Optical Imaging Based on Quantum Technologies · Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl,...
Transcript of Optical Imaging Based on Quantum Technologies · Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl,...
Optical imaging based on Quantum Technologies
2019-05-08
Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
22019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
We might have seen each other already….
ZEISS in FY 2018
5.82 bn€ revenue
772 m€ EBIT
~30.000 employees
450 Patent-Appl.
11% R&D invest
25 global R&D sites
32019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Optics is an enabler
Better results of research
Better healthBetter digital technology
Better perception
Better vision
Better production
42019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Of course we want more(Selection. No claim for completeness.)
Area Vision
Biomedical Research Technology
Medical Technology
Semiconductor Manufacturing
• Fast 3D-imaging at molecular resolution
• Imaging through scattering media
• Functional imaging (currents, chemistry, mechanics,
development,…)
• Highly specific tissue differentiation
• Continue Moore’s law (sub 7nm nodes)
• High resolution 3D inspection and printing
52019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
A new wave of Quantum Technologies is set out to provide market shaping innovations
1st wave of
Quantum
Technologies
2nd wave of
Quantum
Technologies
• Quantum Technologies are
already the basis of many
branches of industry
• This technologies are based
harnessing on quantum effects
in macroscopic systems
Applic
ations
Based on the ability to control
individual quantum systems
Atoms Ions
NV
centers Photons
Stimulated
emission
Spontaneous
emission
Electronic band
structure
TRUMPF
Laser Fluorescence
Imaging
ZEISS
Semiconductor
Quantu
m
syste
ms
…
62019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
The 2nd Wave of Quantum Technologies will be commercialized.The question is when?
Computing
Imaging
Communication
Sensing
& Metrology Qu
an
tum
me
ch
an
ics
im
po
se
s t
he
ult
ima
te lim
ito
n h
ow
• How fast we can solve
computational problems?
• How efficiently we can
compute?
• How efficiently we can
transmit information?
• How secure
communication can be?
• How much information
can be extracted per
photon (sensitivity,
resolution, …)?
• How precise we can
measure?
• How sensitive we can
become?
We will approach
the limits imposed
by Quantum
Mechanics
The question is
when
How close are we?
82019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
You can look at the Hype CycleQuantum Computing is still on its way up
https://www.fourquadrant.com/gartner-hype-cycles-magic-quadrants/
Quantum
Computing
92019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
2.200
2.400
2004 2011
Pate
nt a
pp
licatio
ns p
er y
ear
200320011999 20152000 2002 2005 2006 20092007 2008 2010 2012 2013 20172014 2016 2018
You can look at the number of patent applicationsThe number of QT related patent applications is rising rapidly
Source: Internal patent screening
102019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
You can ask expertsQuantum technologies have vastly different readiness levels
https://www.zeiss.com/symposium
expectations according to
the ~300 participants0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Fiber-based QKD
NV centers
Time to first commercial product (in years)
Fully error-corrected QCQuantum annealing
Non error-corrected QC
Quantum random
number generators Satellite-based QKD
Quantum
repeater
Matter wave
interferometers
OPAMsOptical clocks
Squeezed light
Cavity optomechanics
Ghost Imaging
Quantum lithographyNV AFM
microscopes Quantum
multiphoton microscopy
Computing
Commu-
nication
Sensing &
metrology
Imaging
Today’s
focus
112019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
You can ask expertsQuantum technologies have vastly different readiness levels
https://www.zeiss.com/symposium
expectations according to
the ~300 participants0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Fiber-based QKD
NV centers
Time to first commercial product (in years)
Fully error-corrected QCQuantum annealing
Non error-corrected QC
Quantum random
number generators Satellite-based QKD
Quantum
repeater
Matter wave
interferometers
OPAMsOptical clocks
Squeezed light
Cavity optomechanics
Ghost Imaging
Quantum lithographyNV AFM
microscopes Quantum
multiphoton microscopy
Computing
Commu-
nication
Sensing &
metrology
Imaging
Today’s
focus
For successful
commercialization it is
needed to either:
• open up new areas
of application
• Improve
specifications by an
order of magnitude
122019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
So let’s get more concrete.How much can quantum technology help to make optics with …
… higher resolution
… higher sensitivity
… less photons
… faster
… new degrees of freedom
… deeper penetration
… new modalities
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132019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Can entangled photons be used to achieve Quantum Superresolution?
1st proposal: Agedi N. Boto et al, Quantum Interferometric Optical Lithography:
Exploiting Entanglement to Beat the Diffraction Limit, PRL 85, 2733 (2000)
Proof of Principle in 2003
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| 1
| 2,0
| 0,2
2x resolution
Entangled photons allow a resolution
improvement by the factor N using N00N
states
But …
• N>2 difficult to achieve
• STED and PALM can reach 20-50nm resolution
• EUV lithography with 13.5 nm wavelength for
IC volume productionreticle (mask, object)
wafer
(image)
P ~ 200 W
Quantum lithography
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142019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Quantum Supersensitivity!
1st proposal: Agedi N. Boto et al, Quantum Interferometric Optical Lithography:
Exploiting Entanglement to Beat the Diffraction Limit, PRL 85, 2733 (2000)
Proof of Principle in 2003
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| 1
| 2,0
| 0,2
2x resolution
Entangled photons allow a resolution
improvement by the factor N using N00N
states
Quantum lithography
SNR improvement by 1,35
Ono, T., Okamoto, R., & Takeuchi, S. (2014). An
Entanglement-Enhanced Microscope. Nature
Communications, 4, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3426
E.g. Quantum Q-DICsensitivity
• N>2 difficult to achieve-
152019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Could we use photon correlations to achieve quantum superresolution?
