tern

ativ

e to

low

er u

tilis

atio

n of

PD

A’s

reso

urce

s w

ith m

oder

ate

band

wid

th b

eing

: Fam

iliar

Lin

ux w

ith

J9.

•W

e ha

ve s

how

n th

e im

porta

nce

of B

AS

S, w

hich

can

be

inco

rpor

ated

with

MA

RIA

N, i

n or

der

to a

ssis

t in

met

ric-d

riven

rout

ing

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt:

–Pe

rform

ance

cha

ract

eris

tics.

–C

urre

nt U

tilis

atio

n.•

Exte

nsiv

e re

sear

ch w

ill no

w b

e co

ncen

trate

d in

bui

ldin

g up

a s

cala

ble

mod

el fo

r dire

ct a

nd

indi

rect

com

mun

icat

ion

rang

e ne

twor

k di

scov

ery

and

indi

rect

. •

The

next

sta

ge in

clud

es s

imul

atin

g M

AR

IAN

usi

ng N

etw

ork

Sim

ulat

ion

(NS

2)

and

com

pare

its

perfo

rman

ce to

trad

ition

al ro

utin

g pr

otoc

ols

such

as

DS

R,

AO

DV

, and

so

on.

Pub

licat

ions

•IE

EE E

CBS

200

3–

Mob

ile A

gent

s fo

r Rou

ting,

Top

olog

y D

isco

very

, and

Aut

omat

ic N

etw

ork

Rec

onfig

urat

ion

in A

d-ho

c N

etw

orks

.•

IAD

IS W

WW

/Inte

rnet

200

3–

MA

RIA

N: A

fram

ewor

k us

ing

Mob

ile

Age

nts

for R

outin

g In

Ad-

hoc

Net

wor

ks.

•IE

EE E

CBS

200

4–

Mig

ratio

n of

Mob

ile A

gent

s in

Ad-

hoc,

Wire

less

Net

wor

ks•

Else

vier

Jou

rnal

of A

d-H

oc

Net

wor

ks (2

004)

–An

alys

is o

f an

Age

nt-b

ased

Met

ric-

Driv

en M

etho

d fo

r Ad-

hoc,

On-

Dem

and

Rou

ting

Que

stio

ns

Than

k yo

u !!!