Optimization Wild Sage Seed

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Optimization of Hydrocolloid Extraction From Wild Sage Seed (Salviamacrosiphon) Using Response SurfaceAram Bostana; Seyed M. A. Razavia; Reza Farhoosha

a Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Khorasan,Iran

Accepted uncorrected manuscript posted online: 29 June 2010

Online publication date: 29 June 2010

To cite this Article Bostan, Aram , Razavi, Seyed M. A. and Farhoosh, Reza(2010) 'Optimization of Hydrocolloid ExtractionFrom Wild Sage Seed (Salvia macrosiphon) Using Response Surface', International Journal of Food Properties, 13: 6, 1380— 1392, doi: 10.1080/10942910903079242, First posted on: 29 June 2010 (iFirst)To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/10942910903079242URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942910903079242

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International Journal of Food Properties, 13:1380–1392, 2010Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 1094-2912 print / 1532-2386 onlineDOI: 10.1080/10942910903079242

OPTIMIZATION OF HYDROCOLLOID EXTRACTION FROMWILD SAGE SEED (SALVIA MACROSIPHON) USINGRESPONSE SURFACE

Aram Bostan, Seyed M.A. Razavi, and Reza FarhooshDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad(FUM), Khorasan, Iran

The effect of temperature (25–80◦C), water to seed ratio (25:1–85:1) and pH (3–9) on theyield, apparent viscosity and emulsion stability index of wild sage seed hydrocolloid wasinvestigated. The generated quadratic model showed that the optimum conditions for max-imizing the responses were when temperature was 25◦C, water to seed ratio was 51:1 andpH was 5.5. All hydrocolloid solutions (1% w/v) showed shear thinning behavior in differ-ent extraction conditions, consistency coefficient and flow behavior index varied from 4.455to 9.435 (Pa.sn), and 0.317 to 0.374, respectively. Besides, the chemical compositions of theseed and extracted gum were determined at optimal conditions.

Keywords: Wild sage seed, Hydrocolloid, Extraction, Optimization, Response SurfaceMethodology (RSM).

INTRODUCTION

The food industry has seen a large increase in use of hydrocolloids in recent years.According to the safety, availability and low process costs, plant seeds have a good poten-tial as new sources of hydrocolloids. Most seeds contain starches as the principal reservefood stored for use by the embryonic plant, but many seeds contain other polysaccha-ride polymers with gum-like functional properties which have served as a useful source ofcommercial hydrocolloids.[1]

The genus Salvia (Labiatae) contains more than 700 species, which about 200 outof them exist in Iran and is probably found in neighboring countries. Plants belonging tothis genus are pharmacologically active and have been used in folk medicine all around theworld. Wild sage seed (Salvia macrosiphon) is a small, rounded seed, which readily swellsin water to give mucilage,[2] but very few formal studies have looked at this little seed, onlythe composition of essential oil of this species has been reported by Matloubi-Moghaddamet al.[3] and recently computer image analysis and physic-mechanical properties of the seedinvestigated by Razavi et al.[4]

Food hydrocolloids are used for thickening, gelling, film forming and stabilizingpurposes. Many food products such as sauces, syrups, ice cream, instant foods, beverages

Received 10 January 2009; accepted 31 May 2009.Address correspondence to Seyed M.A. Razavi, Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad (FUM), Khorasan, P.O. Box 91775 – 1163, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

1380

Downloaded By: [Ferdowsi University of Mashhad] At: 08:24 27 January 2011

HYDROCOLLOID EXTRACTION FROM WILD SAGE SEED 1381

and confectionaries, marshmallows, and candies contain hydrocolloids in their formula-tions. The common property of hydrocolloids is that they impart viscosity or thickening tothe aqueous solutions. The rheological behavior of hydrocolloids governs the quality of theend product, as well as the design and evaluation of process equipments.[5] Previous studiesshowed that the degree of thickening can be influenced by the extraction conditions.[6–11]

Hydrocolloids are also added to control the stability of different emulsions such as saladdressings where the effect of extraction conditions on emulsion stability is important to beconsidered.[12]

