OptionsforaFund‐wideGender‐sensitiveApproach

GCF/B.06/139February2014MeetingoftheBoard19‐21February2014

Bali,IndonesiaAgendaitem13

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RecommendedactionbytheBoard

ItisrecommendedthattheBoard:

(a) TakesnoteoftheinformationpresentedindocumentGCF/B.06/13OptionsforaFund‐wideGender‐sensitiveApproach;and

(b) RequeststheSecretariattoprepareadocumentforconsiderationbytheBoardatitsOctober2014meeting.

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Tableofcontents

I.  Introduction 1 

II.  Approachandrationale 2 

III.  LessonslearnedfromtheClimateInvestmentFundsandotherorganizationsinvolvedinclimatechangefinanceandimplementation 4 

3.1  Institutionallessons 4 

3.2  Project/programme‐relatedlessons 6 

IV.  Optionstomainstreamgendersensitivity 7 

4.1  Resultsmanagementframework 7 

4.2  Portfoliomonitoringandevaluation 8 

4.3  Project/programmedesign 8 

4.4  Environmentalandsocialsafeguards 9 

4.5  Capacitybuilding 10 

4.6  Humanresourcemanagement 10 

4.7  Otheropportunitiesformainstreaminggendersensitivity 11 

V.  Nextsteps 12

 

AnnexI: Genderchecklistforprojectorprogrammedesign andimplementation13

AnnexII: FlowchartofintegrationofgendersensitivityintoFundactivities14

AnnexIII: Listofreferences15

AnnexIV:Listofclimateandgenderexpertswhoparticipatedinthe consultationsonthisdocument17

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OptionsforaFund‐wideGender‐sensitiveApproach

I. Introduction

1. AtitsOctober2013meeting,theBoard,initsdecisionB.05/22:

“Reaffirm[ed]takingagender‐sensitiveapproachasoutlinedintheGoverningInstrument;”

“Decide[d]toconsider,atitsfirstmeetingin2014,agender‐sensitiveapproachtotheFund’sobjectivesandoperationalpolicies”,and

“Request[ed]theSecretariattopresentforconsiderationbytheBoard,atitsfirstmeetingin2014,includingthroughconsultationswithrelevantbodiesandobserverorganizations,aworkingdocumentsettingouttheoptionsforaFund‐widegender‐sensitiveapproach.”

2. TheFundhasbeenestablishedtopromote,inthecontextofsustainabledevelopment,aparadigmshifttowardslow‐emissionandclimate‐resilientdevelopmentpathways.TheGoverningInstrumentalsogivestheFundaclearmandateongendersensitivity.Itrecognizestheimportanceofgenderconsiderationsintermsofimpactandaccesstofunding:

Paragraph3:“TheFundwillstrivetomaximizetheimpactofitsfundingforadaptationandmitigation,andseekabalancebetweenthetwo,whilepromotingenvironmental,social,economicanddevelopmentco‐benefitsandtakingagender‐sensitiveapproach.”

Paragraph31:“TheFundwillprovidesimplifiedandimprovedaccesstofunding,includingdirectaccess,basingitsactivitiesonacountry‐drivenapproachandwillencouragetheinvolvementofrelevantstakeholders,includingvulnerablegroupsandaddressinggenderaspects.”

3. Paragraph71includeswomenamongsttheFund’sstakeholders.Finally,theGoverningInstrumentcallsforgenderbalanceamongBoardmembers(paragraph11)andstaffoftheSecretariat(paragraph21).

Box1:Definitions

Thetermgenderreferstohowsocietiesandspecificculturesassignrolesandascribecharacteristicstomenandwomenonthebasisoftheirsex.Forexample,manyculturesshareexpectationsthatwomenaremorenurturingthanmenandmenshouldbesoldiersduringwars.

Thetermgenderequality,asenshrinedininternationalandnationalconstitutionsandotherhumanrightsagreements,referstoequalrights,power,responsibilities,andopportunitiesforwomenandmen,aswellasequalconsiderationoftheinterests,needs,andprioritiesofwomenandmen.

Thetermgenderequityreferstotheprocessofbeingfairtowomenandmen.Toensureequity,measuresoftenneedtobetakentocompensate(orreduce)disparityforhistoricalandsocialdisadvantagesthatpreventwomenandmenfromotherwiseoperatingonanequitablebasis.Equityleadstoequality.

Thetermgendersensitivityreferstotheunderstandingofthewayspeoplethinkaboutgenderandsocio‐culturalfactorsunderlyinggenderinequality.Gendersensitivityimpliesaconsiderationofthepotentialcontributionofwomenandmentosocietalchangesaswellasthemethodsandtoolstopromotegenderequityandreducegenderdisparities,andmeasuretheimpactofactivitiesonwomenandmen.

Sources:USAID,2013andWorldBank,2012.

4. ThepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovidetheBoardwithelementsfortheoperationalizationofgendersensitivityinalltheFund’sactivities,processes,andprocedures.

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ItisintendedtoinformtheBoardandprovideabasisfordiscussion,sothattheSecretariatcanprepareamoreelaboratedocumentanddraftguidingprinciplesforconsiderationattheOctober2014Boardmeeting.TheultimateobjectiveistoensurethattheFund,aswellasintermediariesandimplementingentities(IEs)andexecutingentities(EEs),willgivedueconsiderationtothegenderaspectsoftheprojectsandprogrammesfinancedbytheFundinordertobuildbothwomen’sandmen’sresiliencetoclimatechange.ThedocumentmakesthecasefortheFundtotakeintoconsiderationhowgenderdifferencesaffectthewayspeopleareimpactedby,andrespondto,climatechange(Schalatek,2013),andthatintegratinggendersensitivitywillhelpgenerategreaterandmoresustainableclimatechangeandothereconomicdevelopmentresults,whilealsopotentiallygeneratingco‐benefitswithregardtogenderequality.

5. ChapterIIpresentstheapproachandrationaletakentodevelopthisdocument.ChapterIIIsummarizesthelessonslearnedfromtheClimateInvestmentFunds(CIF)andotherorganizationsinvolvedinclimatechangefinanceandimplementation,andChapterIVpresentstheoptionstomainstreamgendersensitivityintoFundactivities.

