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![Page 1: Optimizing Multi-Layered Networks Towards a Transparently Optical Internet Presenter: Moshe Zukerman Electronic Engineering Dept., City University of Hong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e185503460f94b04550/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Optimizing Multi-Layered Networks Towards a Transparently
Optical Internet
Presenter: Moshe Zukerman Electronic Engineering Dept., City University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong SAR, PRC
Authors: Ron Addie, David Fatseas, Moshe Zukerman
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Outline• The Current Internet
• Energy considerations
• Teletraffic implications
• Tecnology options
• Flow size dependent routing
• Conclusion
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Outline• The Current Internet
• Background
• Circuit switching versus packet switching
• Optical Internet model and design options: OCS, OBS, OFS, fractional lambda, flow routing.
• Conclusion
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• Mainly based on Packet switching.
• Layered approach - flexibility
• Packets - independent of applications
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol
• Routers; Look up tables; no state information of connections (net-head approach).
• Hard to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS).
Current Internet
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Current Internet – the success
• So far the Netheads have had the upper-hand.• IP dominates the desktop. • Users have voted with their feet - satisfied with service received because they get it at supermarket prices.• This is a “simple” observation that we can learn from.
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Current Internet – the successWhy?
• Efficiency - Statistical multiplexing;
• Flexibility – new services are
designed to cope with the quality
(or lack thereof) provided by the
Internet (e.g. Skype).
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The netheads have had the upper hand
This needs to be respected.
But where are we going from here?
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ScalabilityQoS
Energy consumption (growth - energ. Improv. >> GNP)
Efficiency
Image: http://www.dotolearn.com/picturecards/printcards/coloring/largeimages/headache.htm
TrafficPrediction
and engineering
Technologychoices
Security
ReliabilityTopology
Dimensioning
Multi-domain
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[1] R. S. Tucker, “Green Optical Communications - Part I: Energy Limitations in Transport”, To be published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Special Issue on Green Photonics.
Energy/bit/distance for various transatlantic transmission systems
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[2] R. S. Tucker, “Green Optical Communications - Part II: Energy Limitations in Networks”, To be published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Special Issue on Green Photonics.
“business as usual”
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[2] R. S. Tucker, “Green Optical Communications - Part II: Energy Limitations in Networks”, To be published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Special Issue on Green Photonics.
PIC = photonic integrated circuit
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Towards all-optical Internet
• Packet Switching at the access is here to stay for many users.
• For the present and into the near future this means IP
• But for the core, optical bypass and Optical Circuit Switching (OPC) could be justified more and more based on cost and energy consumption considerations.
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Towards All-Optical Internet (cont.)“Old” Electronic Internet:
Capacity expensive, buffering cheap
Introduction of DWDM makes capacity cheap
Future All-Optical Internet (?):
Link capacity plentiful, buffering painful (cost, power, space); wavelength conversion (for Optical Packet Switching) is costly.
A further case for CS
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Services
• Emails, Sensor signals (mice)
• HD-IPTV, Virtual reality (elephants, whales)
• Others (kangaroos)
• Traffic engineering and network dimensioning implications
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Size-based Routing
• mice – maybe aggregated together and sent using a permanent/semi-permanent path.
• HD-IPTV, virtual reality (elephants, whales)
– their size may justify setting up a path/light-path
– whales need to swim in an ocean (although there are not many big pipes)
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Size-based Routing (cont.)
• Others (kangaroos) – may use the current shortest path routing.
• Size based routing provides:– Technology choice
– Traffic engineering
– Dimensioning
In a scalable way.
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The Traffic model
The traffic for each end-to-end demand follows a Poisson Pareto burst process (PPBP) - Poisson arrival process of Pareto distributed bursts/flows.
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Flow size distribution(Truncated Pareto)
.,1
,,1
,,0
t
t
tt
P( F > t ) =
Δ = Max flow size = Min flow size
= rate parameterThe case is included =Δ
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Mean Bitrate (PPBP)
E[Bitrate] =
λ = Arrival rate of flows
.1
11
γγ
γγ
Δδ)(γ
Δδλγ
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The Approach
• Layers – each layer - a technology (e.g. IP, ATM, WDM)
• Traffic model: Poisson arrivals of flows
• Each flow – Pareto distributed size
• In principle, each flow is routed on the least-cost path for this flow size in each layer (technology).
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The Approach (continued)
• Lower layer costs less per bit – but modules are larger.
Some intuition:– Flocking – so relatively not many large links. – Elephants decide the permanent path and mice
use the scraps.
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The Approach (continued)
• A new technology can be incorporated into this model by choosing a collection of cost parameters for traffic delivery.
• Traffic stream is split between layers according to flow sizes.
• Traffic stream is split between alternative routes according to flow sizes.
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The Approach (continued)
• So we have here aggregation of flows and splitting of flows in routing and in layers.
• All the aggregated traffic that needs to use a link in layer n may require (delegation) a path in layer n-1.
=> link at n => traffic at n-1.
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The Approach (continued)
• The traffic is consistent in routing – the mean is maintained consistent – no traffic is lost – or added.
• For simplicity and scalability merging of many Pareto models is modeled by a single Pareto model. (Peak and mean are fitted – lower bound is adjusted.)
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The Approach (continued)
• Fixed-point iterations are used to obtain the capacity required for each layer.
• The convergence criterion is the sum of the capacity differences between two iterations (absolute values) of each link/layer < small value.
• For simplicity and scalability, merging of many Pareto models is modeled by a single Pareto model. (Peak and mean are fitted – lower bound is adjusted.)
• In the current implementation, there are 4 types of flow sizes separated by
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NETML Demo
http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/addie/netmldemo3/netmldemo3.htm
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Thank You!