Optical Coherence Tomography978-3-319-06419...ited to a few millimeters in standard clinical...

Optical Coherence Tomography

Wolfgang Drexler • James G. FujimotoEditors

Optical CoherenceTomography

Technology and Applications

Second Edition

With 1380 Figures and 33 Tables

EditorsWolfgang DrexlerCenter for Medical Physics andBiomedical EngineeringMedical University ViennaGeneral Hospital ViennaVienna, Austria

James G. FujimotoDepartment of Electrical Engineeringand Computer Science and ResearchLaboratory of ElectronicsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-06418-5 ISBN 978-3-319-06419-2 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-06420-8 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06419-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941449

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London1st edition: # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 20082nd edition: # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.

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Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

New medical imaging technologies can improve the diagnosis and clinical man-

agement of many diseases. Furthermore, advanced imaging also contributes to

a better understanding of pathogenesis and therefore to the development of new

pharmaceuticals and novel therapies. Thus, imaging plays a critical role in

modern medical research and clinical practice. Noninvasive or minimally invasive

imaging techniques have revolutionized diagnostic medicine during the last

decades, e.g., X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), radioisotope imaging

(position emission tomography (PET)), single-photon emission computed tomog-

raphy (SPECT), and diffuse optical tomography (DOT). These techniques permit

three-dimensional visualization; however, their spatial resolution is typically lim-

ited to a few millimeters in standard clinical practice. Optical imaging techniques

such as conventional, confocal, fluorescence, as well as two-photon or multiphoton

microscopy enable high axial and transverse (�1 mm) resolution imaging but with

limited penetration in biological tissues. Excisional biopsy and histopathology

remains the gold standard for many clinical applications including cancer diagno-

sis. However, biopsy is hazardous or impossible in some tissues, and it can suffer

from unacceptable false-negative rates because of sampling errors.

An imaging modality that enables noninvasive or minimally invasive three-

dimensional imaging with near cellular resolution or tissue morphology as well as

function could significantly improve early diagnosis, contribute to a better under-

standing of disease pathogenesis, and enable improved monitoring of disease

progression and response to therapy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is

a noninvasive, optical medical diagnostic imaging modality, which enables

in vivo cross-sectional and three-dimensional tomographic visualization of internal

microstructure in biological systems. Since its invention in the late 1980s and

early 1990s, the original concept of OCT was to enable noninvasive optical biopsy,

i.e., the in situ imaging of tissue microstructure with a resolution approaching that

of histology but without the need for tissue excision and postprocessing. In order to

accomplish – or to approach – this challenging goal, recent efforts in OCT research

focused on improvements in resolution, data acquisition speed, optimization of tissue

penetration, as well as contrast enhancement. The development of state-of-the-art

medical devices and patient interfaces facilitated the application ofOCT in a variety of

medical fields, enabling access to internal body organs using a variety of catheters,

v

endoscopes, needles, and other imaging probes. Furthermore, extensions of OCT have

been developed that enable noninvasive depth-resolved functional imaging, providing

spectroscopic, polarization-sensitive, blood flow, or physiological tissue information.

These functional extensions of OCT not only enhance image contrast but also promise

to enable improved differentiation of pathologies via localizedmetabolic properties or

functional (physiological) states.

As a consequence, there have been numerous recent innovations in OCT technol-

ogy and considerable interest in this topic – especially in the fields of ophthalmology,

gastroenterology, and cardiology. OCT is one of the most innovative and rapidly

emerging optical imaging modalities in the last decades since unlike histology, it is

capable of noninvasively exploiting the wealth ofmorphological and functional tissue

information in living tissues and performing repeated imaging to elucidate dynamics,

progression, and treatment response. To date,more than 50OCT companies have been

created; more than 100 international research groups are involved in OCT; over 1,000

OCT patents have been granted; and more than 10,000 research articles have been

published – mostly in ophthalmology, followed by technology-related and cardiovas-

cular publications (http://www.octnews.org/; Eric Swanson). In ophthalmic diagnosis,

OCT was the fastest adopted imaging technology in the history of ophthalmology. In

2010, there were 108 million X-ray, 30 million SPECT, PET, and CT, and 26 million

MRI examinations compared with approximately 30 million ophthalmic OCT scans.

In more than 110 years of X-ray imaging development, ionizing radiation dose was

reduced by 1,500 times; imaging speed became 257,000 times faster; contrast

increased significantly; and the images became of much finer resolution. It is inter-

esting to note that in less than 20 years of OCT development, its axial resolution has

improved by more than 10 times; imaging speed has increased by more than half

amillion times; image contrast is greatly enhanced; andmany functional extensions of

OCT have been developed.

In 2008, the first edition of this book was successfully published and has

contributed to the extremely rapid development and dissemination of OCT. Since

then, significant advances in photonics, detection and OCT technology, as well as

a broad and continuously growing spectrum of successful OCT applications in

a variety of medical fields have occurred. The second edition of this book seeks to

comprehensively summarize and critically highlight the state of the art of OCT

technology and its applications. The book includes contributions from the leading

international experts in OCT technology and its clinical applications. The number

of chapters more than doubled from 42 in the first edition to more than 80 in this

second edition. The chapters have been grouped into five themes:

• Two chapters present an overview, history, and basic theory of OCT. Modeling

of light tissue interactions in OCT systems is described in the third chapter.