II. Approachandrationale

6. Thedocumentdrawsontwomajorbackgrounddocuments(SchalatekandBurns,2013,andAguilaretal.,2012.SeeAnnexIIIforthelistofreferences.).Itisalsoinformedbymanyotherdocumentspublishedbymultilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs),bilateralagenciesandnon‐governmentalorganizations(NGOs),whichhavereviewedgenderandclimatechangemattersaswellastheiroperationalizationexperienceandresults.Anumberofgenderandclimateexpertsparticipatedinconsultationsonthedocument(SeeAnnexIVforthelistofexperts.).

7. TherearefivecompellingreasonsfortheFund’smandateongendersensitivity:

(a) TheFund’smandateis,interalia,tocontributetotheachievementoftheultimateobjectivesoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkonConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC).Referencetoanthropogenicinteractionwiththeclimatesystem(UNFCCC,Article2)impliesinteractionofbothwomenandmen;

(b) Thewell‐documentedfactthatclimatechangeimpactswomenandmendifferently,tothedetrimentofwomen,andthatexistinggenderinequalitiesarelikelytobeexacerbatedbytheimpactsofclimatechange.Forexample:

(i) Women’smortalityfromclimate‐relateddisastersishigher(Box2),theyaremorevulnerabletowater‐bornediseases;

(ii) Variousmanifestationsofclimatechange,suchasdrought,exacerbatefuelwoodandwaterscarcityandaddmoretowomen’sdomesticburdensthantomen’s;

(iii) Aswomentendtorelymoreonnaturalresourcesfortheirlivelihood,thedeclineinlandandbiomassproductivityaffectswomenmorethanmen,especiallyintheruralareas,andexacerbatestheirpoverty(womenarealreadyamongstthepoorest,representingabout70percentofthepeoplewholiveonlessthanUS$1perday(FAO,2011);

(iv) Inurbanareas,afterclimate‐relateddisasters,itisharderforpoorwomenthanforpoormentorecovertheireconomicstatusandwelfare.

 

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Box2:Morewomenthanmendieinnaturaldisasters

Inthe1991cyclonedisastersthatkilled140,000peopleinBangladesh,90percentofvictimswerewomen.1Thedeathrateamongpeopleaged20–44yearswas71per1,000women,comparedwith15per1,000men.2Explanationsforthisincludethefactthatmorewomenthanmenarehome‐bound,lookingafterchildrenandvaluables.Evenifawarningisissued,manywomendiewhilewaitingfortheirrelativestoreturnhometoaccompanythemtoasafeplace.Otherreasonsforthisdisparityincludethefactthatthesarirestrictswomen’smovementandputsthemmoreatriskatthetimeofatidalsurge.Womenarealsolesswell‐nourishedandhencephysicallylessablethanmentodealwiththesesituations.InNepal,afterthefloodsof1993,asurveyestablishedage‐andsex‐specificflood‐relateddeathsamongmorethan40,000registeredparticipants(includingdeathsduetoinjuryorillnessintheweeksaftertheflood).Floodrelatedfatalitieswere13.3per1,000girlsaged2–9years,9.4per1,000boysaged2–9years,6.1per1,000adultwomenand4.1per1,000adultmen.3

(c) Genderinequalityislinkedtovulnerabilityandrisk.Women’sgreatervulnerabilitytoclimatechangestemsfromgendernormsanddiscriminationthatresultinimbalanceddivisionoflabour,lowerincomeandlesserlivelihoodopportunities,lessaccessandcontroloverlandandotherproductiveassets,fewerlegalrights,lessermobility,andlesserpoliticalandprofessionalrepresentation(USAID,2013);

(d) Thewell‐documentedfactthatwomen,aswellasmen,significantlycontributetocombattingclimatechange.Forexample:

(i) Womencomprisethemajorityofsmall‐scalefarmersindevelopingcountriesandoftenapplytheirspecificknowledgerelevanttoclimatechangeadaptation,includinginformationabouttraditionallandmanagementtechniques,soilenrichmentanddrought‐resistantseeds;

(ii) Womenhaveledclimatechangeinitiativesinmanysectors,suchascommunity‐basedreforestationefforts(Box3),water,disastermanagement,transport,andenergy(Schalatek,2013);

Box3:Women’sleadershiponreforestationcontributestocarbonsequestration

ThegloballyactiveGreenBeltMovement,initiatedin1977inKenyabytheNobelPeacePrizeWinnerWangariMaathai,reliesonwomentoleadlocalreforestationeffortsbyplantingtensofmillionsoftreesthatprovidefuel,food,shelterandincometoruralcommunitieswhilecapturingcarbondioxideandrestoringerodedsoils.4Since2001,womeninGuatemala,Nicaragua,ElSalvador,HondurasandMexicohaveplantedmorethan800,000mayanuttreeswhichsequestercarbon;theprojectalsoteacheswomenabouttheuses,processing,foodvalueandcommercializationofthemayanutbysupportingwomen’sproducergroups,therebyincreasingincomesandfoodsuppliesforthecommunities.

(e) Shiftingtheparadigmtowardslow‐emissionandclimate‐resilientdevelopment

pathways,whichistheFund’smandate,requiresalargenumberofindividualandcollectivedecisionsbywomenandmen.“[L]ow‐emissiondevelopmentpathwayscanbemoreeffectiveandmoreequitablewheretheyaredesignedusingagender‐informedapproach.Billionsofwomenaroundtheworldmakedecisionseverydaythatinfluencetheamountofcarbonthatisreleasedintotheatmosphere,forexample,ashome‐makers,asfarmersandland‐managers,orasconsumers.Suchchoicescanbeexpandedinwaysthatreducecarbonfootprintswhilealsopromotingco‐benefitsfor

                                                            1AguilarL.Climatechangeanddisastermitigation.Gland,InternationalUnionforConservationofNature,2004(http://www.genderandenvironment.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Climate.pdf).

2WEDO.Gender,climatechange,andhumansecurity:lessonsfromBangladesh,GhanaandSenegal.NewYork,Women’sEnvironmentandDevelopmentOrganization,2008.

3BartlettS.Climatechangeandurbanchildren:Impactsandimplicationsforadaptationinlowandmiddleincomecountries.IIEDHumanSettlementsdiscussionpaper–climatechangeandcities2.London,InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,2008.

