Optical microscopy

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Simple microscope

MENA3100, 14.01.09OBK

The simple microscope

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

(1632−1723)

The compound microscopeca. 1595 Hans Janssen

Robert Hook(1635−1703)

Micrographia, 1664

Stereo microscope

Compound microscope for transmitted light

Inverted compound microscopefor reflected light

Refraction

Kromatisk abberation

Spherical abberation

Corrections The objective

Numerical aperture (NA)

NA = nsin

R = 0,61/NAResolution Rayleigh criterion (Raleigh in Brandon and Kaplan)

The limiting factor: Diffraction

Oil immersion

NA = nsin

Condenser system

EyepiceOcular (okular)

More is needed than just the objective

Optical anisotropy

Calcite

Amorphous and cubic: Optically isotropic, one refracive indexHexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal: Optically anisotropic, two refractive indicesLower symmetry: Optically anisotropic, three refractive indices

Optically active crystals in the microscope

Optically active crystals in the microscope

Michel-Levy chart

Remember that geologists often call their book on microscopy on thin sections foroptical crystallography, and microscopy with reflected light is ore microscopy (malmmikroskopi).

Some web sites:http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/http://www.microscopyu.com/http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/pdfs/basicsandbeyond.pdfmaintenance:http://www.zeiss.de/C1256D18002CC306/0/1205E8CBD68054EAC125701500404705/$file/46-0009_e.pdf