Optimization of spatial soil occupation in rainfed intercropping ......production of this...
Transcript of Optimization of spatial soil occupation in rainfed intercropping ......production of this...
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Optimization of spatial soil occupation in rainfed intercropping system based on olive trees and
annual crops in northern Morocco
Razouk R, Daoui K, Kajji A, Ramdani A, Chergaoui A Research Unit of Agronomy Plant Physiology National Institute for Agrocultural Research Morocco
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Introduction
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Morocco localized in the north of Africa far from Europe by 14 km, is faced to climatic change.
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Average annual rainfall ranged from 100 mm in the south to more than 1000 mm in the north
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Impact of rainfall variability and scarcity on annual crops yields
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Cereals
Figure 2. Evolution des rendement des principales légumineuses alimentaires
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
Année
Ren
dem
ent (
t/ha)
FEVE POIS CHICHE POIS LENTILLE
Legume crops
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In order to face climatic change, Moroccan government under the GREN MOROCAIN PLAIN plans the reconversion of 1 million ha of cereals to trees as (olive, almond and figus trees) witch are more adaptable to drought and rainfall variation.
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The facts ?!
Objective: reconversion from cereals to trees Result: Integration trees into cereals wich is the common practice
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The need for arable land is crutial
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Looking for land to cultivat even if on high slope
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Photo!Le!labour!de!sol!mécanique,!le!long!de!la!pente,!pour!l’installation!d’une!culture!annuelle!dans!des!oliveraies!aussi!bien!âgée!que!jeune!(Taounate)!!
Rather than to wait for at least for more than three year olive production, farmers need cereal grain annualy
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Sowing wheat with no respect to olive tree and at harvest time we are looking where are olive trees?!
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Ongoing reconversion process under marginal land and with slop ones
The past: olive tree practices
The present: plantation of olive tree on cereal area
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Reconversion Integration of olive tree into annual crops
1 M ha + x ha = Agroforetry system
System that shoudl be optimized in a global way
Result
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a
b
c
d
e
f
Main questions raised What can we learn from farmer’s practices
(advantages and disadvantages)?
Witch crops can be mixed with olive trees?
Witch kind of practices should be done to
optimize the System?
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Witch spatio toporal arrangelent should be adopted for the system?
! !!
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Where the associations could be used or recommended according to soil fertility
and climatic conditions?
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In Morocco AGROFORESTRY
is practiced in mountainous and
oasis regions where water and/
or land resources are limited. In
these locations many crops are
mixed and their monitoring is
complicated.
Unfortunately, few scientific
studies were dedicated to such
system and someone might
describe it as primitive, none
productive and must been
changed.
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Hight Mountain of Atlas: Apple tree luzerne
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Midle Mountain of Atlas: Peach – Faba bean
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Saïs Plain: Olive tree and Barley Orge
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Souss Massa region Argan trees– Barley-livestok
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Saïs: Prunus and potato
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North of Morocco : Almond and peas.
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a
b
c
d
e
f
Fig. Olive tree associated with different crops; Wheat
(a), barley (b), Faba bean (c), Peas (d), Onion (e), Potato (f)
In fact, in a previous study, we showed that 75% of farmers growing olive trees are also producing annual crops between tree rows. T h o s e c r o p s i n c l u d e d ce rea l s , l egumes , and vegetables. Cereals are dominant in 50% of land occupation. Farmers ind ica ted tha t t echn i ca l i n te rven t i ons ( p l o u g h i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g ) concerns mainly annual crops and then can promote olive tree production
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Although some farmers found that association of olive
tree and annual crops may have negative effects on the
production of this combination, they adopt it for the
following reasons:
! Management of olive tree production (ploughing,
fertilisation, weed control …) may be more profitable if it
is practiced on crop cultivated between rows.
! Management of inter rows crops profit also to olive
tree.
! Plantation of olive tree alone may be subjected to
damage due to grazing, cultivating intercrops may
prevent such risk.
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Cereals Legume crops Forage Vegetables
Rainfed T r i t i c u m aestivum
Vicia faba Avena sativa
T r i t i c u m turgidum
C i c e r arietinum
H o r d e u m vulgara
H o r d e u m vulgare
Lens culinaris
P h a s e o l u s vulgaris
Irrigated Zea mays S o l a n u m tuberosum
Allium cepa
Table 1. Cultivated species as intercrop on olive according to water irrigation availability
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Minimum Maximum
Cereals 0 2
Legume crops 0.50 2
Vegetables 0.50 2
Table 2. Distance (m) left from olive tree trunk to the first line of intercrop
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A c c o r d i n g t o f a r m e r ’s
estimations: legume crops
like faba bean do not affect
o l i v e p r o d u c t i o n
comparatively to cereals
(durum or soft wheat or
barley). In this second case,
olive production is reduced
by about 39% when cereals
are intercropped between the
rows . However, farmer
produces an added value of
c e r e a l s o r l e g u m e o f
respectively 9 and 7 qx/ha..
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Some Results
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The values marked by the same letters are statistically equal. T1: annual crops sown below tree canopy; T2: annual crops sown from the limit of tree canopy; T3: annual crops sown from the limit of tree canopy with impluviums placed around trees.