Preliminary tests showed that extraction temperature, pH and water to seed ratio havesignificant influence on the yield, apparent viscosity and emulsion stability index of wildsage seed hydrocolloids. Thus, it is essential to optimize the extraction process in orderto obtain the highest yield and quality of this hydrocolloid. The general practice of deter-mining these optima is by varying one parameter while keeping the other at an unspecifiedconstant level. The major disadvantage of this single variable optimization is that it doesnot include interactive effects among the variables; thus, it does not depict the net effectsof various parameters on the reaction rate. In order to overcome this problem, when manyfactors and interactions affect desired variables, response surface methodology (RSM)is an effective tool for optimizing the process.[7] RSM is an effective statistical methodthat uses a minimum of resources and quantitative data from an appropriate experimentaldesign to determine and simultaneously solve a multivariate equation.[13] Response surfaceexperiments attempt to identify the response that can be thought of as a surface over theexplanatory variables_ experimental space. It usually uses an experimental design such ascentral-composite experimental design (CCED) to fit an empirical, full second-order poly-nomial model. A central-composite experimental design, coupled with a full polynomialmodel, is a very powerful combination that usually provides an adequate representation ofmost continuous response surfaces over a relatively broad factor domain.[14]

Many researchers have used RSM to optimize hydrocolloid extraction.[6–11]

Negligible information is available so far on the extraction and functional properties ofwild sage seed hydrocolloid and this paper deals with optimum extraction conditions ofwild sage seed hydrocolloid as a novel gum source and some chemical and rheologicalcharacterization.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sample Preparation

The wild sage seeds used in this study were obtained from a local market in Mashhad,Iran. The seeds were cleaned manually to remove all foreign matter such as dust, dirt,stones and chaff. All chemicals used were reagent grade unless otherwise specified.

Gum Extraction

Wild sage seed gum was extracted from whole seeds using distilled water (waterto seed ratio of 25:1–85:1) at pH 3–9. The pH was monitored continuously and adjustedby 0.1 mol/L NaOH and HCl, respectively, while the temperature of the aqueous systemranged from 25–80◦C and was controlled within ±2.0◦C using an adjustable temperaturecontrolled water bath. Water was preheated to a designated temperature before the seedswere added. Extraction was carried out in three stages; in the first stage, the seeds (40 g)


1382 BOSTAN, RAZAVI, AND FARHOOSH

were mixed with 1000 ml water (25:1 W:S) at a specific pH and temperature and enoughtime (20 min) was given that complete water absorption was occurred. A soaking time of20 min was selected based on the yield of preliminary trials. Separation of the gum fromthe swelled seeds was done by passing the seeds through a laboratory extractor (Model412, Pars Khazar Com., Iran). Crude gum was collected and residual seeds immersed inremaining of water in two stages, according to water to seed ratio proposed for each run,and again was passed through the extractor. The collected crude gum from the differentstages was mixed, filtered and dried overnight in a forced convection oven (Model 4567,Kimya Pars Com., Iran) at 70◦C.[15] The dried gum was then grounded, filtered and usedfor analysis.

Experimental Design

The optimization method based on RSM involved three major steps: design of exper-iment using statistical approach, coefficient estimation based on mathematical model andresponse prediction and finally model adequacy check. The models were tested with anal-ysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% degree of confidence. The RSM outputs such ascontour and 3D graphic surface plots provide the optimum and most influential variablesfor hydrocolloid extraction. In this paper, a central-composite experimental design, withthree variables, was used to study the response pattern and to determine the optimum com-bination of variables. The effect of the independent variables x1 (temperature, T), x2 (waterto seed ratio, W:S) and x3 (pH), at five variation levels on the responses is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 The central composite experimental design and results for yield, apparent viscosity and ESI ofcrude hydrocolloid extract of wild sage seed.

Factors Responses

Run Temperature (◦C) W:S pH Yield (%) Viscosity1 (mPa.s) ESI (min)