4IUCN,UNDP,GGCAGlobalGenderandClimateChangeAlliance(2009).TrainingManualonGenderandClimateChange,p.168.

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genderequality.”(Aguilar,2012).Agender‐sensitiveapproachisthereforepartofaparadigmshiftandtransformationalchange(Schalatek,2013).

8. Inaddition,thedocumentbuildsonthefollowingthreemajorelements:

(a) TheFundiscommittedtoimplementinggendersensitivityfromtheonsetofitsoperations.Asaresult,anumberofdocumentsrelatingtotheFund’sbusinessmodelframeworkhavealreadyintegratedagender‐sensitiveapproach(e.g.documentsGCF/B.06/04andGCF/B.06/09);

(b) TheFundisrequiredtomobilize,allocateandusefinancialresourcesefficiently(GoverningInstrument,paragraphs3and57).Genderinequalitymaylimittheeffectivenessofmitigationandadaptationstrategiesifgenderrelationsarenottakenintoaccount.Tappingintowomen’sskillsandtalents,aswellasintothoseofmen,andassociatingwomen’sequallyasmenindecision‐making,isexpectedtoincreaseperformanceandgenerategreaterandmoresustainableclimatechangeanddevelopmentoutcomes.“[T]herearemanyexampleswhereempoweringwomentoexerciseleadershipwithintheircommunitiescontributestoclimateresilience,rangingfromdisasterpreparednessinBangladesh,IndonesiaandNicaragua,tobetterforestgovernanceinIndiaandNepal,tocopingwithdroughtintheHornofAfrica.”(Aguilar,2012);

(c) TheFundisanascentandalearninginstitution.Asexperienceisgainedandlessonsarelearnedinallareas(e.g.onfinancialinstruments),aswellasonthegendersensitivityintheFund’sactivitiesandoperationalmodalities,includingactivitieswiththeprivatesector,theFundwillbeabletoadjustitspolicies,processes,procedures,andprojectandprogrammedesign.Thedocumentthereforeproposesaphasedapproachtoimplementinggendersensitivity.

III. LessonslearnedfromtheClimateInvestmentFundsandotherorganizationsinvolvedinclimatechangefinanceandimplementation

9. Forthepurposeofthisdocument,thelessonslearnedarefocussedonthetwocategoriesthataredeemedmostrelevanttolaunchtheoperationalizationofgendersensitivityintheFund’sactivities,processes,andprocedures:institutionallessons(Section3.1),i.e.thoselessonsthathaveabearingonoperationalpolicies,processesandproceduresofaclimatechangefinanceinstitution;andlessonslearnedfromprojectandprogrammedesignandimplementation(Section3.2).Itisrecognizedthatmanyotherlessonslearnedongenderandclimatechangearerelevant.

3.1 Institutionallessons

10. TheninemostrelevantinstitutionallessonsfortheFundaresummarizedbelow:

(a) Clearpolicyguidanceonmainstreaminggendersensitivityinthefinanceinstitutionisneededtoobtaingender‐sensitiveresults.Theseresultsalsoneedtobeclearlyformulated,includingtheexpectationsfromintermediariesandIEsandEEs.InthecaseofCIF,intheabsenceofsuchpolicyguidance,thereisawiderangeofgenderintegrationinthecoreprogrammes,thebenefitsofwhichareunclear.Bycontrast,sincetheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)introduceditsgenderpolicyin2011,manymoreprojectsaregender‐sensitiveinallregions(IUCN,2013).RelianceongenderpoliciesofinstitutionssuchasMDBsisinsufficient;climatechangeandvulnerabilitypoliciesalsoneedtobegender‐sensitive.Theseinstitutionsmayhavetheirowngenderpolicies,but

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thesearenotnecessarilyprovidingguidanceongendersensitivityofclimatechangeactivities;

(b) Clearbaselinesongendersensitivityforaccreditationofimplementingentitiesareneededtoallowoperationstomoveforward.AsreportedindocumentGCF/B.05/08,GEFhasintroducedapolicyongendermainstreaming.InordertoimplementGEF‐financedprojects,GEFpartneragenciesarerequiredtohaveestablishedeitherapolicyorpolicies(thismayincluderelevantlaws,regulationsandguidelines),orastrategy,oranactionplanthatrequirestheagencytodesignandimplementprojectsinsuchawaythatbothwomenandmen:

(i) Receiveculturallycompatiblesocialandeconomicbenefits;

(ii) Donotsufferadverseeffectsduringthedevelopmentprocess;and

(iii) Aregrantedfullrespectfortheirdignityandhumanrights.

Accordingtothesepolicies,theGEFaccreditationpanelassesseswhetherapplicantshaveestablishedadequatepoliciesandstandardsandhavesufficientimplementationpracticesandcapacitytobeabletoapplytheenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardsaswellastheGEF’spolicyongendermainstreaming.TheGEFrequirements,however,haveprecludedotherwisestrongIEsfromaccreditation,becauseoftheirlackofgendercapabilities.TheoptionsonthisarediscussedinSection4.4.

(c) Clearaccountabilitymechanismsareneeded,intermsofmonitoringandreportinggender‐sensitivepolicyimplementation,resultsandprocesses,inordertotakecorrectivemeasureswhenresultsarenotforthcoming.Accountabilityforgender‐sensitiveresultsshouldthereforebesharedbyallconcernedinfundinginstitutions,fromboardstoseniormanagementandstaff;

(d) Gender‐sensitivecomplaintmechanismsareneeded,sothatwomenandmenfeelconfidenttofiletheircomplaintsrelatingtoclimatechangeinterventions;

(e) Sex‐disaggregateddataandrelevantgenderindicatorsintheresultsandportfoliomonitoringframeworksneedtobeincluded,asappropriate,forexample,wheneveranactivityrequirestheinterventionofpeopleorhasanimpactonpeople.Qualitativeaswellasqualitativemethodsareneededtoassessthegenderimpactofactivities;

(f) Periodicauditingofgender‐sensitiveresultsallowstoadjustpolicies,andaccountabilityandimplementationmechanisms.The2010StrategicEnvironmental,Social,andGenderAssessmentandtheGenderReview(2012)oftheCIFisagoodexampleofsuchaudits;itis,however,notclearifthefindingshavefedbackintotherelevantdecision‐makingprocessesatboardormanageriallevel;

