OptimalSeismicIntensityMeasureSelectionforIsolated...

Research ArticleOptimal Seismic Intensity Measure Selection for IsolatedBridges under Pulse-Like Ground Motions

Linwei Jiang1 Jian Zhong 1 Min He1 and Wancheng Yuan2

1Department of Civil Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China2State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Jian Zhong jzhonghfuteducn

Received 22 July 2019 Revised 27 October 2019 Accepted 14 November 2019 Published 30 December 2019

Academic Editor Annan Zhou

Copyright copy 2019 Linwei Jiang et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Isolated bridges are commonly designed in the near-fault region to balance excessive displacement and seismic force Optimalintensity measures (IMs) of probabilistic seismic demand models for isolated bridges subjected to pulse-like ground motions areidentified in this study Four typical isolated girder bridge types with varied pier height (from 4m to 20m) are employed toconduct the nonlinear time history analysis Totally seven structure-independent IMs are considered and compared Criticalengineering demand parameters (EDPs) namely pier ductility demands and bearing deformation along the longitudinal andtransverse directions are recorded during the process In general PGV tends to be the optimal IM for isolated bridges underpulse-like ground motions based on practicality efficiency proficiency and sufficiency criterions e results can offer effectiveguidance for the optimal intensity measure selection of the probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) of isolated bridgesunder pulse-like ground motions

1 Introduction

It has been observed that ground motion recordings in thenear-fault region which is usually taken as within 20 kmfrom the fault rupture tend to differ from far-field rivals inthree main characteristics that is velocity pulse directivityeffect and large vertical acceleration component [1] Some ofthese differences are usually shown in the velocity anddisplacement time series which have been attributed to twoeffects the rupture directivity effect and the fling step erupture directivity denotes the effect of rupture propagationrelative to the site [2] e near-fault directivity oftenmanifests in the fault-normal direction which is the di-rection perpendicular to the surface of the fault rupture Asite may experience forward directivity when the rupturepropagates towards the site with a velocity almost equal tothe shear-wave velocity of the soil is effect appears in theform of a large long-period velocity pulse And the fling stepeffect is observed in the fault-parallel direction that is thedirection paralleled to the fault slip which appears in theform of a permanent displacement Due to the above

features the near-fault ground motions impose high inputenergy on structures and result in severe damage isphenomenon was originally discovered by Bertero et al[3 4] However it is only after the 1994 Northridgeearthquake that the severe effect of near-fault ground mo-tions on the demand of structures and the necessity of in-corporating the effect into the design process wererecognized [5 6]

e probabilistic seismic demand models conditionedon a single intensity measure (IM) of ground motions are acommon and necessary step in generating the analyticalfragility curves e intensity measures (IMs) representcharacteristics of ground motions and play an importantrole in the probabilistic seismic demand analysis Trackingand reducing uncertainty associated with the PSDM can beaccomplished by selecting an optimal IM upon which thedemand models are conditioning [7]

Researchers have done a lot of work on the selection ofoptimal IMs for far-field ground motions in the recent yearse Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale was chosen by theApplied Technology Council [8] as the preferred IM ese

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2019 Article ID 3858457 22 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520193858457

data were adopted in the risk assessment software packageHAZUSe recent versions of HAZUS selected the spectralacceleration at a period of 1 s (Saminus 1) and peak ground dis-placement (PGD) as the IMs Padgett et al [7] investigatedthe seismic response of the multispan simply supported steelgirder bridge class and found that peak ground acceleration(PGA) and spectral acceleration at the fundamental period(Sa) tended to be the most optimal IMs for synthetic groundmotions and cumulative absolute velocity was also a con-tender for recorded motions In addition to the commonIMs more complex parameters multiparameter or vector-based IMs have been proposed [9ndash12] Within the bridgeengineering community PGA and Sa are the widely acceptedIMs [7 13]

However there is relatively less research on the optimalintensity measures of pulse-like ground motions [14]Yakhchalian et al [15] proposed that the commonly usedscalar intensity measure namely the spectral acceleration atthe fundamental period of the structure (Sa) is deficient andinsufficient to predict the seismic response with respect tothe pulse periods of pulse-like ground motions and devel-oped an optimal integral-based IM (I-Sa) with 15 genericframe structures Baker and Cornell [16] demonstrated thatthe near-fault pulse-like ground motions are not well de-scribed by traditional intensity measures and proposed avector intensity measure that combines Sa with a measure ofthe spectral shape Li et al [17] proposed two fuzzy-valued(FV) structure-specific intensity measures (one is based onthe squared spectral velocity and the other is based on theinelastic spectral displacement) to characterize near-faultpulse-like ground motions Zhong et al [1] investigated theresponse of cable-stayed bridges under synthetic andrecorded pulse-like ground motions and found that PGVtends to be the optimal intensity measure compared to othersix structure-independent IMs

In general the existing IMs can be classified into twocategories that is structure-dependent IMs and structure-independent IMs e former combine structure charac-teristics with intensity measures while the latter onlyconsider the features of ground motions However Padgettet al [7] proposed that structure-dependent IMs are difficultto obtain in a regional risk assessment for bridge portfoliosdue to the lack of sufficient information such as fundamentalperiods of structures Isolated bridges display totally dif-ferent seismic response compared to the ordinary shortperiod bridges Consequently this study aims to identify theoptimal IM for isolated bridges under pulse-like groundmotions by evaluating seven existing structure-independentIMs Four typical isolated bridge types with varied pierheight (from 4m to 20m) are employed to conduct thenonlinear time history analysis Efficiency practicalityproficiency and sufficiency and hazard computability areselected to evaluate the candidate intensity measures

2 Fragility Function Methodology

As an emerging tool the seismic fragility is a useful tool forevaluating the potential seismic damage of bridges duringthe earthquakes Seismic fragility refers to the conditional

probability that the seismic demand meets or exceeds theseismic capacity of structures subjected to a series of specificground motions generally expressed in equation (1)

Pvulnerability P SD ge SC1113868111386811138681113868 IM1113872 1113873 1 minus Φ

ln SDSC( 1113857β2D|IM + β2C

1113969⎛⎜⎜⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎟⎟⎠

(1)

where Pvulnerability is the conditional failure probability SDand βD|IM are the median and dispersion of seismic demandrespectively SC and βc are the corresponding median anddispersion of seismic capacity respectively and Φ(middot) is thecumulative normal distribution function In this paperprobabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA) is utilized toderive the fragility curves of bridges which can establish theprobabilistic relationship between the engineering demandparameters (EDPs) of components and the ground motionintensity measures (IMs) [18] During the process the peakdemands (Di) of the critical components namely the cur-vature ductility of the pier and deformation of the bearingare recorded for the ith ground motion

If it is assumed that the seismic demand coincides withthe lognormal distribution the relationship between themedian of seismic demand (SD) and the intensity measure(IM) can be written in equation (2)

SD aIMb

or ln SD( 1113857 ln a + b ln(IM)(2)

where a and b are regression coefficients obtained from theresponse data of the nonlinear time history analysis edispersion βD|IM is theoretically related to ground motionsBut for the sake of simplification it is usually assumed thatβD|IM is constant [19] as follows

βD|IM

1113936ni1 ln Di( 1113857 minus ln SD( 11138571113858 1113859

2

n minus 2

1113971

(3)

where n is the number of ground motions

3 Characteristics of an Optimal IM

Selection of an approximate IM plays a vital role in theprobabilistic demand seismic models which provides thelink between EDPs and IMs An optimal IM should satisfythe following five requirements [1 7]

31 Practicality Practicality is used to examine the corre-lation between the demands placed on the structure and theintensity measures of groundmotions which is measured bythe regression parameter b in equation (2) A larger value ofb indicates a more practical IM