1 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 10.45 290 3102 69.00 (+1) 37.10 (−1) 4.22 (−1) 9.35 207 2133 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 8.99 (+1.68) 9.74 264 2524 36.00 (−1) 37.10 (−1) 7.78 (+1) 8.9 355 1885 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 10.12 293 3166 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 10.45 290 3607 69.00 (+1) 72.80 (+1) 7.78 (+1) 12.2 227 2988 36.00 (−1) 72.80 (+1) 4.22 (−1) 10.3 273 3719 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 10.4 300 30010 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 10.35 298 30011 52.50 (0) 24.93 (−1.68) 6.00 (0) 7.04 311 23912 36.00 (−1) 37.10 (−1) 4.22 (−1) 8.5 277 39313 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 9.95 299 34014 36.00 (−1) 72.85 (+1) 7.78 (+1) 10 198 30815 52.50 (0) 54.95 (0) 3.01 (−1.68) 10.3 230 22616 69.00 (+1) 72.80 (+1) 4.22 (−1) 12.9 234 17217 52.50 (0) 84.97 (+1.68) 6.00 (0) 10.93 198 17418 69.00 (+1) 37.10 (−1) 7.78 (+1) 9.9 331 25519 24.75 (−1.68) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 9.8 301 45020 80.25 (+1.68) 54.95 (0) 6.00 (0) 13.69 274 220

1Apparent viscosity was determined at 25◦C and shear rate 122 s−1 for 1% (w/v) hydrocolloid solution.



Six replicates at the centre of the design were used to estimate a pure error sum of squares.The responses functions (y) measured were yield, apparent viscosity and emulsion stabil-ity index (ESI). Different models were fitted to the responses and their adequacy checked,finally the best model was selected and related coefficients were reported. These valueswere related to the coded variables (xi, i = 1, 2, and 3) by a second degree polynomialusing the equation below:

y = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + β11x21 + β22x2

1 + β33x23 + β12x1x2 + β13x1x3 + β23x2x3.

(1)

The coefficients of the polynomial were represented by β0 (constant term), β1, β2 andβ3 (linear effects), β11, β22 and β33 (quadratic effects), and β12, β13 and β23 (interac-tion effects). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables were generated and the effect andregression coefficients of individual linear, quadratic and interaction terms were deter-mined. The significances of all terms in the polynomial were judged statistically bycomputing the F-value at a probability (p) level of 0.05. The regression coefficients werethen used to make statistical calculation to generate contour maps from the regressionmodels. The data were analyzed using the Design-Expert Software (Version 6.0.2

®, 2000,

Stat-Ease, Inc., UK).

Flow Behavior

The flow behavior of crude hydrocolloid extract of sage seed was determined usinga rotational viscometer (Bohlin Model Visco 88, Bohlin Instruments, UK) equipped with aheating circulator (Julabo, Model F12-MC, Julabo Labortechnik, Germany). Bob and cupmeasuring spindle (C30) was used during measurements according to the viscosity of dis-persion. Prepared samples (1% w/v) were loaded into the cup and allowed to equilibratefor 10 min at desired temperature (25◦C) and were then subjected to a programmed loga-rithmic shear rate ramp increasing from 14 to 300 s−1 during 3 min. The shear stress–shearrate data of wild sage seed gums was tested for power law model as follow (16):

τ = kγ̇ n, (2)

where, τ is the shear stress (Pa); γ̇ is the shear rate (s−1); k is the consistency coefficient(Pa.sn); and n is the flow behavior index (dimensionless).

Evaluation of Extracted Gum

Extraction yield. The yield of the extracted gum for various extraction condi-tions was determined by weighting the dried extracted gums and calculating the percentagebased on the weight of the seeds.[17]

Apparent viscosity. For Non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity depends on the shearrate, therefore the apparent viscosity (ηa) of crude hydrocolloid extract was calculated byviscometer software at a given shear rate (122s-1) and 25◦C for 1% (w/v) solutions.



Emulsion stability index (ESI). Oil in water emulsions were prepared by mix-ing 20% canola oil with an aqueous phase containing 0.5% wild sage seed hydrocolloid.The hydrocolloid powder was dissolved in distilled water by stirring at room temperatureand kept in a refrigerator overnight to ensure complete hydration. Emulsion was preparedby homogenizing oil and aqueous phase using a high speed blender (Sanyo, Japan). TheESI for the emulsions were determined by the turbidimetric methods.[18] Freshly preparedemulsions (1 ml) were pipetted out at 0 and 10 min after homogenization and dilutedwith 99 ml SDS (1 g.kg−1). Absorbance of the final dispersion was measured at 500nm (Spectrophotometer, UV-160A, Shimadzu, Japan). The ESI (min) was determined asfollows:

ESI = A0

�At. (3)

where A0 is the absorbance of the diluted emulsion immediately after homogenization; �Ais the change in absorbance between 0 and 10 min (A0_A10); and t is the time interval, 10min in this case.