(g) Operationalproceduresandtoolsareneededtoimplementpolicies.Theyshouldbeassimpleaspossibletofacilitatethestaff’soperationalworkandavoidbureaucraticburdens.Thereisaplethoraofgender‘toolkits’andsourcebooksreadilyavailableforadaptationandmitigationwork‐duplicationofeffortshouldbeavoided.TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)projectreviewprocessisagoodpracticeexample.Itenablesafastreviewofprojectproposalsthroughagenderlens,andleadstothepreparationofaprojectgenderactionplanifappropriate.TheInternationalNetworkonGenderandSustainableEnergy(ENERGIA)GenderandEnergyToolkitisagoodpracticeexampleofatooleasilyusedbyfieldpractitioners;

(h) Gendercompetenciesamongcorestaffgreatlyenhanceattentiontogenderissuesinfundingallocation,assessmentofimplementationcapacity,andmainstreamingofgendersensitivityintocountryprojectandprogrammedesign.ThisisfurtherdiscussedinSection4.6;and

(i) Dedicatedbudgetsforgender‐relatedactivitiesareindispensable(forstafforconsultanthiring,capacitybuilding,resultsmonitoringandreporting).

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3.2 Project/programme‐relatedlessons

11. Extensivereviewsofexperience(WorldBank,2010;AfDB,2011;Aguilar,2012;USAID2013)highlightanumberoflessonsrelevantforbothproject/programmedesignandimplementation.ThesevenmostrelevantlessonsfortheFund’sfutureprojects/programmesare:

(a) Nationalprioritiesonclimatechangeandequality‐basedgendernormsshouldguideprojectdesign;nationalclimatechangeplansshouldincludenationalgenderpoliciesandpriorities;

(b) Sex‐disaggregateddataareneededtoestablishthebaselineatproject/programmelocation,andidentifyspecificgenderissuesforagivenclimatechangetopic;forexample,itisessentialtodocumentwhetherwomenormenaremostaffectedbysea‐levelriseinagivencoastalarea,andforwhichsourceoflivelihood.Womenmay,forinstance,bemoreaffectedintheirfarmingactivities,whilemenaremoreaffectedintheirfishingactivities;

(c) Cleargender‐sensitiveclimatechangeresultsandmonitoringindicatorshelpfocustheprojectorprogramme,anddesignrelevantgenderelements;

(d) Balancedparticipationofwomenandmeninclimatechangeprojects/programmes,frominitialconsultationsthroughparticipationindesign,implementation,andresultsmonitoringhaveabetterchancetogenerategreaterandmoresustainableresults;suchparticipationtapsintotheknowledgeandskillsofbothwomenandmenintheirrespectivespheresofactivities.Thereisanabundanceofexampleswherewomenaswellasmenhavecontributedeffectivelytotheimplementationofclimatechangeadaptationormitigationinitiatives(Boxes3and4);

(e) Understandinggenderandclimatechangeissuesisessential.Climatechangeexperts’understandingofgenderissues,aswellasgenderexperts’understandingofclimatechangeissues,areneededsothatteamscandesigneffectivegender‐sensitiveclimatechangeprojectsandprogrammes;

(f) Dedicatedbudgetsforgender‐sensitiveactivitiesareneededforimplementation;and

(g) Timelyassessmentofgender‐sensitiveissuesattheproject/programmeonsetavoidscausingdelaysandadditionalcosts,bothinthetechnicalpreparationandfinancialclosureoftheproject/programme,aswellasduringproject/programmeimplementation(IFC,2000).

Box4:WomenleadclimatechangeadaptationanddisasterriskreductioninBangladesh5

Thiswomen‐centredinitiativehelpscommunitiesinBangladeshadapttoclimatechangebyaddressingextremeweatherconditions,suchascyclonesandflooding,aswellastheconsequenceofincreasedsalinityconditionsinagricultureinBangladesh.Theinitiative,whichisimplementedbyActionAidBangladesh,bringstogethergroupsofwomenwholeadvulnerabilityassessmentsofclimaterisksandthenidentifyactionplans.Thesamegroupsofwomenimplementtheplans.Asaresult,improvedcookingstoveswereinstalledin110households,10temporarydamswerebuilttopreservefreshwaterforirrigationandreducesalinityintheland,andaraisedclustervillagewascreatedforlandlessfamiliesinflood‐proneareas.Scalabilityisakeyelementofthisinitiative,whichchannelledresourcestothelocalgovernmenttoenhanceitscapacity.Theinitiativefacilitatesdialoguebetweencommunitiesandthelocalgovernmenttoensurethatthegoodpracticespilotedbythewomen‐ledgroupsarescaledup.

 

                                                            5UNFCCC.2013.COP19.LighthouseInitiatives.UNFCCC,Bonn,Germany.http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/items/7841.php.

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IV. Optionstomainstreamgendersensitivity

12. ThisChapterreviewstheopportunitiesfortheFundtostartincludinggendersensitivityinitsoperationalmodalities.BasedonthelessonsreviewedinChapterIII,thisChapterfocusesonthemostimportantopportunitiesatthecurrentstageoftheFund’sdevelopment:

(a) Resultsmanagementframework;

(b) Portfoliomonitoringframework;

(c) Project/programmedesign;

(d) Environmentalandsocialsafeguards;and

(e) Capacitybuilding,inparticularinthecontextofreadinessandpreparatorysupport.

13. Thefirsttwoopportunitiesrefertothesignificanceofbuildingasystemofaccountabilityforresults.Thethirdtofifthopportunitiesrefertotheneedtoimplementgendersensitivityinfieldactivities.

14. Sections4.6and4.7offersomeconsiderationswithregardtohumanresourcemanagementandotherareaswhereadditionalworkwouldbeneededforthedocumentthatwouldbepreparedfortheOctober2014Boardmeeting.

