Optical Fiber Definations
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Transcript of Optical Fiber Definations
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8/3/2019 Optical Fiber Definations
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Optical Fiber
A glass or plastic fiber that has the ability to guide light along its axis. The three parts of an
optical fiber are thecore, thecladding, and thecoatingor buffer.
Core
The light-conducting central portion of an optical fiber, composed of material with a higherindex of refraction than the cladding. The portion of the fiber that transmits light.
Cladding
Material that surrounds thecoreof an optical fiber. Its lowerindex of refraction, compared tothat of the core, causes the transmitted light to travel down the core.
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Coating
The material surrounding thecladdingof a fiber. Generally a soft plastic material that protects
the fiber from damage.
Single-mode (SM) Fiber
A small-coreoptical fiberthrough which only onemodewill propagate. The typical diameter is
8-9 microns.
Multimode (MM) Fiber
Anoptical fiberthat has a core large enough to propagate more than one mode of light Thetypical diameter is 62.5 micrometers.
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Index of Refraction
The ratio of the velocity of light in free space to the velocity of light in a fiber material. Always
greater than or equal to one. Also called refractive index.
n = C/V
Where:
C = The speed of light in a vacuum.
V = The speed of the same wavelength in the fiber material.
Attenuation
The decrease in signal strength along a fiber optic waveguide caused by absorption and
scattering. Attenuation is usually expressed in dB/km
Absorption
That portion of optical attenuation in optical fiber resulting from the conversion of optical powerto heat. Caused by impurities in the fiber such as hydroxyl ions.
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Backreflection (BR)
A term applied to any process in thecable plantthat causes light to change directions in a fiberand return to the source. Occurs most often at connector interfaces where a glass-air interface
causes a reflection.
Backscattering
The return of a portion of scattered light to the input end of a fiber; the scattering of light in the
direction opposite to its original propagation.
Bend Radius
The smallest radius an optical fiber or fiber cable can bend before excessive attenuation or
breakage occurs.
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BER (Bit Error Rate)
The fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly. Thebiterror rate of a system can beestimated as follows:
Where N0 = Noise power spectral density (A2/Hz).
IMIN = Minimum effective signal amplitude (Amps).
B = Bandwidth (Hz).
Q(x) = Cumulative distribution function (Gaussian distribution).
Bending Loss
Attenuation caused by high-order modes radiating from the outside of a fiber opticwaveguide
which occur when the fiber is bent around a small radius. See alsomacrobending,microbending.
Macrobending
In a fiber, all macroscopic deviations of the fibersaxisfrom a straight line, that will cause lightto leak out of the fiber, causing signalattenuation.
Microbending
Mechanical stress on afiberthat introduces local discontinuities, which results in light leakingfrom thecoreto thecladdingby a process calledmode coupling.
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Binary
Base two numbers with only two possible values, 0, or 1. Primarily used by communication andcomputer systems.
Bit
The smallest unit of information upon which digital communications are based; also an electrical
or opticalpulsethat carries this information.
Pulse
A current or voltage which changes abruptly from one value to another and back to the originalvalue in a finite length of time. Used to describe one particular variation in a series of wave
motions. The parts of the pulse include therise time,fall time, and pulse width, pulse amplitude.
The period of a pulse refers to the amount of time between pulses.
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Acceptance Angle
The half-angle of the cone (a) within which incident light is totally internally reflected by the
fiber core. It is equal to sin-1(NA).
Critical Angle
In geometric optics, at a refractive boundary, the smallest angle of incidence at whichtotalinternal reflectionoccurs.
Total Internal Reflection
The reflection that occurs when light strikes an interface at an angle of incidence (with respect tothe normal) greater than thecritical angle.
Critical Angle
In geometric optics, at a refractive boundary, the smallest angle of incidence at whichtotalinternal reflectionoccurs.
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Attenuator
1) In electrical systems, a usually passive network for reducing the amplitude of a signal without
appreciably distorting the waveform. 2) In optical systems, a passive device for reducing theamplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting the waveform.
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies within which a fiber opticwaveguideor terminal device can transmitdata or information.
Beamsplitter
An optical device, such as a partially reflecting mirror, that splits a beam of light into two ormore beams. Used in fiber optics for directional couplers.
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Cutoff Wavelength
Insingle-mode fiber, the wavelength below which the fiber ceases to be single-mode.
Center Wavelength
In alaser, the nominal value central operating wavelength. It is the wavelength defined by a peak
mode measurement where the effective optical power resides (see illustration). In an LED, the
average of the two wavelengths measured at the half amplitude points of the power spectrum.
Dispersion
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The temporal spreading of a light signal in an optical waveguide caused by light signals traveling
at different speeds through a fiber either due to modal or chromatic effects.
Chromatic Dispersion
Reduced fiber bandwidth caused by different wavelengths of light traveling at different speeds
down theoptical fiber. Chromatic dispersion occurs because the speed at which an optical pulsetravels depends on its wavelength, a property inherent to all optical fiber. May be caused by
material dispersion,waveguide dispersion, andprofile dispersion.
Profile Dispersion
Dispersionattributed to the variation ofrefractive indexcontrast withwavelength.
Dispersion Penalty
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The result of dispersion in which pulses and edges smear making it difficult for the receiver todistinguish between ones and zeros. This results in a loss of receiver sensitivity compared to ashort fiber and measured in dB. The equations for calculating dispersion penalty are as follows:
Where:
= Laser spectral width (nm)D = Fiber dispersion (ps/nm/km)
= System dispersion (ps/km)f = Bandwidth-distance product of the fiber (Hz km)
L = Fiber length (km)
FF = Fiber bandwidth (Hz)C = A constant equal to 0.5
FR = Receiver data rate (b/s)
dBL = Dispersion penalty (dB)
Cleave
The process of separating anoptical fiberby a controlled fracture of the glass, for the purpose ofobtaining a fiber end, which is flat, smooth, and perpendicular to the fiber axis.
