Option B2&3

Training and the cardiovascular & pulmonary systems

Define• Total Lung Capacity - The total amount of air

your lungs can hold after forced inhalation.

• Vital Capacity - Maximum amount of air you can expel (using a forced exhalation) after forced inhalation.

• Tidal Volume - Amount of air inhaled and exhaled normally.

• Ventilation Rate- The rate at which air enters and leaves lungs

Measuring Pulmonary Function

Explain the need for increase in TV and VR during exercise

Ventilation Rate (VR) – the process of bringing fresh air into the alveoli and removing stale air

Exercise increases the ventilation rate and tidal volume

Maintains high conc. gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the appropriate locations

Effects of training on ventilation cont’d

• Training involves repeating exercises that bring the body into a desired state of fitness

• It reduces ventilation rate at rest due to increased efficiency of oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide excretion

VR and TV cont’d

• Increases with training due to the strengthening of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

• Vital capacity increase is marginal at best

Measuring heart function• Heart Rate

• the number of times your heart beats in a minute

Stroke Volume – the volume of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction

Heart Function Cont’d

• Cardiac Output = the volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute

• Venous Return = the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins per minute

Effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system

• 1. venous return increases

• 2. c.o. increases as a result of increased stroke volume but primarily heart rate…… due to increased carbon dioxide production during exercise, which in turn lowers blood pH…..detected by chemoreceptors, info sent to brain…nervous stimulation of pacemaker increases h.r.

Distribution of blood during exercise

• Receive more:

• Skin• Heart wall &

• Receive less:

• Kidneys, stomach, intestines.

• Brain receives same all the time

Effects of training on heart• Can increase the thickness of the heart wall

and the volume of the ventricles = increased stroke volume at rest and play

• Can reduce heart rate at rest to 50 beats/min….due to increased s.v.

• At any level of exercise h.r. is lower after training due to increase in s.v.

• Max h.r. not greatly effected by training BUT due to increased s.v. athletes can perform at greater intensities

ERYTHROPOIETIN

• A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells by stem cells in bone marrow.

• Produced mainly by the kidneys, it is released in response to decreased levels of oxygen in body tissue.

Risks and Benefits of EPO• Increasing PVC (packed cell volume)…a

measurement of r.b.c. as a proportion of blood volume by using EPO increases overall oxygen load the blood can carry = greater anaerobic respiration and muscle contraction

• Risk = thrombosis =