4.1 Resultsmanagementframework

15. TheBoardadoptedacomprehensivelistoftheinitialresultareas(documentGCF/B.05/23,AnnexI).Apriori,thereisnoareathatwouldnotqualifyforagender‐sensitiveapproachinordertoensureclimatechangeresultsorgenerateincrementalclimatechangeresults.However,itwouldbeexpectedthatsomeprojects/programmeswouldhavearelativelysmallgenderelement,whileotherswouldhaveastronggenderfocus.Forexample:

(a) Mitigationandadaptationinterventionsininfrastructure,urbanandbuiltenvironmentinvolvealargenumberofstakeholdersanddecision‐makers.Thedesignofsuchinterventionswillrequireathoroughinitialunderstanding,throughconsultationsanddatacollection,oftheuseofexistingstocksofinfrastructure(e.g.transport,housing,schools,andhealthclinics)bybothwomenandmenandofthewelfarebenefitstheycurrentlyobtainfromsuchinfrastructure.Thesuccessofprojects/programmesinthisareaislikelytodependonwhethertheproject/programmeinterventionswillmeettheinfrastructureneedsofbothwomenandmen;

(b) Similarly,thesuccessofmitigationinterventionsinagriculturewillmostlikelydependonwhetherthenewtechnologiesaretransferredtotherelevantfarminggroups,thatis,towomenandmenfarmers.Consequently,project/programmesponsorswillneedtofirstestablishwhotheprimaryusersofthefarmlandsare,women,menorboth,andwhichgrouptotargetfortechnologytraining;

(c) Sectorinterventions,suchasrenewableenergy,needtocarefullyassesstheircustomerbasebygender.Forinstance,asurveydonefortheLightingAfricaprogrammefinancedbytheInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC,2011)inpartnershipwiththeGEFandseveralotherdonorsandprogrammes,hasdocumentedthatwomenholdsignificantswayinhouseholddecision‐makingwithrespecttolightingtechnology.Theprogrammealsodeterminedthat,inabusinesscontext,womenandmen’slightingneedsdiffer,basedonthetypeofbusinesstheyoperated.Thisillustratestheneedforgendersensitivitybothindefiningresultsandselectingindicators.

16. DocumentGCF/B.06/04alreadyreflectstheFund’scommitmenttogendersensitivity:itflagsthegenderresultsandindicatorsforwhichsex‐disaggregateddatacollectionisneeded,andthemethodologyforcollectingthedata(includingsurveysthatcanhavequalitative

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questions).However,thechallengefortheFundistoestablishhowitscommitmenttogendersensitivitywillbeimplementedwithinthetwo‐tierresultsmanagementstructure:tier1,bytheEEsthatwillberesponsibleforthedetaileddesignofactivitiesandtheselectionofproject‐andprogramme‐levelresultsandindicators;andtier2,bytheintermediariesandIEsthatwillberesponsibleformonitoringandreportingonsector‐levelresultsandindicators.

17. TheFundhasthreeoptions:

(a) Option1:AskingIEstoworkwiththeinitialresultsmanagementframework.TheFundcouldalsoaskthefirstlyaccreditedIEstoprovidefeedbacktotheFundontheability/difficultiestohaveEEsselectrelevantindicatorsandcollectdatathatcanbeaggregatedatthesectorlevel.ThemeritofthisapproachisthatitprovidesclearguidancetoIEsassoonastheFundbecomesoperational;theriskisthatitmaybedifficultfortheIEstocoachtheEEsonthechoiceofarelevantgenderindicator.Anotherriskisthattheinitialdataongender‐sensitiveresultsmayendupbeingofpoorquality;

(b) Option2:PreparingmoredetailedguidelinesthattheIEscouldusewiththeEEs.Thismaybeasaferapproachtoobtaingender‐sensitiveresults.Therisk,however,isthatitmaytakesometimebeforesuchguidelinesareavailable;

(c) Option3:ReferringtheIEstoexistingtoolkitstouseintheirreviewsof,orguidanceto,EEs.

18. Thethreeoptionsarenotmutuallyexclusive.TheFundmaycombinethefirstandthirdoptionsintheinitialphaseoflaunchingitsactivities.Itcan,inasecondphase,takestockofresultsaftertheinitialphaseofactivitiesandofthelessonslearnedtoconfirmthevalueofexistingmaterialorprepareitsownmoredetailedguidelines.

4.2 Portfoliomonitoringandevaluation

19. MonitoringtheFund’sportfoliowillbetheresponsibilityoftheCountryProgrammingDivisionoftheSecretariatandevaluationwillbetheresponsibilityoftheIndependentEvaluationUnit(seedocumentGCF/B.05/10).ItwouldbeimportantthattheDivisionincludesgenderreportinginitsannualreport,andthatitperiodicallycommissionssectororcross‐sectorassessmentsoftheportfolio’sgenderresults.Theseassessmentsshouldshedlightonwhethergender‐sensitiveprojects/programmesareperformingbetterthanprojects/programmeswithnogenderelements(frombefore).Theresultsoftheseassessmentsandevaluationsareimportantforthefurtheradjustmentofoperationalpolicies.Theevaluationcouldalsoinformtheportfolioriskassessment(seedocumentsGCF/B.06/10andGCF/B.06/11).

20. Impactassessmentswouldbecarriedoutatregularintervals(seedocumentGCF/B.06/04).Again,thesewouldbeessentialinanalysingtheeffectivenessofvarioustypesofgender‐sensitiveprojects/programmes,andcomparingtheoutcomeswithprojects/programmeswithnogenderelements.

4.3 Project/programmedesign

21. Project/programmedesignisakeyentrypointtomainstreamgendersensitivity.Theselectionofprojects/programmesistobecountry‐driven.Asimpleapproach,adoptedbythePilotProgrammeClimateResilience(PPCR)oftheCIFistoincludeagenderquestionintheinitialproject/programmeconceptnote.Notallprojects/programmeswouldbeexpectedtohavegenderelements.

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22. Adoptinggender‐sensitivetoolsforproject/programmedesign.Alargeselectionofanalyticalanddesigntoolsarereadilyavailableandwelldocumentedinanumberofthematicorsectortoolkits,sourcebooks,handbooks,etc.Theyhaveanumberofcommonelements,oftenlistedon‘check‐lists’(seeAnnexI).

23. Executingentitieswillberesponsibleforintegratinggenderelementsintoprojects/programmes,andIEswillbeaccountableforduediligenceontheproject/programmedesign.AstheFundwillworkdirectlymostlywithIEs,itmayexplorevariousoptionstomonitorproject/programmedesign,inparticularduringthefirsttwoyearsoftheFund’soperations,whenlearningisessential:

(a) Option1:Reviewingasampleofapprovedprojects/programmesthroughthegenderlens,e.g.onceayear,andanalysinghowtheproject/programmewaspreparedanddesigned,whetherithasanygenderelements,andhowitisbeingimplemented.ThelessonsdrawnwouldbesharedwithalltheIEsandpostedontheFund’swebsite,andfurtherdisseminatedtostakeholders(seeSection4.7).