32 Efficiency Efficiency is known as the common metricthat characterizes an optimal IM An efficient IM can reducethe variation in the estimated demand median which isrepresented by the lower regression parameter βD|IM inequation (3)

2 Advances in Civil Engineering

33 Proficiency A Composite Metric of Efficiency andPracticality e conventional selection of an optimal IMbased on practicality and efficiency may lead to a challengein balancing the two parameters To deal with the problemPadgett et al [7] proposed a composite measure ζ tocombine practicality and efficiency which is defined inequation (4) A more proficient IM yields a lower ζ

ζ βD|IM

b (4)

34 Sufficiency Sufficiency is an alternative measure toidentify an optimal IM of PSDMs [19] A sufficient IM isstatistically independent of ground motion characteristicssuch as the magnitude (M) the epicentral distance (R) andfault characteristics e sufficiency of IMs is assessed with aregression analysis on the residual εIM to obtain the cor-responding p value from the PSDM to the ground motioncharacteristicsM or R [1] A larger p value of the regressionevaluation indicates a more sufficient IM

35 Hazard Computability Hazard computability is also aviable measure of an optimal IM As defined in Giovenaleet al [20] the hazard computability is the level of effort toassess the seismic hazard or derive the hazard curve PGA orspectral accelerations at the period of 02 s or 1 s are readilyavailable in hazard maps however other structure-depen-dent IMs need even more effort and there is difficulty incalculating some IMs from hazard maps

erefore only structure-independent IMs namelyseven existing IMs in Padgett et al [7] are considered andcompared in this papere detailed IMs are listed in Table 1with their formulas

4 Characteristics and Modeling ofIsolated Bridges

Four typical isolated girder bridge types that are common intransportation networks are adopted in this paper as casestudies namely multicell box girder (MCBG) multibeambox girder (MBBG) concrete I-girder bridge (CIGB) andsteel I-girder bridge (SIGB) To generate PSDMs that arerepresentative of each bridge type some generalizations ofthe configurations are necessary to be made As-built bridgedata are collected from the various departments of trans-portation and the advice of engineers who are experienced indesigning and restoring bridges is taken to determine pierdetails superstructure geometry isolation bearing param-eters and so forth e Guidelines for Seismic Design ofHighway Bridges [21] are also referred to in order to ensurethat the crucial characteristics (eg stiffness mass andnatural period) are generally consistent with the existingbridges In particular the pier dimension is determined toguarantee that the axial compression ratio of piers is about10 for the ductility demand In this way the conclusionobtained in this paper is representative of the isolated girderbridge types rather than a certain bridge (Figure 1)

To demonstrate the effect of structure periods on theoptimized results the pier height varies from 4m to 20m togenerate a wide period range e typical longitudinal layoutof the bridge is given in Figure 2 e vertical reinforcementratio of the piers is set as 12 uniformly with 16mm cir-cular ties spaced at 100mm vertically e configuration ofthe pier is also presented in Figure 2 where n is 7 for CIGBand MBBG 9 for MCBG and 5 for SIGB and D refers to theside length of the pier e detailed geometry of each bridgetype is summarized in Table 2

As an effective measure for earthquake resistance anddisaster prevention isolation devices play a vital role inreducing the seismic response of structures e commontypes of isolation devices applied in transportation networksinclude elastomeric bearings (ERB) lead-rubber bearings(LRB) and friction pendulum systems (FPS) [22] In thispaper LRB is selected to be equipped in the bridge systemse mechanical properties of LRB can be modeled with abilinear relationship which are decided with three param-eters namely characteristic strength Q elastic stiffness K1and postyielding stiffness K2 e specific formulas of theseparameters are given in Table 3 where Alead is the crosssection area of the lead core G is the shear modulus of therubber A is the area of rubber and Σtr is the total thicknessof rubber layers Since the parameters rely on the specific sitescenarios and there is an available LRB portfolio [23] thebearing parameters are determined directly according to thesuperstructure gravity which are listed in Table 4

e four bridge types considered in this paper includeelements that would undergo highly nonlinear behaviorunder earthquakes which are incorporated into the three-dimensional detailed nonlinear OpenSees models [24] esuperstructure usually remains elastic subjected to theearthquakes and is simulated with elastic beam-columnelements Due to the constraint effect of stirrups in the pierswe should divide the concrete into cover parts and confinedparts respectively erefore we adopt fiber elements tomodel the substructures Each fiber element has its ownstress-strain relationship and can simulate the confinedconcrete cover concrete and longitudinal reinforcementrespectively e response of isolation devices is simulatedby a nonlinear bilinear element to account for the yielding oflead Figure 3 gives the schematic of the analytical model ofisolated girder bridges with the reinforcement concrete andLRB relationships where σy εy fc εuu εcu and K are yieldstrength yield strain compressive strength strain at

Table 1 List of intensity measures compared in this paper

IMs Description Equation UnitsPGA Peak ground acceleration max|a(t)| gPGV Peak ground velocity max|v(t)| msPGD Peak ground displacement max|d(t)| m

CAV Cumulative absolutevelocity 1113938

tmax

0 |a(t)|dt ms

CAD Cumulative absolutedisplacement 1113938

tmax

0 |v(t)|dt m

Ia Arias intensity (π2g) 1113938tmax

0 [a(t)]2dt msIv Velocity intensity (π2g) 1113938

tmax

0 [v(t)]2dt m

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

25000

800800 800

3000 300019000

8002400

(a)

250002

1650 16503 times 3067

Diaphragm beam Diaphragm beam Diaphragm beam

1200

(b)250002

3 times 3240


1100

1450 1450

1100 1100 1100

1600

(c)

250002

2500 25005900800 800

1750

Concrete bridge deckSteel beam

180

(d)

Figure 1 Typical beam cross sections of (a) MCBG (b) MBBG (c) CIGB and (d) SIGB (unit mm)

Span length Span length Span length

A A

B

B

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Pier

hei

ght

Pile cap

Isolation device

B-B (mm)

32

16 100

Dn times 15082143 14382

A-A (mm)

3232

12

12

16

Dn times 15082143 14382

D

n times

150

8214

314

382

Figure 2 Elevation and pier section properties of simply supported girder bridge


compressive strength for unconfined concrete strain atcompressive strength for confined concrete and amplifi-cation factor due to constraint effect respectively

In the model the yield strength strain-hardening ratioand elasticity modulus of steel are 400MPa 05 and20times105MPa respectively With Concrete01 and Steel01

material models in OpenSees a modified uniaxial Kent-Scott-Park [25] core concrete model is established consid-ering the degraded unloadingreloading stiffness ecompressive strengths of core concrete and cover concreteare set as 298MPa and 268MPa respectively and thecrushing strains are 0016 and 00035

In addition the damping is taken into account for eachsample in this paper e common damping used forstructure dynamic analysis includes viscous damping modaldamping and structure damping [26 27] Although manydamping models have been proposed the ideal damping isstill difficult to be determined In this paper viscousdamping is taken into consideration with Rayleigh dampingRayleigh damping has the characteristics of algebraic

Table 2 Characteristics of the four isolated girder bridge types

Bridge type Height (m) Column section size (m) Span length (m) First order period (s)Rayleigh damping

parametersα0 α1

MCBG

4

18times18 35

080 03927 000646 084 03762 000668 091 03471 0007210 102 03110 0008012 117 02720 0009214 135 02362 0010616 156 02047 0012218 18 01775 0014120 206 01551 00161