• In Part II, 21 chapters summarize the state-of-the-art OCT Technology includingSpectral/Fourier, Frequency Domain OCT, Swept Source OCT, Inverse Scatter-

ing OCT, Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT, Ultrahigh-speed OCT, superluminescent

diodes, rapid swept sources, ultrashort pulse and tuneable light sources for OCT

as well as optical designs, linear OCT systems, and OCT signal and image

processing, including digital signal processing enhancements.

vi Preface

http://www.octnews.org/

• In Part III, seven chapters focus on Optical Coherence Microscopy including

flying spot-based en face OCT, scanning OCM, time domain, spectral domain

and swept source full field OCT, OCM with engineered wavefront, interfero-

metric synthetic aperture microscopy, and holographic OCT.

• In Part IV, 23 chapters introduce extensions of OCT describing Doppler

flow, microangiography, polarization-sensitive, spectroscopic, molecular con-

trast, phase-resolved OCT, OCT combined with fluorescence, multiphoton

microscopy, ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence laminar tomogra-

phy, elastic scattering spectroscopy combined with OCT, optical tissue clearing

for OCT, nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging, optical coherence

elastography, as well as multimodal OCT endoscopy.

• In Part V, the final 31 chapters summarize the broad spectrum of medical OCT

applications including tissue engineering, developmental biology, ophthalmol-

ogy (including 2 chapters on cellular resolution (adaptive optics) OCT, small

animal retinal OCT, as well as choroidal OCT), gastrointestinal and intracoronary

endoscopy, dermatology, laryngology, neuroscience, dentistry, kidney transplan-

tation, as well as applications in the oral cavity, pulmonary area, gynecology,

urology and large hollow organs, but also nondestructive material testing and

examination of artwork by OCT. A final chapter describes the OCT technology

transfer and the OCT market.

Three-dimensional ultrahigh-resolution OCT in combination with ultrafast scan-

ning/data acquisition enabled a quantum leap in OCT performance. OCT can now

be considered as an optical analogue to CT or MRI but with microscopic resolution.

OCT is in a unique position because it enables not only three-dimensional structural

imaging of tissue architecture and pathology but also depth-resolved, three-

dimensional imaging of functional tissue information. Integrated structural and

functional imaging might ultimately be performed with a single acquisition com-

bined with innovative data post processing. With the continuing development of

functional OCT, this technique has the potential to revolutionize medical diagnosis

in multiple specialties in the near future. It is unlikely, however, that OCT will

replace excisional biopsy and histology or other existing diagnostic modalities.

Rather, it would be used as an adjunct to increase coverage, reduce sampling error,

and improve sensitivity. In addition, OCT promises to have impact on the screening

and diagnosis of diseases and to enable new insight into the pathogenesis and

therapy of many diseases. The unique features of this technology enable a broad

range of research and clinical applications, which not only complement the existing

imaging technologies available today but can also reveal previously unseen mor-

phological, dynamic, and functional changes in applications spanning different

biological tissues and medical fields.

Due to recent dramatic technological advances, there may be a concern that key

OCT performance parameters, e.g., resolution, scanning/data acquisition speed,

sensitivity, and penetration may have reached a plateau. At the same time, it is

difficult to predict the future of a technology. Ten years ago, it was difficult to

predict the development of Fourier domain detection methods that enabled

multiple-order-of-magnitude increases in imaging speed. The full impact of these

Preface vii

extremely high data rates remains yet to be realized, especially in the context of

new functional imaging methods. In addition, many challenges in medical device

development for OCT remain to be solved.

However, it is clear that the future of OCT clinical applications requires major

research efforts by multidisciplinary teams of investigators spanning academics,

industry, and clinical medicine. Fundamental studies, engineering, clinical feasi-

bility studies, product development, and multicenter clinical trials must be

performed to demonstrate efficacy and outcome. Regulatory and reimbursement

hurdles must be addressed and development and educational efforts undertaken to

disseminate OCT into the international clinical community. This represents an

enormous effort because it must be performed on a specialty-by-specialty and

indication-by-indication basis. This translational process requires partnerships

between engineers and clinicians, academics and industry, as well as government

funding and regulatory agency involvement. These challenges are great, but the

potential impact on health care and society is also great.

The editors are especially grateful to the numerous coeditors and their teams for

their significant efforts and indispensable contributions that resulted in an

extremely comprehensive, state-of-the-art description of OCT. The editors and

coeditors have all agreed not to accept any royalty income for this book in order

to maintain a low sales price, making it accessible to the widest possible audience.

We wish to offer special thanks to the numerous companies and organizations who

are advertisers of this book. Their contributions enabled the book to be printed with

full color (rather than black and white) figures at an economical price. Finally, we

are also especially grateful to Springer Publishing for their efforts to make this book

possible.

