OPTION C: Cells and Energy
description
Transcript of OPTION C: Cells and Energy
![Page 1: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
OPTION C: Cells and Energy
C1: Proteins
Topic 8 : Cell respiration and Photosynthesis
AND
![Page 2: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
C.1.1:Primary Structure
![Page 5: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
C.1.1: Secondary Structures
Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet
![Page 6: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
protein ribbonprotein ribbon
![Page 11: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
7.5.1: Quaternary Structure
![Page 12: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
C.1.1: Conjugated Protein
![Page 13: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
C.1.2
![Page 14: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
C.1.2: Globular Protein
![Page 15: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
C.1.2:Fibrous Protein
![Page 16: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
C.1.3 Polar Amino Acid
![Page 17: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
C.1.3: Non-polar amino acids
![Page 18: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C.1.3
![Page 19: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
C.1.3
![Page 20: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
C.1.3
![Page 21: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
C.1.4: Functions of proteins (other than membrane proteins)
![Page 22: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
C2: Enzymes
![Page 23: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
C.2.1
![Page 24: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
C.2.2
![Page 25: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
C.2.3
![Page 26: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C.2.4
![Page 27: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
C.2.4
![Page 28: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prontosil is a competitive inhibitor that is used as an antibiotic because it inhibits folic acid synthesis in bacteria.
Nerve gases like Sarin function by inactivating the enzyme ethanoyl (acetyl) cholinesterase.
![Page 29: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
C.2.5
![Page 30: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7.6.5
![Page 31: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
C3, 8.1: Cellular Respiration
![Page 32: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
C.3.1, 8.1.1:Oxidation/ReductionSTATE: oxidation involves the gain of oxygen reduction involves the loss of oxygen
![Page 33: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
C.3.1, 8.1.1: Oxidation/ReductionSTATE: oxidation involves loss of electrons reduction involves gain of electrons
![Page 34: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
C.3.1, 8.1.1:Oxidation/ReductionSTATE: oxidation involves loosing hydrogen reduction involves gaining hydrogen
![Page 35: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
C.3.1, OiL RiG ???????( OiL RiG only applies to electrons and hydrogen)
![Page 36: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
(Aerobic)Cellular Respiration Formula
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
![Page 37: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
C.3.2, 8.1.2: Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation
![Page 38: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
8.1.2: Glycolysis
![Page 39: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Adenosine triphosphate
![Page 42: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
NAD: Electron CarrierNAD+ = oxidised form
NADH + H + = reduced form
NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+
![Page 46: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
2 2
2 2
Pyruvate Pyruvate
Oxidation of triose phosphate
Reduction of NAD + to NADH + H +
![Page 47: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
From one glucose molecule in glycolysis:
2 x ATP (net)2 X (NADH + H+)2 X pyruvate
![Page 48: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
IB Question: Outline the process of glycolysis. [5]
occurs in cytoplasm; hexose is phosphorylated using ATP; hexose phosphate is split into two triose phosphates; oxidation by removal of hydrogen; (do not accept hydrogen ions/protons) conversion of NAD to NADH (+H+); net gain of two ATP / two ATP used and four ATP produced; pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis; [5 max] Accept glucose/fructose/6C sugar instead of hexose. Accept 3C sugar/glyceraldehyde instead of triose.
![Page 49: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
A co-enzyme is a non-protein chemical compound that is loosely bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity.
NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD
![Page 50: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
C.3.3, 8.1.3: Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondria as seen in electron micrographs
![Page 51: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mitochondrion
inter
![Page 52: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
C.3.4, 8.1.4: Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Kreb’s cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen
![Page 53: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
IB Question: Draw and label a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs. [4]M08/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX
Award [1] for each of the following clearly drawn and correctly labelled.outer membrane;inner membrane – folded into thin cristae;cristae – shown as thin;matrix;intermembrane space – shown as thin;(70S) ribosomes;ATP synthase – shown on the inner membrane surface;(naked) loop of DNA; [4 max]
![Page 54: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Pyruvate
![Page 56: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
decarboxylation
![Page 57: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Oxidation of pyruvate
(Oxidative decarboxylaytion)
![Page 58: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
From one pyruvate molecule in the link reaction the products are:1 x (NADH + H+)1 x CO2
1 x acetyl CoA
![Page 60: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Kreb’s Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
![Page 61: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
C.3.5, 8.1.4: Chemiosmosis
![Page 62: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ADP joins with inorganic phosphate
![Page 71: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
IB QuestionExplain the process of aerobic cell respiration after glycolysis has occurred. [8]
pyruvate produced by glycolysis;pyruvate enters mitochondrion/mitochondria;pyruvate loses CO2 in link reaction;and NADH + H+;with formation of acetyl CoA;to take part in Krebs cycle;where two CO2 are produced (per molecule of pyruvate);one ATP from ADP + Pi;along with (three) NADH + H+ (and one FADH2);NADH + H+ provide electrons circulating in the electron transport chain on theinner mitochondrial membrane;allowing H+ to accumulate in the intermembrane space;and come back to the matrix through ATP synthase/synthetase to produce ATP(by chemiosmosis);presence of O2 required as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain;producing water with H + ; [8 max]
![Page 73: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
C.3.5, 8.1.5: Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation: The process in cell metabolism by which respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy released by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by molecular oxygen.
The coupling of the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain with movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase to generate ATP which occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells during aerobic cellular respiration.
Chemiosmosis: the diffusion of hydrogen ions (protons) across the biological membrane via the ATP synthase. As the hydrogen ions diffuse (through the ATP synthase) energy is released which is then used to drive the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation
![Page 74: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
IB Question: Describe the function of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation [2]
oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons/protons/; water is formed / oxygen is reduced; in the (mitochondrial) electron transport chain; (aerobic respiration) increases yield of ATP; [2 max] H
![Page 75: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
IB Question: Explain how chemiosmosis assists in ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation. [9]
occurs during aerobic respiration; oxidative phosphorylation occurs during the electron transport chain; hydrogen/electrons are passed between carriers; releasing energy; finally join with oxygen (to produce water); occurs in cristae of mitochondria; chemiosmosis is the movement of protons/hydrogen ions; protons move/are moved against their concentration gradient; into the space between the two membranes; protons flow back to the matrix; through the ATP synthase/synthetase (enzyme); energy is released which produces more ATP/combines ADP and Pi; [9 max]
![Page 76: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
8.1.6: Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function
Mitochondrion Structure Function of structure
MatrixThe matrix is the mitochondrion’s cytoplasm. It is the fluid contained inside the inner membrane. The matrix contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle.
Inter-membrane space
The small intermembrane space is in-between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondrion. It functions to store protons, which are then used to make ATP as they flow down a concentration gradient.
Cristae
Cristae are infoldings of the inner membrane, which is the location of the electron transport chain of cell respiration. The cristae increase surface area of the inner membrane; thus increasing the rate of ATP formation.
![Page 77: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Cellular Respiration: Overview
![Page 78: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER GLUCOSE + OXYGEN6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
![Page 80: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Photosynthesis
![Page 81: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Photosynthesis• Chloroplast - Electron micrograph
![Page 82: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
8.2.1: Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a chloroplast as seen in electron micrographs
![Page 83: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
IB Question: Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a chloroplast as seen with an electronmicroscope. [4]M09/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX
Award [1] for each of the following clearly drawn and correctly labelled. Label lines must be unambiguous in terms of what they are indicating. double/inner and outer membrane/envelope – shown as two concentric continuous lines close together; granum/grana – shown as a stack of several disc-shaped subunits; (intergranal) lamella – shown continuous with thylakoid membrane; thylakoid – one of the flattened sacs; stroma; (70S) ribosomes/(circular) DNA / lipid globules / starch granules / thylakoid space; [4 max]
![Page 84: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