MBBG

4

15times15 30

071 17453 000146 076 11635 000178 083 08055 0001910 094 06100 0002012 109 04760 0002214 128 03762 0002916 149 03050 0003718 174 02513 0004820 200 02130 00058

CIGB

4

15times15 25

054 20943 000116 058 13368 000138 067 09240 0001510 078 06829 0001712 094 05150 0002214 112 04054 0002916 133 03272 0003718 156 02720 0004620 182 02293 00057

SIGB

4

12times12 35

057 05511 000456 064 04947 000518 075 04245 0005910 091 03491 0007212 111 02964 0008414 135 02371 0010516 162 01976 0012618 191 01675 0014920 223 01434 00174

Table 3 Formulas of the mechanical parameters of LRB

Parameter Elastic stiffness K1 Postyielding stiffness K2 Characteristic strength QLRB K1 (15sim30)K2 K2 (115sim120)GAΣtr Q fyAlead

Table 4 Mechanical properties of LRB of the four bridge types

Bridge type Q (kN) K1 (kNm) K2 (kNm)MCBG 384 28400 4544MBBG 193 16400 2624CIGB 171 24700 3952SIGB 96 14500 2320


manipulation uniform mathematic expression and easy ap-plication which is applied widely in structural dynamic re-sponse analysis It is assumed that the dampingmatrix [C] is thecombination of mass matrix [M] and stiffness matrix [K] [26]

[C] α0[M] + α1[K] (5)

where α0 and α1 are two proportionality coefficients cal-culated from equation (6)

α0

α1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ 2ξ

ωi + ωj

ωiωj

1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ (6)

where ξ is the damping ratio (assumed as 005 in this paper)and ωi and ωj are the natural vibration frequencies ofstructures Since both the longitudinal and transverseseismic responses of bridges are the focus of this paper thefirst two-order longitudinal and transverse frequencies areselected as the values of ωi and ωj e detailed calculationresults of Rayleigh damping are given in Table 1

5 Ground Motion Database

A database consisting of 243 pulse-like ground motions wasestablished by Shahi and Baker [28] in the June 2012 versionof the NGA-West2 database by rotating the ground motionsand identifying pulses in all orientations Dabaghi andKiureghian [29] selected 121 pulse-like ground motionsfrom the database excluding the aftershocks and the recordsat sites far from the fault (larger than 30 km) erefore theremaining pulse-like ground motions database contains 121pairs in the 2014 version of NGA-West2 database Figure 4

shows the distribution of pulse-like ground motions withrespect to M and R PGA PGV and the pulse period (Tp)e groundmotions were recorded from earthquakes whereM ranges from 54 to 79 and R changes from 007 to2804 kmemechanisms of the fault include reverse strikeslip and reverse oblique Each record in the pulse-likeground motion database is rotated into the direction con-taining the largest pulse amplitude and the correspondingorthogonal horizontal direction following the methodproposed by Baker [2] and Dabaghi and Kiureghian [29]

In this paper the nonlinear history analysis is conductedusing the abovementioned 121 pairs of pulse-like groundmotions EDPs including curvature ductility demands (μxand μy the subscripts x and y refer to the longitudinal andtransverse directions) bearing deformation at the pier (δxδy) are tracked and recorded during the process

With the seismic demands and IMs of ground motionsPSDMs are easily developed For illustration purposePSDMs for curvature ductility μx conditioned on PGA andPGV of MCBG (pier height is 18m) are given in Figure 5where R2 is the correlation coefficient As illustrated in thefigure b values are 084 and 181 respectively and βD|IM are142 and 093 which indicates that PGV is more practicaland efficient e corresponding ζ are 169 and 051 re-spectively demonstrating that the more proficient IM isPGV e sufficiency of PGA is examined with conditionalstatistical dependence on M and R which is plotted inFigure 6 As shown in the figure the p values are 02527 and23308times10minus 4 with respect to M and R respectively isphenomenon reveals that PGV is more independent of Mand dependent on R

Rigid links

LRBDistributed

paslticityRC fiber

model for pier

DistributedpaslticityRC fiber

model for pier

Elastic beam-columnelement for beam

Rigid links

LRB

Cover patch

Coverpatch

Coverpatch

Steellayer

Cover patch

Y

Z

Fiber

Z i

Y i

σ

εndashσy

σy

εy

ndashεy

(a) Fiber section

(c) Steel model

(b) Concrete model

ZY

X0 Global coordinate

σ

0 εuu εcu

Core concrete Cover concrete

02Kfc02fc

fc

Kfc

K1

K2Q

ε

Force

Displacement

(d) LRB model

000

20

002K

Core patch

i

Figure 3 Nonlinear analytical model with models of materials and isolation devices


6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)

min = 010ms max = 250ms

(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)

Figure 4 Distribution of pulse-like ground motions with respect to (a) magnitude and source-to-site distance (b) PGA (c) PGV and (d)pulse period Tp

10ndash1 10ndash05 100

PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033

Data pointsLinear regression

(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)

Figure 5 PSDMs for the curvature ductility demand μx conditioned on (a) PGA and (b) PGV


To highlight the pulse e ect on the seismic demand ofstructures the optimal intensity measure selection process isrepeated for far-eld ground motions case A set of 80 far-eld ground motions in Shaeezadeh et al [30] is used inthis paper as the seismic excitation Figure 7 shows thedistribution of far-eld ground motions e ground mo-tions were recorded from earthquakes with M ranging from55 to 7 and R varying from 123 to 60 km

6 Optimal Intensity Measure under Pulse-LikeGround Motions

61 Practicality e practicality comparison of IMs can beestimated with the regression parameter b A more practicalIM yields a larger b e practicality comparison of the fourbridge types with di erent pier heights is shown in Figures 8and 9 As illustrated in the gures PGV tends to be the mostpractical IM for the pier curvature ductility in the longi-tudinal and transverse directions followed by CAV Incontrast for the lower height cases (from 4m to 12m) Ivtends to be the least practical IM and for the higher heightcases (from 14m to 20m) PGA is the least practical IM Forthe whole height range Iv PGD CAD and PGA are lessappropriate due to relatively low practicality parameter bSimilarly for the displacement-related EDPs namely thebearing displacements PGV is the most practical in thelongitudinal and transverse directions followed by CAV theleast practical IM is Iv For the considered height range IvCAD and PGD tend to be less appropriate because of therelatively low practicality parameter b In general PGV tendsto be the most practical IM followed by CAV In particularone should notice that for the long-period cases (eg16ndash20m) PGA is not a practical IM under pulse-like groundmotions which is a commonly used IM to establish theanalytical fragility curves [22]

As mentioned above the optimal intensity measuresubjected to far-eld ground motions is also identied in this

paper Table 5 summarizes the practicality comparison of theseven structure-independent IMs under far-eld groundmotions of MCBG For simplicity the comparison in thetransverse direction is not given because it follows a similartendency e practicality comparison results of the otherthree bridge types are also not listed here due to a similartendency As shown in the table CAV tends to be the mostpractical IM followed by PGV however Iv tends to be theleast practical To demonstrate the pulse e ect on the prac-ticality comparison results graphically Figure 10 shows thecomparison results under pulse-like ground motions and far-eld ground motions where PGA PGV Iv and CAV arechosen as the candidate IMs (conditioning on μy the othercases follow the similar tendency) As shown in the gurePGV can be chosen as the appropriate IM to assess the seismicdemand under far-eld and pulse-like ground motions Inaddition PGA is less appropriate to develop PSDMs withrespect to practicality especially for higher piers (larger than16m) under pulse-like groundmotions For example b valuesare 069 and 035 for 8m and 16m cases subject to pulse-likeground motions respectively and for far-eld ground mo-tions b varies in a narrow range is phenomenon revealsthat PGA should not be chosen as the IM for long-periodstructures under pulse-like ground motions