Analytical Methods

To analyze the chemical composition of the wild sage seeds and that of the extractedgum at optimum condition, moisture content of the seed and the extracted gum at optimumcondition was determined by the vacuum oven method (temperature 70◦C and pressure 250mbar) until a constant mass was obtained,[17] total nitrogen and ash contents were deter-mined in duplicate according to AOAC methods (19): 2.061–2.062 (modified Kjeldahlmethod) and 923.03 (direct method of ash determination in flours), respectively. TheKjeldahl factor used was 6.25. Fat was extracted by a semi-continuous procedure using aSoxhlet device, and diethyl ether and hexane were used as the extraction solvent. Crudefiber (i.e., cellulose, lignin, and part of the total hemi-cellulose) was also determinedaccording to AOAC method No. 920.86. Total carbohydrates were determined as the differ-ence between 100 and the sum of the other components. All measurements were performedat least in triplicate and results expressed as mean ± SD.

RESULTS

Flow Behavior

The dispersions of the hydrocolloid from wild sage seeds showed non-Newtonianpseudoplastic behavior over the entire extraction conditions. Based on the values obtainedfor R2, the power law model was well fitted to experimental flow curves (Table 2). Bothparameters of the power law model, k and n are shown in Table 2 along with the apparentviscosity values at 46.16 s−1. Values of the flow behavior index (n) were below unity con-firming a shear-thinning behavior of the wild sage seed extracts at all extraction conditionstested. The flow behavior ranged from 0.317 to 0.374 with the mean value as 0.347, whichshowed the high shear thinning tendency of the hydrocolloid solutions. The extractionconditions had no significant effect on the flow behavior index. The values of consis-tency index, k, ranged from 4.455 to 9.435 Pa sn, while mean value of k was 6.355 Pasn. The extraction conditions significantly affected the consistency index, increasing pHand descreasing temperature and water to seed ratio had a negative impact on parameter k.


1385



As the polysaccharide polymers enhance the thickening properties of the solution, probablythis is due to impurities (non polysaccharide compounds) which were probably extractedat higher temperatures and water to seed ratios. Marcotte et al. (16) also reported that anincrease in temperature will decrease the consistency coefficient of the hydrocolloids.

The apparent viscosity values of sage seed hydrocolloid ranged from 373 to 694mPa.s at different extraction conditions, while Cui et al. (10) reported the range of 16.74 to148.50 for flaxseed gum at the same concentration (1% w/w) and shear rate (46.16 s−1).

Statistical Analysis and the Model Fitting

The experimental data for yield, apparent viscosity and emulsion stability index ofthe extracted hydrocolloid under different treatment conditions are presented in Table 1.The analysis of variance of different models showed that adding terms up to quadraticwill significantly improved the model (Table 3), therefore a quadratic model is the mostappropriate model for the three responses.

Model validating parameters and the coefficients of equation terms, which is anempirical relationship between response and the test variables in the regression modelsafter implementing the stepwise ANOVA for response variables, are presented in Table 4.The statistical analysis indicated that the proposed regression model for yield, apparent vis-cosity and ESI was adequate, possessing no significant lack of fit and with satisfactory val-ues of the R2 (coefficient of determination) for all the responses. The R2 values were 0.982,0.989 and 0.892 for yield, apparent viscosity and ESI, respectively (Table 4). The closer thevalue of R2 to the unity, the better the empirical model fits the actual data.[6] Furthermore,the predicted-R2 is in reasonable agreement with adjusted-R2 for all three responses.

Influence of Variables on Yield

The effect of different extraction conditions on hydrocolloid yield has been reportedby the coefficient of the second order polynomials (Table 4) and to aid visualization, theresponse surfaces for yield are shown in Fig. 1. As shown in Table 4, all variables exceptlinear and quadratic terms of pH and interaction between temperature and pH had signif-icant effect on yield (P < 0.05). The variables with the largest effect on yield were thelinear terms of water: seed ratio and temperature, respectively. Higher temperature andwater to seed ratio resulted in higher yield due to enhanced mass transfer rate (Table 1 andFig. 1). Similar results were obtained by Wu et al.,[6] Koocheki et al.,[8] Razavi et al.,[9]