8.2.2: STATE: Photosynthesis consists of the Light Dependent Reaction and the Light Independent Reaction
![Page 85: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
8.2.3: Explain the light-dependent reaction and
8.2.4: Explain oxidative photophosphosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis
![Page 86: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
1
![Page 87: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
2
![Page 88: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
3
![Page 89: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
4
![Page 90: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
5
![Page 91: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
6
![Page 92: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
7
![Page 93: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
8
![Page 94: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
9
ADP joins with inorganic phosphate
![Page 95: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
10
![Page 96: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Non Cyclical andCyclical Photophosphorylation
![Page 97: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
IB Question: Outline the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [6]M09/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX
(chlorophyll/antenna) in photosystem II absorbs light; absorbing light/photoactivation produces an excited/high energy/free electron; electron passed along a series of carriers; reduction of / generates ; NADP NADPH H absorption of light in photosystem II provides electron for photosystem I; photolysis of water produces ; 2 H /O called non-cyclic photophosphorylation; in cyclic photophosphorylation electron returns to chlorophyll; generates ATP by pumped across thylakoid membrane / by chemiosmosis / through ATP synthetase/synthase; [6 max] H
![Page 98: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
8.2.5: Explain the Light independent reaction(calvin cycle)
![Page 99: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
CARBON FIXATION
RuBP carboxylase
![Page 100: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
CARBON FIXATION
![Page 101: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Glycerate -3- phosphate
![Page 102: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
REDUCTION of gylcerate 3- phosphate
![Page 104: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Triose phosphate (TP)
![Page 105: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Regeneration of RuBP
![Page 106: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
IB QuestionExplain the light-independent reactions. [8]
CO is fixed to form a carbohydrate;ATP and NADPH produced in light dependent reactions used in light independentreactions;glyceraldehydes / three-carbon sugar;occurs in stroma of chloroplast;ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) catalyzes attachment of 2 CO to(five-carbon sugar) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP);(unstable six-carbon intermediate) forms two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate;each (of two) glycerate-3-phosphate then receives one phosphate from ATP;each (of two) phosphorylated glycerate-3-phosphate is reduced by NADPH H ; result is (two molecules of) glyceraldehyde phosphate/triose phosphate (TP);for every six molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate one goes to form glucose/glucose phosphate;remaining molecules reorganized to RuBP;reorganization requires ATP;RuBP allows cycle to start again; [8 max]
![Page 107: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
IB Qustion: Outline the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis. [6]
light energy absorbed by chlorophyll (photo) activates photosystems;electron in chlorophyll/photosystem activated/excited / raised to higher energylevel;photolysis of water replaces excited electrons;energy passed through electron carriers/ETS;hydrogen/high energy electrons reduce NADP+ ;photophosphorylation by chemiosmosis;(some) H+/protons pumped into thylakoid spaces;proton gradient is created;energy released as protons pass through ATP synthetase;ATP produced;correct reference to (non cyclic or cyclic) photophosphorylation;glucose/sugar/monosaccharide produced in Calvin cycle; [6 max]Credit can be given for any of these points shown on a correctly drawn andlabelled diagram.
![Page 108: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
C.4.6
![Page 109: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
8.2.6: Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its function
Structure Function of structure
Stroma The viscous fluid of the stroma provides enzymes for the Calvin cycle.
ThylakoidsThe thylakoids provide a large surface area for light absorption and the reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid spaceThe small center of each thylakoid provides space (the thylakoid space) for the accumulation of protons (H+), used to make ATP.
![Page 110: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
C.4.7, 8.2.6: : Explain the relationship between the action spectrum and the absorption spectrum photosynthetic pigments in green plants
![Page 111: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
C.4.8, 8.2.8: Explain the concept of limiting factors in photosynthesis, with reference to light intensity, temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide
![Page 112: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
C.4.8, 8.2.8
![Page 114: OPTION C: Cells and Energy](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568164df550346895dd73f4e/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
IB Question: Outline the cellular locations of different named processes in both photosynthesis and cell respiration. [6]
photosynthesis: [3 max]chloroplasts/photosystems: for light absorption/photosynthesis;stroma: light-independent reactions / Calvin cycle;thylakoid membranes of chloroplast: chemiosmosis / photophosphorylation/lightdependent reactions;thylakoid space: build up H+ concentration gradient;inner membrane of thylakoid: electron transfer;inner membrane: ATP synthesis;cell respiration: [3 max]mitochondria: for ATP production/aerobic respiration;cytoplasm: glycolysis / matrix: Krebs cycle/oxidative phosphorylation/link reaction;double / inner membranes of mitochondria: chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation;intermembrane space: build-up H+ concentration gradient;inner membrane of mitochondria: electron transfer;inner membrane: ATP synthesis; [6 max]Answers must indicate location and process to receive a mark.Do not award a mark if it is ambiguous whether the candidate is discussingphotosynthesis or respiration.