62 Eciency As indicated the eciency of IMs can beevaluated with the dispersion βD|IM obtained from thePSDMse larger βD|IM is the less ecient IM is Figures 11and 12 present the eciency comparison of the four bridgetypes under pulse-like ground motions As illustrated in thegures PGV tends to be the most ecient IM with the pierheight ranging from 4m to 16m for the pier curvatureductility However when the height is 18m or 20m Iv tendsto be the most ecient IM For the bearing deformation Iatends to be the most ecient in the longitudinal directionand PGV is the most ecient IM in the transverse direction

55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527

ResidualsLinear regression

(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188

p value = 23308times10ndash4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)

Figure 6 Suciency examination of PGV with conditional statistical dependence on (a) M and (b) R


567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)

Figure 7 Distribution of far-field ground motions

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)

Figure 8 IMs practicality comparison for (a) the pier curvature ductility along the longitudinal direction and (b) the pier curvature ductilityalong the transverse direction


00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)

Figure 9 IMs practicality comparison for (a) the bearing deformation along the longitudinal direction and (b) the bearing deformationalong the transverse direction

Table 5 Demand models and practicality comparison of IMs subjected to far-field ground motions

Height (m)μx δx

PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV4 035 037 025 034 023 019 045 079 082 050 071 047 041 0916 041 042 020 036 027 021 054 070 077 040 062 046 037 0908 045 052 026 045 030 026 063 073 082 042 066 048 039 09410 043 053 030 049 030 027 064 070 081 044 067 047 040 09412 054 064 037 058 037 033 079 076 083 046 072 050 042 10014 066 079 047 070 044 040 092 076 086 051 076 050 044 10316 068 085 055 079 047 044 099 075 090 056 079 051 046 10318 070 091 064 090 048 050 105 075 086 055 079 050 044 10520 075 102 071 102 053 056 117 067 074 048 068 044 038 093Note bold values indicate more practical IM


20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b

Figure 10 Practicality comparison of IMs under pulse-like and far-field ground motions e solid lines and dashed lines refer to the casesof pulse-like and far-field ground motions respectively

04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)

Figure 11 IMs efficiency comparison for (a) the pier curvature ductility along the longitudinal direction and (b) the pier curvature ductilityalong the transverse direction

05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)

Figure 12 IMs efficiency comparison for (a) the bearing deformation along the longitudinal direction and (b) the bearing deformationalong the transverse direction

Table 6 Demand models and efficiency comparison of IMs subjected to far-field ground motions

Height (m)μx δx

PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV4 027 022 027 023 023 021 023 047 033 053 044 042 035 0456 031 029 036 031 029 028 029 056 047 060 054 051 049 0538 038 030 040 033 034 030 034 060 050 064 058 055 052 05710 044 037 043 037 040 035 039 064 053 065 058 058 054 05912 050 041 048 042 045 039 043 064 056 067 060 060 055 06014 056 043 053 046 051 041 050 061 049 060 053 055 047 05516 065 051 056 050 059 046 057 064 049 058 053 058 047 05818 073 058 059 053 068 050 065 060 047 054 048 053 043 05120 082 063 065 056 075 053 071 053 045 050 045 049 042 047Note bold values indicate more efficient IM

00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

Figure 13 Efficiency comparison of IMs under pulse-like and far-field ground motions e solid lines and dashed lines refer to the casesunder pulse-like and far-field ground motions respectively


In general PGV tends to be the most efficient IM An in-teresting phenomenon observed is that PGA is not efficientsimilar to the practicality comparison for the long-periodstructures which supports the abovementioned assumptionstrongly

Similarly Table 6 lists the efficiency comparison of theseven structure-independent IMs under far-field groundmotions As shown in the table Iv tends to be the most ef-ficient IM For the considered height range PGA and PGDare less efficient because of relatively large efficiency pa-rameter βD|IM Similarly to demonstrate the pulse effect onthe comparison results Figure 13 shows the efficiencycomparison of IMs under pulse-like ground motions and far-field ground motions where PGA PGV Iv and Ia are chosen

as the candidate IMs (conditioning on μy the other casesfollow the similar tendency) As shown in the figure PGV canbe chosen as the appropriate IM to predict the seismic re-sponse of bridges under either far-field or pulse-like groundmotions with respect to efficiency In addition PGA is theleast efficient IM under either pulse-like or far-field groundmotions due to the largest dispersion βD|IM

63 Proficiency e composite measure ζ can be utilized toestimate the proficiency of IMs which combines practicalityand efficiency A more proficient IM has a lower ζ eproficiency comparison of IMs is given in Figures 14 and 15As illustrated in the figures ζ is smaller for PGV

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)

Figure 14 IMs proficiency comparison for (a) the pier curvature ductility along the longitudinal direction and (b) the pier curvatureductility along the transverse direction


0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)

Figure 15 IMs proficiency comparison for (a) the bearing deformation along the longitudinal direction and (b) the bearing deformationalong the transverse direction

Table 7 Demand models and proficiency comparison of IMs subjected to far-field ground motions

Height (m)μx δx

PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV4 076 059 106 068 101 108 051 059 040 105 062 089 086 0506 077 066 183 086 106 138 053 079 061 151 088 112 132 0598 085 058 150 074 113 116 054 082 062 154 088 116 132 06110 102 069 140 076 136 127 061 091 066 148 087 125 135 06312 091 064 130 072 119 117 055 085 067 147 083 120 131 06014 085 054 113 065 115 102 053 081 057 119 069 109 108 05416 094 060 103 064 126 104 058 085 056 105 066 114 102 05518 105 063 092 059 140 101 062 080 055 098 060 105 098 04920 109 062 092 055 143 096 061 080 061 103 067 110 110 051Note bold values indicate more proficient IM


000 025 050 075 025 050 075 025 050 075 025 050 075p value p value p value p value

000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

Figure 16 Proficiency comparison of IMs under pulse-like and far-field ground motions e solid lines and dashed lines refer to the casesof pulse-like and far-field ground motions respectively



000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)

Figure 17 IMs sufficiency comparison with respect to M for (a) the pier curvature ductility along the longitudinal direction (b) the piercurvature ductility along the transverse direction (c) the bearing deformation along the longitudinal direction and (d) the bearingdeformation along the transverse direction


00 02 04 02 02 02 04 06p value p value p value p value

00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued


conditioning on the curvature ductility and bearing defor-mation in the longitudinal and transverse directions whichindicates that PGV is the most proficient IM followed byCAV For the considered height range Iv CAD PGD andPGA tend to be less appropriate because of the relativelyhigh proficiency parameters ζ Similarly for long-periodcases PGA is not a proficient IM which is consistent withthe practicality and efficiency comparison results isphenomenon reveals that PGA is not appropriate to bechosen as the IM to develop PSDMs of long-period struc-tures under pulse-like ground motions

Similarly Table 7 summarizes the proficiency compar-ison of the seven structure-independent IMs under far-field

ground motions As shown in the table CAV tends to be themost proficient IM followed by PGV To demonstrate thepulse effect on the comparison results Figure 16 shows theproficiency comparison of IMs under pulse-like groundmotions and far-field ground motions where PGA PGVCAV and Ia are chosen as the candidate IMs (conditioningon μy the other cases follow the similar tendency) As shownin the figure PGV can be chosen as the appropriate IM toassess the seismic demand under both far-field and pulse-like ground motions with respect to proficiency In additionPGA is less appropriate to perform the vulnerability analysisunder either pulse-like or far-field ground motions becauseof the relatively large ζ One should notice that ζ value of


00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)