Sepulveda et al.,[15] Cui et al.,[10] and Singthong et al.[11] Li et al.[20] reported that theeffect of extraction temperature was substantial, but the water to solid ratio had a slighteffect on extraction yield. Also, the effect of pH on yield was not significant, Koocheki etal.[8] and Cui et al.[10] also reported the minor effect of pH on extraction yield, but Razaviet al.,[9] Furuta et al.,[21] and Somboonpanyakul et al.[22] reported that pH has a significanteffect on the yield. In constant pH (pH = 6.0), increasing water to seed ratio increasedthe yield. This effect was more pronounced at higher temperatures (Fig. 1a). Increased inwater to seed ratio in all pH increased the yield except the alkaline pH (Fig. 1c). Figure1b shows the changes of hydrocolloid yield with temperature and pH at a constant waterto seed ratio (W:S = 51:1). It was clear that increasing temperature increased the hydro-colloid yield, but pH had no significant effect on yield, however, at high W:S, increasingthe pH decreased the yield (Fig. 1c). In this study, the lowest yield of gum (7.04%) wasobtained at lowest water to seed ratio (24.93:1) at temperature of 52.5◦C and pH of 6.00,


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7

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(a)

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(b)

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%w

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25.0040.00

55.0070.00

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B: W/S RatioC: pH

(c)

Figure 1 Response surface for the effect of temperature, water to seed ratio and pH on yield of wild sage seedhydrocolloid; (a) T and W:S at pH = 6.0; (b) T and pH at W:S = 51:1; (c) W:S and pH at T = 55◦C.

while the highest value (12.2%) was obtained at the highest temperature (80◦C), water toseed ratio of 55:1 and pH of 6.00 (Table 1).

Influence of Variables on Apparent Viscosity

The result of analysis of variance and response surface plots showed that the appar-ent viscosity of hydrocolloid solution was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the linear,quadratic and the cross terms between all variables (Table 3), except the quadratic effectof temperature that was no significant. Based on the sum of squares, water to seed ratioand interaction of water to seed ratio and pH had the largest effect on apparent viscos-ity (Table 3). Figure 2a reveals that at low water to seed ratio, increasing the temperaturedecreased the apparent viscosity, whereas at higher W:S, temperature had greater effect.At low pH (3–7), increasing temperature decreased the apparent viscosity afterwards theapparent viscosity became constant (Fig. 2b). Increasing water to seed ratio at acidic con-ditions increased the apparent viscosity, while at alkaline conditions it caused reduction inapparent viscosity (Fig. 2c). Koocheki et al. (8), Razavi et al. (9) and Ibanez and Ferrero(23) have reported increasing of pH led to decrease in apparent viscosity.

Apparent viscosity varied between 198 to 355 mPa.s in different extraction condi-tions, the lowest apparent viscosity observed when W:S, T and pH were 72.8, 36 and



180

222.5265

307.5350

App

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cosi

ty(m

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s)

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40.0055.00

70.0085.00

A: Temperature B: W/S Ratio

(a)

160197.5

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310

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A: Temperature

C: pH

(b)

75153.75232.5

311.25390

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s)

25.00

40.00

55.00

70.00

85.00

3.00

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9.00

B: W/S Ratio

C: pH

(c)

Figure 2 Response surface for the effect of temperature, water to seed ratio and pH on apparent viscosity (at25◦C, 1% (w/v) solution and shear rate 122 s−1) of wild sage seed hydrocolloid. (a) T and W:S at pH = 6.0; (b)T and pH at W:S = 51:1; and (c) W:S and pH at T = 55◦C.

7.78, respectively, and the highest obtained when W:S, T and pH were 37.1, 36 and 7.78,respectively (Table 1). It can be concluded that water to seed ratio substantially affectedthe apparent viscosity.

Influence of Variables on Emulsion Stability Index

The results showed that only temperature had significant linear effect on ESI andlinear effect of water to seed ratio and pH were not significant (Table 4). When the temper-ature increased (Fig. 3a), the ESI decreased maybe it was due to decreasing in hydrocolloidsolution viscosity as temperature increased. In quadratic terms, only pH and W:S had sig-nificant effect and in cross action interaction between pH and temperature, and pH andwater to seed ratio had significant effect on ESI (p < 0.05). Increasing temperature atlower pH (3–7) decreased ESI, while at higher pH, it had no significant effect (Fig. 3b).Elliptical contour observed in Fig. 3c, demonstrated the perfect interaction between pH andwater to seed ratio. The maximum predicted value indicated by the surface was confined inthe smallest ellipse in the contour diagram (6). In this study, ESI varied between 172 and450 min under different extraction conditions. The lowest ESI observed when T, W:S and