Photon statistics
• Coherent states: LaserGlauber, Roy J. "The quantum
theory of optical coherence." Physical
Review 130 (1963).
• Photon bunching:
Thermal lightMorgan, B. L., and L. Mandel.
"Measurement of photon bunching in a
thermal light beam." PRL 16 (1966).
• Photon anti-bunching:
Single emitterKimble, H. Jeff, Mario Dagenais, and
Leonard Mandel. "Photon antibunching
in resonance fluorescence." PRL 39
(1977).
Standard imaging• Lasers and thermal sources widely used.
• Bunching of thermal light explicitly used in
some ghost-imaging schemes.
R. Tenne, and D. Oron “Super-Resolution meets Quantum Optics”.
Imaging & Microscopy 3/2018
Temporal stream of single
photons
Anti-bunching microscopy
Correlation enhanced STORM
162019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Quantum technology could help to achieve higher resolution and higher sensitivity
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-interferometry
… less photons
… faster
… new degrees of freedom
… deeper penetration
… new modalities
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172019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
“ classical” ZEISS light
sheet microscopy
Low light imaginguse of spatial correlation of entangled photons for sub-shot-noise imaging
Bleaching
Phototoxity
IF
# images
1
020
bio
activity
1
020# images
Ghost imaging
(<N>=20)
P. A. Morris et al., “Imaging with a small number of
photons”, Nature Communications 2015,6:5913
ICCD
182019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Quantum technology could help to reduce the number of photons needed for imaging
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-interferometry
… less photons Ghost imaging
… faster
… new degrees of freedom Ghost imaging/Idler interference
… deeper penetration Q-Multiphoton microscopy
… new modalities NV centers
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192019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Could it also be faster?
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-Interferometry
… less photons Ghost imaging
… faster
… new degrees of freedom
… deeper penetration
… new modalities
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202019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Interesting route: Separation of light-object from light-detector interactionNondegenerate ghost imaging
SiAu
R.S Aspden et al, “Photon-sparse microscopy: visible light imaging
using infrared illumination”, Optica 2 (2015) 1049-1052
G. Barreto et al, Quantum imaging with undetected photons,
Nature 512 (2014) 409-412
Spatial correlation IR-VIS Idler interference
212019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Quantum technology could open up new degrees of freedom designing an imaging system
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-Interferometry
… less photons Ghost imaging
… faster
… new degrees of freedom Ghost imaging/Idler interference
… deeper penetration
… new modalities
()
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222019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
“classical” two photon microscopy
Can quantum two photon microscopy enable deeper penetration
+ Inherently3D No pinhole needed, no loss of photons
+ IR excitation wavelength deep penetration (500 µm)
- High photon flux needed because of fluorescence~I2
1 photon 2 photon
Image source: Elisa May, Uni Konstanz
+
+
-
Quantum two photon microscopy
+ Like classical two photon microscopy
+ Theory: Significantly reduced light level
- Praxis: -Low photon flux
-Decorrelation hindered increased cross section
M.C. Teich, B.E.A. Saleh, “Entangled-Photon Microscopy”, "Mikroskopie s
kvantovĕ provázanými fotony," Československý časopis pro fyziku 47, 3-8
(1997).
+
+
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232019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Entangled photons could be used to achieve deeper penetration of tissue.However, with some practical limitations!
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-interferometry
… less photons Ghost imaging
… faster
… new degrees of freedom Ghost imaging/Idler interference
… deeper penetration Q-multiphoton microscopy
… new modalities
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242019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
How about new imaging modalities?
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-interferometry
… less photons Ghost imaging
… faster
… new degrees of freedom Ghost imaging/Idler interference
… deeper penetration Q-multiphoton microscopy
… new modalities
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?
252019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
Nitrogen vacancy centers allow to measure the magnetic fields with high precision under ambient conditions by optical means
Measuring element Measuring principle Readout
Nitro
gen v
acancy
cente
r in
dia
mond
Similar
behavior
Dis
cre
te level
str
uctu
re
Magnetic field causes level
shifts (Zeeman-Effect)
Optical readout
• Optical readout allows for a
measurement of the shift of the
spectral lines
• Magnetic field can be deduced
from frequency shift of optical
transitions
Barry, J. F., et al. (2016)
PNAS, 113(49), 14133-14138.
Maletinsky, P., et al.. (2012)
Nature nano., 7(5), 320
Rondin, L., et al. (2014).
Rep. Prog. Phys., 77(5), 056503.
262019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
NV microscopes might enable new imaging modalities
… higher resolution
… higher sensitivity
… less photons
… faster
… new degrees of
freedom
… deeper penetration
… new modalities
NV microscopes
Wide field Scanning probe
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Steinert, S., et al. (2010)
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81
Maletinsky, P., et al.. (2012)
Nature nano., 7(5), 320
Making currents in ICs visible
Nowodzinski
et al.
Magnetic nanoparticles Magnetic images of meteorites
Glenn, D. R., et al. (2015)
Nature methods, 12(8), 736. Fu, Glenn, et al. (2014) Science
…
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272019-05-08Carl Zeiss AG, Nils Trautmann, Ulrich Vogl, Michael Totzeck
In summary
Current state of
Quantum
Technologies
• QC/QT is approaching the peak of inflated expectations
• The number of QT related patent applications is rising
rapidly
• Quantum technologies have vastly different readiness
levels
Our initial
evaluation
of optical use
cases
…higher resolution Anti-bunching microcopy, …
… higher sensitivity Q-interferometry
… less photons Ghost imaging
… faster
… new degrees of freedom Ghost imaging/Idler interference
… deeper penetration Q-multiphoton microscopy
… new modalities NV centers
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