Figure 18 IMs sufficiency comparison with respect to R for (a) the pier curvature ductility along the longitudinal direction (b) the piercurvature ductility along the transverse direction (c) the bearing deformation along the longitudinal direction and (d) the bearingdeformation along the transverse direction

Table 8 Demand models and sufficiency comparison using p values of IMs subjected to far-field ground motions

Height (m)μx δx

PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV PGA PGV PGD CAD Ia Iv CAV

M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006

Note bold values indicate more sufficient IM


PGA increases extremely with the height of pier under pulse-like ground motions which reveals that PGA is the leastproficient under pulse-like ground motions is phe-nomenon is consistent with the practicality and efficiencycomparison results

64 Sufficiency e p value which is obtained with a re-gression analysis on the residual εIM from the PSDMrelative to the ground motion characteristics that isM or Ris an indicator of sufficiency of IMs Generally the p value of01 is regarded as the cutoff of an insufficient IM

A larger p value signifies that the IM is more sufficientesufficiency comparison of the four candidate IMs namelyPGV PGA CAV and Ia is given in Figures 17 and 18 Asindicated in the figures PGA tends to be themost sufficient IMconditioning on the pier curvature ductility for the lower heightrange (from 4m to 6m) with respect to M and R in thelongitudinal and transverse directions For the higher heightcases (larger than 8m) CAV tends to more sufficient followedby PGV For the displacement-related EDP namely bearingdeformation PGA tends to be the most sufficient IM for thelower height cases (4m to 8m) with respect toM with heightincreasing PGV is more sufficient However CAV tends to bethe most sufficient IM with respect to R for the lower heightrange (4m to 8m) in the longitudinal and transverse direc-tions As height increases CAV and PGV tend to be the mostsufficient IMs in the longitudinal and transverse directionsrespectively In general both PGA and PGV can be selected asthe most sufficient IMs for PSDMs of isolated bridges

Similarly Table 8 shows the sufficiency comparison ofthe seven structure-independent IMs under far-field

ground motions As shown in the table Iv tends to be themost sufficient IM followed by PGV and CAV To dem-onstrate the pulse influence on the sufficiency comparisonresults Figure 19 shows the sufficiency comparison of IMsunder pulse-like ground motions and far-field groundmotions where PGA PGV CAV and Ia are chosen as thecandidate IMs (conditioning on μy the other cases followthe similar tendency) As shown in the figure PGV is foundto be more sufficient with respect to R and less sufficientwith respect toM under pulse-like ground motions Underfar-field ground motions PGV is appropriately indepen-dent ofM and R Similarly PGA is relatively dependent onM and R which implies that PGA is less sufficient

In general based on the practicality efficiency profi-ciency and sufficiency comparison results PGV can be se-lected as the optimal IM to assess the seismic demand ofisolated bridges under pulse-like and far-field ground mo-tions However PGA is not an appropriate IM to establishPSDMs of isolated bridges which is commonly used in thefragility analysis of structures

7 Conclusion

e intensity measure (IM) plays a vital role in linking theseismic hazard analysis with the structural demand (egcurvature ductility and bearing deformation) Traditionalground motion models used in the probabilistic seismichazard demand analysis do not account for pulse effect andmay underestimate the seismic demand of structures locatedin the near-fault region In addition the research of theoptimal intensity measure selection targeted at pulse-likeground motions is rare and there is no widely acceptedoptimal intensity measure for pulse-like ground motions inthe bridge engineering community which emphasizes thenecessity of the research of optimal intensity measurestargeted at the pulse-like ground motions

e objective of this paper is to identify the optimal IM ofPSDMs for isolated bridges subjected to pulse-like groundmotions For this purpose we select four common isolatedgirder bridge types with varied pier height (from 4m to 20m)that is multicell box girder (MCBG) multibeam box girder(MBBG) concrete I-girder bridge (CIGB) and steel I-girderbridge (SIGB) as case studies Totally seven structure-inde-pendent IMs namely peak ground acceleration (PGA) peakground velocity (PGV) peak ground displacement (PGD) Ariasintensity (Ia) velocity intensity (Iv) cumulative absolute velocity(CAV) and cumulative absolute displacement (CAD) are se-lected as the candidate IMs e probabilistic seismic demandanalysis is performed using 121 pairs of pulse-like groundmotions e engineering demand parameters (EDPs) namelypier curvature ductility (μx μy) and bearing deformation (δx δy)are monitored and reordered Efficiency practicality profi-ciency sufficiency and hazard computability are selected as theselection metrics of an optimal intensity measure

In general PGV tends to be the optimal IM for con-ditioning PSDMs of isolated bridges with the considered pierheight range based on the fivemetrics mentioned aboveisphenomenon can be explained in that the response ofisolated bridges under pulse-like ground motions is

080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

Figure 19 Sufficiency comparison of IMs under pulse-like and far-field ground motions e solid lines and dashed lines refer to thecases under pulse-like and far-field ground motions respectively


dominated by the pulse characteristic In addition as acommonly used IM PGA is not an appropriate choice toestablish the fragility curves of isolated bridges under pulse-like ground motions which signifies that special attentionshould be paid to the intensity measure selection when thepulse effect cannot be ignored e results obtained in thispaper are intended to offer guidance for probabilistic seismicdemand analysis of isolated bridges near the fault

Data Availability

All data models and codes generated or used during the studyare available from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

is research was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (51608161 and 51778471) the ChinaPostdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M602007) theFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities ofChina (PA2019GDPK0041) and the Ministry of Science andTechnology of China (SLDRCE19-B-19) e supports aregratefully acknowledged

References

[1] J Zhong J-S Jeon Y-H Shao W Yuan and L ChenldquoOptimal intensity measures in probabilistic seismic demandmodels of cable-stayed bridges subjected to pulse-like groundmotionsrdquo Journal of Bridge Engineering vol 24 no 2 2019

[2] J W Baker ldquoQuantitative classification of near-fault groundmotions using wavelet analysisrdquo Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America vol 97 no 5 pp 1486ndash1501 2007

[3] V V Bertero R A Herrera and S A Mahin ldquoEstablishmentof design earthquakes-evaluation of present methodsrdquo inProceedings of the International Symposium on EarthquakeStructural Engineering St Louis MO USA August 1976

[4] V V Bertero S A Mahin and R A Herrera ldquoAseismicdesign implications of near-fault san fernando earthquakerecordsrdquo Earthquake Engineering amp Structural Dynamicsvol 6 no 1 pp 31ndash42 1978

[5] P G Somerville and N A Abrahamson ldquoAccounting fornear-fault rupture directivity effects on the development ofdesign ground motionsrdquo in Proceedings of the 11th WorldConference on Earthquake Engineering Acapulco MexicoJune 1996

[6] Y Bozorgnia and S A Mahin ldquoDuctility and strength de-mands of near-fault ground motions of the Northridgeearthquakerdquo in Proceedings of the 6th US National Confer-ence on Earthquake Engineering Seattle DC USA 1998

[7] J E Padgett B G Nielson and R DesRoches ldquoSelection ofoptimal intensity measures in probabilistic seismic demandmodels of highway bridge portfoliosrdquo Earthquake Engineeringamp Structural Dynamics vol 37 no 5 pp 711ndash725 2008

[8] ATC Earthquake Damage Evaluation Data for CaliforniaATC-13 Applied Technology Council Redwood City CAUSA 1985

[9] XWang A Ye A Shafieezadeh and J E Padgett ldquoFractionalorder optimal intensity measures for probabilistic seismicdemandmodeling of extended pile-shaft-supported bridges inliquefiable and laterally spreading groundrdquo Soil Dynamics andEarthquake Engineering vol 120 pp 301ndash315 2019