119 198 277 356 435

ES

I

25.00

38.75

52.50

66.25

80.00

25.00

40.00

55.00

70.00

85.00

A: Temperature B: W/S Ratio

(a)

40 160.25 280.5

400.75 521

ES

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25.00

38.75

52.50

66.25

80.00

3.00

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6.00

7.50

9.00

A: Temperature C: pH

(b)

40 160.25 280.5

400.75 521

ES

I

25.00

40.00

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70.00

85.00

3.00

4.50

6.00

7.50

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B: W/S Ratio C: pH

(c)

Figure 3 Response surface for the effect of temperature, water to seed ratio and pH on ESI (20% O/W emulsion)of wild sage seed hydrocolloid. (a) T and W:S at pH = 6.0; (b) T and pH at W:S = 51:1; and (c) W:S and pH atT = 55◦C

pH were 69◦C, 72.8:1 and 4.22, respectively, while the highest ESI obtained when W:Sand pH were 54.95 and 6.00 at the lowest T (24.75◦C).

Optimization and Verification

Optimization of the extraction procedure was based upon the following: higherextraction yield, apparent viscosity and ESI. The suitability of the models for predictingoptimum response values was tested under the conditions: extraction temperature 25◦C,water to seed ratio 50.95:1 and pH 5.53. This set of conditions was determined to be opti-mum by the RSM optimization approach and was also used to validate experimentallyand predict the values of the responses using the models (Table 5). The experimental andpredicted values were found to be not statistically different at 5% level of significance,indicating that the model was adequate for the extraction process.

Most of researchers found higher temperature for optimum extraction,[9,10,15]

whereas our study showed that the crude hydrocolloid of sage seed could be extractedin ambient temperature. The yield of crude hydrocolloid of wild sage seed was 9.97%,which was more than values reported at optimum condition for Flaxseed gum[10] and



Table 5 Predicted and experimental values of responses at optimum extraction condition of sage seedhydrocolloid.

Experimental value

Response variables Predicted value Mean SD

Yield (%) 9.97 10.1 0.05Apparent viscosity (mPa.s) 316 312 14.11ESI (min) 450 403 27.2

Table 6 Chemical compositions of the seeds of wild sage and the hydrocolloid powder.

Composition (w/w%) Seed Hydrocolloid powder

Moisture 5.13 ± 0.002 6.72 ± 0.001Lipid 3.38 ± 0.005 0.85 ± 0.0004Ash 3.848 ± 0.002 8.172 ± 0.008Protein 4.32 ± 0.005 2.84 ± 0.009Crude fiber 0.78 ± 0.000 1.67 ± 0.00Carbohydrate 82.54 79.75

less than Qodumeh seed[8] and Basil seed.[9] The crude hydrocolloid extracted underthe optimum conditions was further analyzed for chemical compositions as shown inTable 6. In this research, the crude hydrocolloid powder of sage seed contained 79.75%carbohydrates, 2.84% proteins, 0.85% lipid, 6.72% moisture, 1.67% crude fiber, and8.172% ash (Table 6).

CONCLUSION

The extraction conditions had significant effects on the yield, apparent viscosityand ESI of wild sage seed crude hydrocolloid. Increasing the temperature and water toseed ratio increased the yield of extracted hydrocolloid, while increasing the temper-ature decreased the ESI and also at high water to seed ratio and alkaline conditionsincreased the apparent viscosity. The influence of pH on yield and ESI was significant(P < 0.05). Increasing pH at low water to seed ratio increased the apparent viscosity,whereas it decreased at high water to seed ratio. In addition, increasing pH at low tem-perature decreased the apparent viscosity, while it increased at high temperature. Optimumconditions (temperature 25◦C, water to seed ratio at 51:1 and pH at 5.5) for the extrac-tion procedure of crude hydrocolloid from wild seeds were identified. All hydrocolloidsolutions (1% w/v) showed shear thinning behavior under different extraction conditions.The hydrocolloid dried powder contain 6.72% moisture, 0.85% lipid, 8.172% ash, 2.84%protein, 1.67% crude fiber, and 79.75% carbohydrate.

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Optimization Wild Sage Seed

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