(b) Option2:Ifneeded,suggestingtotheIEand/ortheEEtoredesigntherelevantpartoftheproject/programme.Experienceshowsthatitispreferabletopartiallyredesignaproject/programmeduringimplementationthandonothing.

Box5:Projectredesignforgendersensitivity–LaosRuralElectrificationProject

AgoodpracticeexampleofeffectiveprojectredesignistheLaosRuralElectrificationProject,whichwasredesignedforgendersensitivitywithinthefirsttwoyearsofimplementation.Thesolution–targetedsubsidiesforgridoroff‐gridconnections–wasdesignedtorespondtotheneedofthepoorestfemale‐headedhouseholds,whichwerepreviouslyleftoutoftheprogramme.Thisredesignbecamethebasisforexpandingtheaccessprogrammetoallpoorhouseholds.

4.4 Environmentalandsocialsafeguards

24. DocumentGCF/B.06/09includesgenderequityandwomen’sempowermentasoneoftheelementsoftheenvironmentalandsocialsafeguards:

"GenderEquityandWomen’sEmpowerment–Projects/programmeswillbedesignedandimplementedinsuchawaythatbothwomenandmen:

(a) Areabletoparticipatefullyandequitably;

(b) Receivecomparablesocialandeconomicbenefits;and

(c) Donotsufferdisproportionateadverseeffectsduringthedevelopmentprocess.”

25. Thedocumentalsostatesthatguidance/referencematerialwillneedtobedevelopedtoexplaintheenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardelements,andgendercanbefurtheremphasizedandincorporatedasacross‐cuttingthematictopic.InorderfortheFundtobeabletodemonstratetheimpact,project/programmeimplementerswillneedtocollectdataandreportonspecificmetrics.

26. IntermsofaccreditationofIEs,atthisstageoftheFund’sdevelopment,theFundmaywanttostartwiththegenderprovisionsthatarepartofitsenvironmentalandsocialsafeguards.Afteroneortwoyearsofoperations,aslessonsarelearnedontheIEs’capacitytoselectprojects/programmesthatgenerategender‐sensitiveclimatechangeresults,theFundmayconsiderwhetherornottorequireex‐antecompliancewiththeFund’sgenderpolicybyIEs.Alternatively,theFundcoulddeepenthegendercapacitybuildingitwilloffertoIEs.

27. Accordingly,theBoardmayconsideramoregradualapproachfortheFund,wherebysuchrequirementsdonotpreventpotentialIEsfromgettingaccredited,butforeseeaprocess

GCF/B.06/13Page10

thatallowsthemtodevelopthenecessarypracticesandcapabilitieswhiletheyarealreadyengaged.

4.5 Capacitybuilding

28. StrengtheningthecapacityofIEsandEEstodeliverontheFund’sgender‐sensitivitymandateisexpectedtobeakeyentrypoint.TheprovisionofreadinessandpreparatorysupportwouldbetheidealvehicletoprovidecapacitybuildingandtrainingongendertolocalinstitutionsinthefourmainareasidentifiedindocumentGCF/B.06/14:

(a) Establishmentofanationaldesignatedauthority(NDA)orfocalpointthatwillactasaninterfacebetweenthecountryandtheFundandwillcommunicatethenationalstrategicprioritiesforfinancinglow‐emissionandclimate‐resilientdevelopmentacrosstheeconomy;

(b) Developmentofastrategicframeworkthatwilltakestockof,andbuildon,relevantexistingnationalstrategicdocuments,andwillaimtoidentifycountries’leadingandmosttransformativestrategicprioritiesasaresponsetoclimatechange;

(c) SelectionofsuitableIEsandintermediariesforchannellingtheFund’sresources,andpreparationoftheseentitiesforaccreditationwiththeFund;and

(d) Preparationofinitialpipelinesofpriorityprojectand/orprogrammeproposalstobereadyforsubmissiontotheBoard.

29. Inaddition,trainingongenderwouldbeintegratedintothetrainingtobeprovidedonenvironmentalandsocialsafeguards;suchtrainingcouldberepeatedovertimeasthepipelineofprojects/programmesincreases.

30. Participation:CapacitybuildingonparticipatoryapproacheswouldalsoneedtobeprovidedtoNDAsandfocalpoints,IEsandEEs.Effectiveparticipationofbothwomenandmenfromawiderangeofstakeholders(government,civilsocietyorganizations(CSOs))willbeessentialforcountryownership,inparticularfor:NDAsorfocalpoints;theintegrationofgenderinnationalclimatechangestrategies;theuseofFundfinance;theprioritizationandselectionofprojectsandprogrammesbynationalandinternationalentities;andproject/programmedesign,implementationandresultsmonitoringbyEEs.

4.6 Humanresourcemanagement

31. Recruitment.TheFundhasamandateongenderbalanceamongBoardmembersandintherecruitmentofSecretariatstaff.TheFundisintheprocessofrecruitingforquiteanumberofpositions.Itthereforehastheopportunitytoaimatachievinggenderbalance,andatrecruitingmanagersandstaffwhowillhaveexperienceingendermainstreaming.ThisisparticularlyrelevantfortherecruitmentoftheHumanResourcesOfficer,whosedutiesincludethedevelopmentofhumanresourcesguidelinesaswellasensuringtheirimplementation,includingondiversity.

32. Genderexpertise.Thestaffislikelytobequitesmallinitially.Itwouldbeimportantthatanumberofkeystaffhavegendercompetencies,orbeofferedessentialgendertrainingsoonafterbeingrecruited,inparticularthoseresponsiblefor:

(a) Implementingtheresultsmanagementframework;

(b) Environmentalandsocialsafeguards;

(c) Portfoliomonitoring;and

(d) Theaccreditationcommittee.

GCF/B.06/13Page11

33. OncetheFundiswellcapitalizedandtheSecretariatisendowedwithenoughstaffpositions,theskillmixwillgrow,includingthegender‐relatedskills.Inthemeantime,theSecretariatwillneedtosupplementitslimitedstaffwithconsultantsandsecondees.