[10] X Wang A Shafieezadeh and A Ye ldquoOptimal intensitymeasures for probabilistic seismic demand modeling of ex-tended pile-shaft-supported bridges in liquefied and laterallyspreading groundrdquo Bulletin of Earthquake Engineeringvol 16 no 1 pp 229ndash257 2018

[11] J W Baker and C A Cornell ldquoA vector-valued groundmotion intensity measure consisting of spectral accelerationand epsilonrdquo Earthquake Engineering amp Structural Dynamicsvol 34 no 10 pp 1193ndash1217 2005

[12] K G Kostinakis and A M Athanatopoulou ldquoEvaluation ofscalar structure-specific groundmotion intensity measures forseismic response prediction of earthquake resistant 3Dbuildingsrdquo Earthquakes and Structures vol 9 no 5pp 1091ndash1114 2015

[13] J K Mackie and B Stojadinovic ldquoFragility curves for rein-forced concrete highway overpass bridgesrdquo in Proceedings ofthe 3th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Wel-lington New Zealand 2004

[14] D Yang J Pan and G Li ldquoNon-structure-specific intensitymeasure parameters and characteristic period of near-faultground motionsrdquo Earthquake Engineering amp Structural Dy-namics vol 38 no 11 pp 1257ndash1280 2009

[15] M Yakhchalian A Nicknam and G G Amiri ldquoProposing anoptimal integral-based intensity measure for seismic collapsecapacity assessment of structures under pulse-like near-faultground motionsrdquo Journal of Vibroengineering vol 16 no 3pp 1360ndash1375 2014

[16] J W Baker and C A Cornell ldquoVector-valued intensitymeasures incorporating spectral shape for prediction ofstructural responserdquo Journal of Earthquake Engineeringvol 12 no 4 pp 534ndash554 2008

[17] H Li W-J Yi and X-X Yuan ldquoFuzzy-valued intensitymeasures for near-fault pulse-like ground motionsrdquo Com-puter-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering vol 28no 10 pp 780ndash795 2013

[18] N Luco and C A Cornell ldquoStructure-specific scalar intensitymeasures for near-source and ordinary earthquake groundmotionsrdquo Earthquake Spectra vol 23 no 2 pp 357ndash3922007

[19] K Mackie and B Stojadinovic ldquoProbabilistic seismic demandmodel for California highway bridgesrdquo Journal of BridgeEngineering vol 6 no 6 pp 468ndash481 2001

[20] P Giovenale C A Cornell and L Esteva ldquoComparing theadequacy of alternative ground motion intensity measures forthe estimation of structural responsesrdquo Earthquake Engi-neering amp Structural Dynamics vol 33 no 8 pp 951ndash9792004

[21] Ministry of Transport of the Peoplersquos Republic of ChinaGuidelines for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges JTGT B02-01-2008 Ministry of Transport of the Peoplersquos Republic ofChina Beijing China 2008

[22] J Zhang and Y Huo ldquoEvaluating effectiveness and optimumdesign of isolation devices for highway bridges using thefragility function methodrdquo Engineering Structures vol 31no 8 pp 1648ndash1660 2009

[23] Ministry of Transport of the Peoplersquos Republic of China LeadRubber Bearing Isolator for Highway Bridge JTT 822-2011Ministry of Transport of the Peoplersquos Republic of ChinaBeijing China 2011


[24] F Mckenna M H Scott and G L Fenves ldquoNonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object compo-sitionrdquo Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering vol 24no 1 pp 95ndash107 2010

[25] D C Kent and D Park ldquoFlexural members with confinedconcreterdquo Journal of Structure Division vol 97 no 7pp 1969ndash1990 1971

[26] J E Luco and A Lanzi ldquoNumerical artifacts associated withRayleigh and modal damping models of inelastic structureswith massless coordinatesrdquo Earthquake Engineering ampStructural Dynamics vol 48 no 13 pp 1491ndash1507 2019

[27] S Castellaro ldquoSoil and structure damping from single stationmeasurementsrdquo Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineeringvol 90 pp 480ndash493 2016

[28] S K Shahi and J W Baker ldquoAn empirically calibratedframework for including the effects of near-fault directivity inprobabilistic seismic hazard analysisrdquo Bulletin of the Seis-mological Society of America vol 101 no 2 pp 742ndash7552011

[29] M Dabaghi and A D Kiureghian ldquoStochastic model forsimulation of near-fault ground motionsrdquo Earthquake En-gineering amp Structural Dynamics vol 46 no 6 pp 963ndash9842017

[30] A Shafieezadeh K Ramanathan J E Padgett andR DesRoches ldquoFractional order intensity measures forprobabilistic seismic demand modeling applied to highwaybridgesrdquo Earthquake Engineering amp Structural Dynamicsvol 41 no 3 pp 391ndash409 2012


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data were adopted in the risk assessment software packageHAZUSe recent versions of HAZUS selected the spectralacceleration at a period of 1 s (Saminus 1) and peak ground dis-placement (PGD) as the IMs Padgett et al [7] investigatedthe seismic response of the multispan simply supported steelgirder bridge class and found that peak ground acceleration(PGA) and spectral acceleration at the fundamental period(Sa) tended to be the most optimal IMs for synthetic groundmotions and cumulative absolute velocity was also a con-tender for recorded motions In addition to the commonIMs more complex parameters multiparameter or vector-based IMs have been proposed [9ndash12] Within the bridgeengineering community PGA and Sa are the widely acceptedIMs [7 13]

However there is relatively less research on the optimalintensity measures of pulse-like ground motions [14]Yakhchalian et al [15] proposed that the commonly usedscalar intensity measure namely the spectral acceleration atthe fundamental period of the structure (Sa) is deficient andinsufficient to predict the seismic response with respect tothe pulse periods of pulse-like ground motions and devel-oped an optimal integral-based IM (I-Sa) with 15 genericframe structures Baker and Cornell [16] demonstrated thatthe near-fault pulse-like ground motions are not well de-scribed by traditional intensity measures and proposed avector intensity measure that combines Sa with a measure ofthe spectral shape Li et al [17] proposed two fuzzy-valued(FV) structure-specific intensity measures (one is based onthe squared spectral velocity and the other is based on theinelastic spectral displacement) to characterize near-faultpulse-like ground motions Zhong et al [1] investigated theresponse of cable-stayed bridges under synthetic andrecorded pulse-like ground motions and found that PGVtends to be the optimal intensity measure compared to othersix structure-independent IMs

In general the existing IMs can be classified into twocategories that is structure-dependent IMs and structure-independent IMs e former combine structure charac-teristics with intensity measures while the latter onlyconsider the features of ground motions However Padgettet al [7] proposed that structure-dependent IMs are difficultto obtain in a regional risk assessment for bridge portfoliosdue to the lack of sufficient information such as fundamentalperiods of structures Isolated bridges display totally dif-ferent seismic response compared to the ordinary shortperiod bridges Consequently this study aims to identify theoptimal IM for isolated bridges under pulse-like groundmotions by evaluating seven existing structure-independentIMs Four typical isolated bridge types with varied pierheight (from 4m to 20m) are employed to conduct thenonlinear time history analysis Efficiency practicalityproficiency and sufficiency and hazard computability areselected to evaluate the candidate intensity measures

2 Fragility Function Methodology

As an emerging tool the seismic fragility is a useful tool forevaluating the potential seismic damage of bridges duringthe earthquakes Seismic fragility refers to the conditional

probability that the seismic demand meets or exceeds theseismic capacity of structures subjected to a series of specificground motions generally expressed in equation (1)