Figure 3: Olive yield in intercropping systems with different annual crops under rainfed conditions.
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! !Photo! 13.! Petit! pois! en! intercalaire! dans! une!jeune!oliveraie!
Photo! 14.Fève! en! intercalaire! dans! une! jeune!oliveraie!
!Photo!15.!Fève!cultivée!dans!une!oliveraie!avec!respect!d’un!écartement!convenable!!
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Comparatively to cereal Mechanical weeding during february on winter legume crops may reduce weed competiton impact on boat crops and also creat water storage structures
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Indirect water harvesting during Winter
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Orge%
%Blé%dur%
%Blé%tendre%
%Figure%7.%Modèles%d’évolution%de%la%production%en%biomasse%(g/m%linaire)%à%différentes%distances%de%l’olivier%
pour%(Lignes%de%semis%EstCouest)%
!
y!=!$5,8349x2 +!61,039x!$ 122,95R²!=!0,6699
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Biom
asse!to
tale!en!g!/!m
!lineaire
Distance!en!(!m!)!entre!la!ligne!de!semis!et!l'arbre!de!l'olivier!
y!=!$0,7699x2 +!14,359x!$ 17,97R²!=!0,3554
0102030405060
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Biom
asse!to
tale!en!g!/!m
!lineaire
Distance!en!(!m!)!entre!la!ligne!de!semis!et!l'arbre!de!l'olivier!
y!=!$0,4972x2 +!7,2926x!+!5,5529R²!=!0,1279
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Biom
asse!en!g/!m
!lineaire
!
Distance!en!(!m!)!entre!la!ligne!de!semis!et!l'arbre!de!l'olivier!
Côté ensoleillé Côté ombragé
Total Biomasse
!Photo!11.!Cas!du!blé,!les!lignes!de!semis!situées!à!la!limite!de!la!frondaison!sont!de!plus!
courte!taille,!moins!vigoureuse!et!moins!productives.!(Ouazzane!Mars!2012)!(Blé)!
!(Fève)!
!(Lentille)!
!Photos!12.!les!!plantules!sur!les!lignes!de!semis!situées!à!la!limite!de!la!frondaison!sont!mortes!dans!les!différents!(blé,!fève!et!de!la!lentille).!(Station!expérimentale!Douyet!2012)!!!
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Sunny side Shaded side
Barley'
'Durum'wheat'
'Soft'wheat'
'Figure'3.'Models'of'cereals'plant'height'evolution'at'different'distance'from'olive'tree''
(sowing'rows'oriented'North'–'South)'
!
y!=!$1,39x2 +!16,99x!$ 22,24R²!=!0,75
05
10152025303540
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H!(cm)
Distance!between!olive!tree!and!sowing!lines!!(!m!)
y!=!$2,32x2 +!27,44x!$ 56,13R²!=!0,73
05
10152025303540
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H!(cm)
Distance!!between!sowing!olive!tree!and!sowing!lines!(m)
y!=!$2,22x2 +!25,63x!$ 47,15R²!=!0,76
05
10152025303540
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H!(cm)
Distance!between!olive!tree!and!sowing!line!(!m!)
Plant hight
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y = -1,1601x2 + 14,186x + 15,092 R² = 0,5387
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0,6 1,2 1,8 2,4 3 3,6 4,2 4,8 5,4 6 6,6 7,2 7,8 8,4 9 9,6
rend
emen
t gra
in e
n g
/ m
liné
aire
Distance en (m) entre la ligne de semis et l'arbre de référence
y = -1,5095x2 + 13,769x + 20,962 R² = 0,52221
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5 10
rend
emen
t gra
in e
n g/
m li
néai
re
Distance entre la ligne de semis et l'arbre de référence (m)
Blé tendre
Blé dur
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y = -2,1286x2 + 24,142x - 12,875 R² = 0,90973
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1,4 2,8 4,2 5,6 7 8,4 9,8
rend
emen
t gra
in (
g).
m li
néai
re
Distance entre la ligne de semis et l'arbre de référence (m)
y = -0,3981x2 + 4,7697x - 0,9962 R² = 0,56815
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18
0 1,2 2,4 3,6 4,8 6 7,2 8,4 9,6
rend
emen
t gra
in g
/ m
liné
aire
Distance entre la ligne de semis et l'arbre de référence (m)
Lentilles
Fèverole
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Figure 1: Growing seasons of wheat, faba bean and coriander in relation with fruit and shoot growth of olive tree in intercropping system.
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Average annual rainfall ranged from 100 mm in the south to more than 1000 mm in the north
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Witch spatial arrangement to propose according to trees and crop
requirements and soil fertility ?
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In arid and semi-arid
conditions, alley cropping
may be a good choice to
face climatic change.
In fact choosing a better
combination of tree and
annual crops is necessary.
Annual crops should be
implemented at least at
the limit of tree foliage;
otherwise both crops in the
association will suffer from
competition for water and
light.
Conclusions We are just starting !
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Many thanks to my colleagues, farmers, students, technicians etc…