Decibel (dB)
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A unit of measurement indicating relative power on a logarithmic scale. Often expressed inreference to a fixed value, such as dBm or dB.
dB = 10Log10 (P1/P2)
Data Rate
The number ofbitsof information in a transmission system, expressed in bits per second (b/s or
bps), and which may or may not be equal to the signal or baud rate.
DBc
Abbreviation for decibel relative to a carrier level.
dBm
Abbreviation for decibel relative to milliwatt.
dB: Abbreviation for decibel relative to microwatt
Laser
Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. A light source that
produces, through stimulated emission, coherent, near monochromatic light.
Diffraction Grating
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An array of fine, parallel, equally spaced reflecting or transmitting lines that mutually enhancethe effects of diffraction to concentrate the diffracted light in a few directions determined by thespacing of the lines and by the wavelength of the light.
Diameter-mismatch Loss
The loss of power at a joint that occurs when the transmitting fiber has a diameter greater thanthe diameter of the receiving fiber. The loss occurs when coupling light from a source to fiber,
from fiber to fiber, or from fiber to detector.
Evanescent Wave
Light guided in the inner part of an optical fibers cladding rather than in the core, i.e. the portionof the light wave in the core that penetrates into the cladding.
Gap Loss
Loss resulting from the end separation of two axially aligned fibers.
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Graded-index Fiber
Optical fiber in which therefractive indexof the core is in the form of a parabolic curve,decreasing toward thecladding.
Kevlar
A very strong, very light, synthetic compound developed by DuPont which is used to strengthenoptical cables.
Multimode (MM) Fiber
Anoptical fiberthat has a core large enough to propagate more than one mode of light The
typical diameter is 62.5 micrometers.
PC
Abbreviation for physical contact. Refers to an opticalconnectorthat allows thefiberends tophysically touch. Used to minimizebackreflectionandinsertion loss.
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A term applied to any process in thecable plantthat causes light to change directions in a fiberand return to the source. Occurs most often at connector interfaces where a glass-air interface
causes a reflection.
Insertion Loss
The loss of power that results from inserting a component, such as aconnector,coupler(illustrated), orsplice, into a previously continuous path.
Gate
1) A device having one output channel and one or more input channels, such that the outputchannel state is completely determined by the input channel states, except during switching
transients. 2) One of the many types of combinational logic elements having at least two inputs.
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD):
Polarization mode dispersion is an inherent property of all optical media. It is caused by thedifference in the propagation velocities of light in the orthogonal principal polarization states of
the transmission medium. The net effect is that if an opticalpulsecontains bothpolarizationcomponents, then the different polarization components will travel at different speeds and arrive
at different times, smearing the received optical signal
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Zero-dispersion Slope
Insingle-modefiber, the rate of change of dispersion with respect to wavelength, at the fiberszero-dispersion wavelength.
Zero-dispersion Wavelength (l0)
In a single-mode optical fiber, the wavelength at which material dispersion and waveguide
dispersion cancel one another. The wavelength of maximum bandwidth in the fiber. Also called
zero-dispersion point.
Zipcord
A two-fiber cable consisting of two single fibercableshaving conjoined jackets. A zipcord cable
can be easily divided by slitting and pulling the conjoinedjacketsapart
Designing Fiber Optic Systems
The first step in any fiber optic system design requires making careful decisions based on operating
parameters that apply for each component of a fiber optic transmission system. The main questions,
given in the table below, involve data rates and bit error rates in digital systems, bandwidth,linearity,
and signal-to-noise ratios in analog systems, and in all systems, transmission distances. These questions
of how far, how good, and how fast define the basic application constraints.
Table 1 - System Design Considerations
System Factor Considerations/Choices
Transmission DistanceSystem Complexity Increases with Transmission
Distance
Types of Optical Fiber Single-modeorMultimode
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DispersionIncorporate SignalRegeneratorsorDispersion
Compensation
FiberNonlinearitiesFiber Characteristics, Wavelengths, and
Transmitter Power
OperatingWavelength 780, 850, 1310, 1550, and 1625 nm Typical
Transmitter Power Typically Expressed indBm
SourceType LEDorLaser
Receiver Sensitivity/Overload Characteristics Typically Expressed in dBm
DetectorType PIN Diode,APD, orIDP
Modulation Code AM,FM,PCM, orDigital
Bit Error Rate(Digital Systems Only) 10-9
, 10-12
Typical
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Specified inDecibels(dB)
Number ofConnectors orSplicesin the SystemSignal Loss Increases with the Number of
Connectors or Splices
Environmental Requirements & Limitations Humidity, Temperature, Exposure for Sunlight
Mechanical RequirementsFlammability, Indoor/Outdoor Application
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Dense Wavelength-division Multiplexing (DWDM)
The transmission of many of closely spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nm region over a single
optical fiber. Wavelength spacings are usually 100 GHz or 200 GHz which corresponds to 0.8nm or 1.6 nm. DWDM bands include theC-Band, theS-Band, and theL-Band.
see full-size
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies within which a fiber opticwaveguideor terminal device can transmit
data or information.
Step-index Fiber
Fiber that has a uniformindex of refraction throughout thecorethat is a step below the index ofrefraction in thecladding.
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