Pvulnerability P SD ge SC1113868111386811138681113868 IM1113872 1113873 1 minus Φ

ln SDSC( 1113857β2D|IM + β2C

1113969⎛⎜⎜⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎟⎟⎠

(1)

where Pvulnerability is the conditional failure probability SDand βD|IM are the median and dispersion of seismic demandrespectively SC and βc are the corresponding median anddispersion of seismic capacity respectively and Φ(middot) is thecumulative normal distribution function In this paperprobabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA) is utilized toderive the fragility curves of bridges which can establish theprobabilistic relationship between the engineering demandparameters (EDPs) of components and the ground motionintensity measures (IMs) [18] During the process the peakdemands (Di) of the critical components namely the cur-vature ductility of the pier and deformation of the bearingare recorded for the ith ground motion

If it is assumed that the seismic demand coincides withthe lognormal distribution the relationship between themedian of seismic demand (SD) and the intensity measure(IM) can be written in equation (2)

SD aIMb

or ln SD( 1113857 ln a + b ln(IM)(2)

where a and b are regression coefficients obtained from theresponse data of the nonlinear time history analysis edispersion βD|IM is theoretically related to ground motionsBut for the sake of simplification it is usually assumed thatβD|IM is constant [19] as follows

βD|IM

1113936ni1 ln Di( 1113857 minus ln SD( 11138571113858 1113859

2

n minus 2

1113971

(3)

where n is the number of ground motions

3 Characteristics of an Optimal IM

Selection of an approximate IM plays a vital role in theprobabilistic demand seismic models which provides thelink between EDPs and IMs An optimal IM should satisfythe following five requirements [1 7]

31 Practicality Practicality is used to examine the corre-lation between the demands placed on the structure and theintensity measures of groundmotions which is measured bythe regression parameter b in equation (2) A larger value ofb indicates a more practical IM

32 Efficiency Efficiency is known as the common metricthat characterizes an optimal IM An efficient IM can reducethe variation in the estimated demand median which isrepresented by the lower regression parameter βD|IM inequation (3)



ζ βD|IM

b (4)












tmax

0 |a(t)|dt ms


tmax

0 |v(t)|dt m



tmax

0 [v(t)]2dt m


25000

800800 800

3000 300019000

8002400

(a)

250002

1650 16503 times 3067


1200

(b)250002

3 times 3240


1100

1450 1450

1100 1100 1100

1600

(c)

250002

2500 25005900800 800

1750


180

(d)



A A

B

B

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Pier

hei

ght

Pile cap

Isolation device

B-B (mm)

32

16 100

Dn times 15082143 14382

A-A (mm)

3232

12

12

16

Dn times 15082143 14382

D

n times

150

8214

314

382









parametersα0 α1

MCBG

4

18times18 35

080 03927 000646 084 03762 000668 091 03471 0007210 102 03110 0008012 117 02720 0009214 135 02362 0010616 156 02047 0012218 18 01775 0014120 206 01551 00161

MBBG

4

15times15 30

071 17453 000146 076 11635 000178 083 08055 0001910 094 06100 0002012 109 04760 0002214 128 03762 0002916 149 03050 0003718 174 02513 0004820 200 02130 00058

CIGB

4

15times15 25

054 20943 000116 058 13368 000138 067 09240 0001510 078 06829 0001712 094 05150 0002214 112 04054 0002916 133 03272 0003718 156 02720 0004620 182 02293 00057

SIGB

4

12times12 35

057 05511 000456 064 04947 000518 075 04245 0005910 091 03491 0007212 111 02964 0008414 135 02371 0010516 162 01976 0012618 191 01675 0014920 223 01434 00174







[C] α0[M] + α1[K] (5)


α0

α1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ 2ξ

ωi + ωj

ωiωj

1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ (6)







Rigid links

LRBDistributed

paslticityRC fiber

model for pier


model for pier


Rigid links

LRB

Cover patch

Coverpatch

Coverpatch

Steellayer

Cover patch

Y

Z

Fiber

Z i

Y i

σ

εndashσy

σy

εy

ndashεy

(a) Fiber section

(c) Steel model

(b) Concrete model

ZY


σ

0 εuu εcu


02Kfc02fc

fc

Kfc

K1

K2Q

ε

Force

Displacement

(d) LRB model

000

20

002K

Core patch

i



6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)


(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)



PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033


(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)









55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



ζ βD|IM

b (4)












tmax

0 |a(t)|dt ms


tmax

0 |v(t)|dt m



tmax

0 [v(t)]2dt m


25000

800800 800

3000 300019000

8002400

(a)

250002

1650 16503 times 3067


1200

(b)250002

3 times 3240


1100

1450 1450

1100 1100 1100

1600

(c)

250002

2500 25005900800 800

1750


180

(d)



A A

B

B

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Pier

hei

ght

Pile cap

Isolation device

B-B (mm)

32

16 100

Dn times 15082143 14382

A-A (mm)

3232

12

12

16

Dn times 15082143 14382

D

n times

150

8214

314

382









parametersα0 α1

MCBG

4

18times18 35

080 03927 000646 084 03762 000668 091 03471 0007210 102 03110 0008012 117 02720 0009214 135 02362 0010616 156 02047 0012218 18 01775 0014120 206 01551 00161

MBBG

4

15times15 30

071 17453 000146 076 11635 000178 083 08055 0001910 094 06100 0002012 109 04760 0002214 128 03762 0002916 149 03050 0003718 174 02513 0004820 200 02130 00058

CIGB

4

15times15 25

054 20943 000116 058 13368 000138 067 09240 0001510 078 06829 0001712 094 05150 0002214 112 04054 0002916 133 03272 0003718 156 02720 0004620 182 02293 00057

SIGB

4

12times12 35

057 05511 000456 064 04947 000518 075 04245 0005910 091 03491 0007212 111 02964 0008414 135 02371 0010516 162 01976 0012618 191 01675 0014920 223 01434 00174







[C] α0[M] + α1[K] (5)


α0

α1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ 2ξ

ωi + ωj

ωiωj

1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ (6)







Rigid links

LRBDistributed

paslticityRC fiber

model for pier


model for pier


Rigid links

LRB

Cover patch

Coverpatch

Coverpatch

Steellayer

Cover patch

Y

Z

Fiber

Z i

Y i

σ

εndashσy

σy

εy

ndashεy

(a) Fiber section

(c) Steel model

(b) Concrete model

ZY


σ

0 εuu εcu


02Kfc02fc

fc

Kfc

K1

K2Q

ε

Force

Displacement

(d) LRB model

000

20

002K

Core patch

i



6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)


(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)



PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033


(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)









55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


25000

800800 800

3000 300019000

8002400

(a)

250002

1650 16503 times 3067


1200

(b)250002

3 times 3240


1100

1450 1450

1100 1100 1100

1600

(c)

250002

2500 25005900800 800

1750


180

(d)



A A

B

B

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Hei

ght

Pier

hei

ght

Pile cap

Isolation device

B-B (mm)

32

16 100

Dn times 15082143 14382

A-A (mm)

3232

12

12

16

Dn times 15082143 14382

D

n times

150

8214

314

382









parametersα0 α1

MCBG

4

18times18 35

080 03927 000646 084 03762 000668 091 03471 0007210 102 03110 0008012 117 02720 0009214 135 02362 0010616 156 02047 0012218 18 01775 0014120 206 01551 00161

MBBG

4

15times15 30

071 17453 000146 076 11635 000178 083 08055 0001910 094 06100 0002012 109 04760 0002214 128 03762 0002916 149 03050 0003718 174 02513 0004820 200 02130 00058