34. Training.Sincethestaffnumberswillbesmall,awarenessofgender‐sensitiveresultsoftheFundcanbeobtainedthroughtraining.ThesoonerBoardmembersandSecretariatstaffreceivegender‐sensitivitytraining,theeasieritwillbetobuildconsensusonhowtoimplementtheFund’smandateongendersensitivity.BoardmeetingscanprovidetheusefulopportunitytooffersuchtrainingtoBoardmembers.Stafftrainingcanbeofferedonarecurrentbasis.

4.7 Otheropportunitiesformainstreaminggendersensitivity

35. PrivateSectorFacility(PSF).ThePSFwillbeaveryimportantinstrumentfortheFundtoachievegender‐sensitiveclimatechangeresults.ThePSFmaywanttogivespecialattentiontofemaleentrepreneurshipasameanstoincreasetheprobabilityofbetterclimatechangeresults.Atleastonestudy(HaasSchoolofBusinessatUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley(McElhaneyandMobasseri,2012))hasattemptedtoassessbusinesses’genderbalanceandclimatechangeperformance(Box6).36. Learningfromexperience,womenarealreadyextremelyactiveentrepreneurs.Somecompaniesdeliberatelytrytoattractwomen‐ownedenterprisesthroughtheirprocurementofgoodsandservices,withverypositiveresults.ItisthereforeessentialforthePSFtogiveequalopportunitytowomenandmentodeveloptheiractivitiesinclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.ThisisanareawheretheFundcanmakeasignificantcontributiontoreducinggenderinequitiesandpoverty.

Box6:Womenentrepreneurshelpcombatclimatechange

ResearchbytheHaasSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,whichinvestigatedthecorporateperformanceofmorethan1,500companiesacrossthreemaincategoriesofenvironmental,socialandgovernance,corroboratesthehypothesisthat‘gendermatters’andthekeyfindingsaresignificantforthedevelopmentoftherenewableenergytarget(RET)marketandforsustainabledevelopment.Oneofthefindingsisthatcompanieswithmorewomenontheirboardofdirectorsaresignificantlymorelikelyto:

Investinrenewablepowergenerationandtoproactivelytakestepstoimproveenergyefficiency Haveintegratedclimatechangeintotheiractuarialmodelsanddevelopedproductsthathelpcustomersmanageclimatechangerisk

Measureandreducecarbonemissionsoftheirproducts Havesupplierprogrammestoreducetheirsupplychaincarbonfootprint Reducetheenvironmentalimpactsoftheirpackaging Addressenvironmentalrisksintheirfinancialdecisions Notdisturblargeand/orfragileareasofbiodiversity

37. Communicationandinformationdisclosure.EffectivecommunicationofgenderresultsisessentialfortheFund’srelationshipswithotherpartners,includingcivilsociety.Overthelongerterm,theFundmayalsoconsiderusingdisseminationtoolsthatcanbecomelearningtoolsforIEsandEEs,suchasvideostobepostedontheInternetandradioprogrammesinlocallanguages.

38. AnnexIIpresentsaflowchartoftheoperationalizationofgendersensitivityintheFund’sstructureandactivities.

 

GCF/B.06/13Page12

V. Nextsteps

39. Documentpreparation.Recognizingthatwomenfacegreaterbarriersinbenefitingfromclimatefinanceoptionsandopportunities,itisrecommendedthatadocumentbepreparedforBoardconsiderationatOctober2014meetingthatwillincludethedraftpolicystatementonhowtheFundintendstoaddressgendersensitivityandencourageactivitiesthatallowwomenandmentofullybenefitfromitsprojectsandprogrammes.

40. Inaddition,theSecretariatwillinitiateworkonpreparingoperationalguidancematerials(guidelineswithtoolkitreferences)fortheSecretariatandIEs,andwillseekopportunitiestoprovidegendertrainingunderthereadinessworkprogramme.

GCF/B.06/13Page13

 

 

AnnexI:Genderchecklistforprojectorprogrammedesignandimplementation

(a) Collectionofgender‐disaggregateddataandundertakingagenderassessmentinordertodeterminethespecificgenderissueemergingfromclimatechangeinthepotentialprojectorprogrammelocation;

(b) Consultationswithbothwomenandmen,andparticipationofbothgroupsinprojectorprogrammedesignandimplementation;

(c) Designofgender‐sensitiveinformation,bothfromthepointofviewofthecontentandthedeliveryprocess;forexample,womenrespondbettertodisasterwarningsystemsinvolvingwomenbroadcasters;

(d) Definitionofcleargenderobjectivesfortheprojectorprogramme;

(e) Genderbalanceindecision‐makingcommittees,suchasmunicipalcouncils;

(f) Interventionstailoredtotheneedsofbothwomenandmen,includingsub‐groupsbyage(children,youth,elderly),inparticularinruralareasandlow‐incomeurbanareas;

(g) Useofexistingknowledgefrombothwomenandmen;

(h) Genderactionplans,recordingexpectedgenderoutcomes,andindicators(alongthelinesoftheproposedlog‐framesoftheinitialresultsmanagementframework);

(i) Supportinterventions,inparticulartraining,specificallytargetedatmeetingthedifferentneedsofwomenandmen;

(j) Dedicatedbudgetstoprepareandimplementtheproject’sorprogramme’sgenderelements;

(k) Consultationswithnationalgenderexpertsforprojectorprogrammedesign;

(l) Gendercompetencieswithintheagenciesoverseeingtheprojectorprogramme.

GCF/B.06/13Page14

 

 

AnnexII:FlowchartofintegrationofgendersensitivityintoFundactivities

 

GCF SECRETARIAT

GCF BOARD

Decide on Gender Policy Decide Accreditation of IEs

Monitor Results from Reporting

Staff Gender CompetenciesSupport accreditation of IEsProvide Gender Training

Monitoring &Periodic Reporting on Gender Results

IEs/Intermediaries

Implement Fund Gender Policy through EEs

Monitor and report field results

EEs

Implement Project Cycle

Project Cycle

Independent Evaluation Unit

Periodic Gender Evaluations

NDAs

 

GCF/B.06/13Page15

AnnexIII:Listofreferences

ADB.2012.GuidelinesforgendermainstreamingcategoriesofADBprojects.ADB,Manila,Philippines.

http://www.adb.org/documents/guidelines‐gender‐mainstreaming‐categories‐adb‐projects

ADB.2013.GenderToolkit:Transport.Maximizingthebenefitsofmobilityforall.ADB,Manila,Philippines.