CIGB

4

15times15 25

054 20943 000116 058 13368 000138 067 09240 0001510 078 06829 0001712 094 05150 0002214 112 04054 0002916 133 03272 0003718 156 02720 0004620 182 02293 00057

SIGB

4

12times12 35

057 05511 000456 064 04947 000518 075 04245 0005910 091 03491 0007212 111 02964 0008414 135 02371 0010516 162 01976 0012618 191 01675 0014920 223 01434 00174







[C] α0[M] + α1[K] (5)


α0

α1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ 2ξ

ωi + ωj

ωiωj

1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ (6)







Rigid links

LRBDistributed

paslticityRC fiber

model for pier


model for pier


Rigid links

LRB

Cover patch

Coverpatch

Coverpatch

Steellayer

Cover patch

Y

Z

Fiber

Z i

Y i

σ

εndashσy

σy

εy

ndashεy

(a) Fiber section

(c) Steel model

(b) Concrete model

ZY


σ

0 εuu εcu


02Kfc02fc

fc

Kfc

K1

K2Q

ε

Force

Displacement

(d) LRB model

000

20

002K

Core patch

i



6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)


(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)



PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033


(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)









55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia








parametersα0 α1

MCBG

4

18times18 35

080 03927 000646 084 03762 000668 091 03471 0007210 102 03110 0008012 117 02720 0009214 135 02362 0010616 156 02047 0012218 18 01775 0014120 206 01551 00161

MBBG

4

15times15 30

071 17453 000146 076 11635 000178 083 08055 0001910 094 06100 0002012 109 04760 0002214 128 03762 0002916 149 03050 0003718 174 02513 0004820 200 02130 00058

CIGB

4

15times15 25

054 20943 000116 058 13368 000138 067 09240 0001510 078 06829 0001712 094 05150 0002214 112 04054 0002916 133 03272 0003718 156 02720 0004620 182 02293 00057

SIGB

4

12times12 35

057 05511 000456 064 04947 000518 075 04245 0005910 091 03491 0007212 111 02964 0008414 135 02371 0010516 162 01976 0012618 191 01675 0014920 223 01434 00174







[C] α0[M] + α1[K] (5)


α0

α1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ 2ξ

ωi + ωj

ωiωj

1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ (6)







Rigid links

LRBDistributed

paslticityRC fiber

model for pier


model for pier


Rigid links

LRB

Cover patch

Coverpatch

Coverpatch

Steellayer

Cover patch

Y

Z

Fiber

Z i

Y i

σ

εndashσy

σy

εy

ndashεy

(a) Fiber section

(c) Steel model

(b) Concrete model

ZY


σ

0 εuu εcu


02Kfc02fc

fc

Kfc

K1

K2Q

ε

Force

Displacement

(d) LRB model

000

20

002K

Core patch

i



6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)


(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)



PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033


(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)









55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



[C] α0[M] + α1[K] (5)


α0

α1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ 2ξ

ωi + ωj

ωiωj

1

⎧⎨

⎩

⎫⎬

⎭ (6)







Rigid links

LRBDistributed

paslticityRC fiber

model for pier


model for pier


Rigid links

LRB

Cover patch

Coverpatch

Coverpatch

Steellayer

Cover patch

Y

Z

Fiber

Z i

Y i

σ

εndashσy

σy

εy

ndashεy

(a) Fiber section

(c) Steel model

(b) Concrete model

ZY


σ

0 εuu εcu


02Kfc02fc

fc

Kfc

K1

K2Q

ε

Force

Displacement

(d) LRB model

000

20

002K

Core patch

i



6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)


(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)



PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033


(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)









55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


6 6577580 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26R (km) M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12N

umbe

r of g

roun

d m

otio

ns

(a)

0605 0807 10 200302 0401PGA (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 010g max = 174g

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

060402 08 1000 14 16 2512PGV (ms)


(c)

11109 13 146 7 8 1232 41 50Tp(s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber o

f gro

und

mot

ions

min = 032s max = 1312s

(d)



PGA (g)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 424PGA084

βDIM = 142 R2 = 033


(a)

103

102

101

100

10ndash1

10ndash2

μ x

μx = 545PGA181

βDIM = 093 R2 = 079


PGV (ms)


(b)









55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia








55 60 65 70 75 80M

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00253M ndash 01939R2 = 01979

p value = 02527


(a)

03

02

01

00

ndash01

ndash03

ndash02

Resid

ual ε

PG

V (δ

x)

ε = 00022R ndash 00367R2 = 02188


0 5 10 15 20 25 30R (km)


(b)



567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


567

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 MR (km)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

PGA

(g)


00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 05 10b

00 04 08 12 16b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 04 08 12 04 08 12 04 08 1200 00 00 06 12 18b b b b

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

(b)



00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


00 04 08 04 08 04 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 12b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

00 02 10 1406 04 08 12 12 1204 08b

00b

00b

00 04 08 16b

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx



20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

00 03 06 09 12 15 18

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

PGAPGVIvCAV

PGAPGVIvCAV

b


04 06 08 10 06 08 07 09β

04β

05β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 11 Continued


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


04 06 08 06 08 06 08 10β

00β

00β

04 06 1008 12β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


05 07 09 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

05 07 09 11β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 12 Continued


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


04 06 08 07 09 07 09β

05β

05β

04 06 08 10β

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx


00 03 06 09 12

PGAPGVIaIv

PGAPGVIaIv

β

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)







0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia






0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 6ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


0 1 2 1 2 3 09 18 27 07 14 21ζ

0ζ

0ζ

00 28ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 23ζ

0ζ

0ζ

0 3ζ

PGAPGVPGDCAD

IaIvCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)



Height (m)μx δx




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4H

eigh

t (m

)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

Figure 17 Continued

0 1 2 3 4

PGAPGVIaCAV

PGAPGVIaCAV

ζ

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)




000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(b)


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(c)


00 00 08 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)




00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(a)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 100

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(b)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG


000 000 000 006

PGAPGV

IaCAV

(c)

Figure 18 Continued






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia






00 00 00 08

PGAPGV

IaCAV

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

Hei

ght (

m)

MCBGCIGB SIGBMBBG

(d)



Height (m)μx δx


M

4 018 047 041 079 077 073 082 014 028 024 085 050 097 0686 005 087 015 092 063 058 098 003 071 010 047 026 087 0358 002 063 018 065 043 026 088 006 089 016 062 035 095 04510 001 091 023 057 026 030 070 005 079 017 064 030 097 04112 001 099 018 076 025 034 060 006 067 015 060 030 095 03914 001 087 018 082 017 030 042 001 026 005 024 008 043 01316 0002 041 008 062 005 092 012 003 043 013 043 014 070 02018 0002 016 004 028 002 050 006 001 013 005 017 005 024 00920 0002 016 003 025 002 050 005 005 061 028 075 028 099 045

R

4 052 097 047 029 059 085 019 011 018 004 003 010 013 0026 063 095 010 018 050 065 014 014 034 002 003 011 016 0028 069 052 016 031 064 082 018 013 033 002 003 010 016 00210 047 076 016 029 044 091 014 017 046 004 005 015 027 00412 045 077 013 022 043 095 010 031 060 008 009 027 041 00814 037 065 011 018 033 093 007 025 055 009 010 023 039 00816 023 092 009 010 021 080 005 010 026 003 003 009 016 00318 024 083 018 017 026 088 011 025 047 016 018 025 044 01420 020 078 013 012 022 084 010 019 038 007 008 016 030 006









7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia








7 Conclusion




080400 12p value

04 08 1200p value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)

M R

PGAPGV

IaCAV

PGAPGV

IaCAV

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Hei

ght (

m)




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References



































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia












RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


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