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/gender‐tool‐kit‐transport.pdf

AfricanDevelopmentBank.2013.GenderEqualityResultsofPublicSectorProjectsandProgrammesoftheAfricanDevelopmentBank2009‐2011.Tunis,Tunisia

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project‐and‐Operations/Gender%20Equality%20Results%20in%20AfDB%20Projects.pdf

AfricanDevelopmentBank.2009.Checklistforgendermainstreamingingovernanceprogrammes.AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup,Tunis‐Belvedère.

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/PolicyDocuments/Checklist%20for%20Gender%20Mainstreaming%20in%20Governance%20Programmes%20EN.pdf

Aguilar,L.,Rogers,F.,Pearl‐Martinez,R.,Castaneda,I.,Athanas,A.,Siles,J.2012.GenderReviewoftheClimateInvestmentFunds.November.

CitiesAlliance.2007.LiveableCities—TheBenefitsofUrbanEnvironmentalPlanning.ClimateAlliance.WorldBank.WashingtonDC.

http://citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/CA_Docs/resources/cds/liveable/liveablecities_web_7dec07.pdf

ENERGIA.2011.MainstreamingGenderinEnergyProjects.APracticalHandbook.ENERGIA,Leusden,theNetherlands.

http://www.energia.org/fileadmin/files/media/DropBox/Module1/Mainstreaming_gender_in_energy_projects_A_practical_Hand_book.pdf 

InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),2000.InvestinginPeople:SustainingCommunitiesthroughImprovedBusinessPractice.Acommunitydevelopmentresourceguideforcompanies.WashingtonDC,USA.

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1dc2e10048865811b3fef36a6515bb18/CommunityGuide.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),2011.Expandingwomen’sroleinAfrica’smodernoff‐gridlightingmarket.WashingtonDC,USA.

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_report_expandingwomensrole

McElhaney,K.A.,andS.Mobassery(2012).WomencreateaSustainableFuture.CentreforResponsibleBusiness.UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.USA.

http://responsiblebusiness.haas.berkeley.edu/Women_Create_Sustainable_Value_FINAL_10_2012.pdf

GCF/B.06/13Page16

GreenClimateFund:GoverningInstrumenthttp://gcfund.net/fileadmin/00_customer/documents/pdf/GCF‐governing_instrument‐120521‐block‐LY.pdf

FoodandAgricultureOrganisation(2011),TheStateofFoodandAgriculture.

IEG,WorldBank,IFC,MIGA(2010).AnEvaluationofWorldBankSupport2002‐2008.GenderandDevelopment.Washington,DC.

http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/Data/reports/gender_eval.pdf

InternationalTradeCenter(ITC)(2011).ITCGenderMainstreamingPolicy.p.4.Availableat:http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ianwge/repository/documents/ITCGenderMainstreamingPolicy.pdf

Shalatek,I.,andBurns,K.2013.OperationalizationofaGender‐SensitiveApproachintheGreenClimateFund.April.EditedbyGailKarlssonandAnaRojas(ENERGIA–InternationalNetworkonGenderandSustainableEnergy).PaperproposedbytheDanishandDutchchairsoftheGCF.April.

Stern,ElliotD.,withcontributionsfrom:LauraAltinger,OsvaldoFeinstein,MartaMaranon,Nils‐SjardSchultzandNicolaiSteenNielsen.2008.ThematicStudyontheParisDeclaration,AidEffectivenessandDevelopmentEffectiveness.OECD.Paris,France.

http://www.oecd.org/development/evaluation/dcdndep/41807824.pdf

UNFCCC.2013.Momentumforchange:womenforresults—UrbanPoor.ConferenceoftheParties19.November2013.

http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/items/7370.php 

USAID.2013.DraftOnlineGenderSourcebookforClimateChangeAdaptationProposalPreparation.December.WashingtonD.C.WHO.2013.HealthandClimateChange.WHO,Geneva,Switzerland.

http://www.who.int/globalchange/en/

WorldBank.2012.GenderEqualityandDevelopment.WorldDevelopmentReport.Washington,D.C.WorldBank.2011.GuidetoClimateChangeAdaptationinCities.p.38.WorldBank,Washington,DC.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387‐1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf

WorldBank,2009.Makinginfrastructureworkforwomenandman:areviewofWorldBankinfrastructureprojects(1995‐2009).Washington,DC.

http://documents.banquemondiale.org/curated/fr/2009/01/13589227/making‐infrastructure‐work‐women‐man‐review‐world‐bank‐infrastructure‐projects‐1995‐2009

WorldBank.2009.GenderinAgricultureSourcebook.WorldBank,Washington,DC. 

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENAGRLIVSOUBOOK/Resources/CompleteBook.pdf 

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AnnexIV:Listofclimateandgenderexpertswhoparticipatedintheconsultationsonthisdocument

Ms.ElizabethEggerts,ClimateFinanceandGenderSpecialist,UNDP(NewYork,USA)Mr.TaeYongJung,DepartmentofEnergy,EnvironmentPolicies/DevelopmentEconomics,KDISchoolofPublicPolicyandManagement(Seoul,RepublicofKorea)Dr.GovindKelkar,SeniorAdvisor,Landesa–RuralDevelopmentInstitute(NewDelhi,India)Ms.RebeccaPearl‐Martinez,SeniorStrategist,IUCNGlobalGenderOffice(Washington,DC,USA)Ms.AnnakaPetersonCarvalho,SeniorProgrammeOfficer,OxfamAmerica(Washington,DC,USA)

Ms.LianeSchalatek,AssociateDirector,HeinrichBoellFoundationNorthAmerica(Washington,DC,USA)Ms.TitiSoentoro,PolicyAdvisor,Aksi–ForGender,SocialandEcologicalJustice(Jakarta,Indonesia)Mr.DavidWaskow,Head,InternationalClimateInitiative,WorldResourcesInstitute(Washington,DC,USA)Dr.MariamaWilliams,SeniorProgrammeOfficer,GlobalGovernanceforDevelopmentProgramme,SouthCentre(Geneva,Switzerland)

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