On behalf of all the coeditors, we hope you find this book and the field of OCT as

interesting, enlightening, and stimulating as we do.

Wolfgang Drexler

Vienna, Austria

James G. Fujimoto

Cambridge, MA, USA

Editors

viii Preface

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Introduction to OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Introduction to OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

James G. Fujimoto and Wolfgang Drexler

2 Theory of Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Joseph A. Izatt, Michael A. Choma, and Al-Hafeez Dhalla

3 Modeling Light–Tissue Interaction in Optical Coherence

Tomography Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Peter E. Andersen, Thomas M. Jørgensen, Lars Thrane,Andreas Tycho, and Harold T. Yura

Part II OCT Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

4 Inverse Scattering and Aperture Synthesis in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Adolf F. Fercher

5 Spectral/Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . 165

Johannes F. de Boer

6 Complex and Coherence-Noise Free Fourier Domain

Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Rainer A. Leitgeb and Maciej Wojtkowski

7 Optical Frequency Domain Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Brett E. Bouma, Guillermo J. Tearney, Benjamin Vakoc, and

Seok Hyun Yun

8 Complex Conjugate Removal in SS Optical

Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos and Joseph A. Izatt

9 Ultrahigh Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . 277

Wolfgang Drexler, Yu Chen, Aaron D. Aguirre, Boris Povazay,

Angelika Unterhuber, and James G. Fujimoto

ix

10 Ultrahigh Speed OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Ireneusz Grulkowski, Jonathan J. Liu, Benjamin Potsaid,

Vijaysekhar Jayaraman, Alex E. Cable, and James G. Fujimoto

11 Optical Design for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Zhilin Hu and Andrew M. Rollins

12 Linear OCT Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Gereon H€uttmann, Peter Koch, and Reginald Birngruber

13 Data Analysis and Signal Postprocessing for Optical Coherence

Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Tyler S. Ralston, Daniel L. Marks, Adeel Ahmad, and

Stephen A. Boppart

14 DSP Technology and Methods for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Murtaza Ali, Adeel Ahmad, and Stephen A. Boppart

15 OCT Motion Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Martin F. Kraus and Joachim Hornegger

16 Image Processing in Intravascular OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Zhao Wang, David L. Wilson, Hiram G. Bezerra, and

Andrew M. Rollins

17 Superluminescent Diode Light Sources for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Vladimir R. Shidlovski

18 SLEDs and Swept Source Laser Technology for OCT . . . . . . . . . 527

Marcus Duelk and Kevin Hsu

19 Broad Bandwidth Laser and Nonlinear Optical

Sources for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Angelika Unterhuber, Boris Povazay, Aaron D. Aguirre, Yu Chen,

Franz X. K€artner, James G. Fujimoto, and Wolfgang Drexler

20 Wavelength Swept Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Seok Hyun Yun and Brett E. Bouma

21 Swept Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Bart Johnson, Walid Atia, Mark Kuznetsov, Christopher Cook,

Brian Goldberg, Bill Wells, Noble Larson, Eric McKenzie,

Carlos Melendez, Ed Mallon, Seungbum Woo, Randal Murdza,

Peter Whitney, and Dale Flanders

22 VCSEL Swept Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Vijaysekhar Jayaraman, James Jiang, Benjamin Potsaid,

Martin Robertson, Peter J. S. Heim, Christopher Burgner,

Demis John, Garrett D. Cole, Ireneusz Grulkowski,

James G. Fujimoto, Anjul M. Davis, and Alex E. Cable

x Contents

23 Akinetik Swept Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Michael Minneman, Jason Ensher, Michael Crawford, Marco Bonesi,

Behrooz Zabihian, Paul Boschert, Erich Hoover, Dennis Derickson,

Brian E. Applegate, Thomas Milner, and Wolfgang Drexler

24 FDML (incl. Parallelization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

Robert Huber

Volume 2

Part III Optical Coherence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

25 Time Domain Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography

Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

Fabrice Harms, Anne Latrive, and A. Claude Boccara

26 Assessment of Breast, Brain and Skin Pathological Tissue

Using Full Field OCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Eugenie Dalimier, Osnath Assayag, Fabrice Harms, and

A. Claude Boccara

27 Digital Holoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

Dierck Hillmann, Gesa Franke, Christian L€uhrs, Peter Koch,and Gereon H€uttmann

28 Optical Coherence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

Aaron D. Aguirre, Chao Zhou, Hsiang-Chieh Lee,

Osman O. Ahsen, and James G. Fujimoto

29 OCM with Engineered Wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913

Rainer A. Leitgeb, Theo Lasser, and Martin Villiger

30 Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941

David D. Nolte, Kwan Jeong, John Turek, and Paul M. W. French

31 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy (ISAM) . . . . . . . 965

Steven G. Adie, Nathan D. Shemonski, Tyler S. Ralston,

P. Scott Carney, and Stephen A. Boppart

Part IV Contrast Enhanced, Functional and Multimodal OCT . . . . 1005

32 Optical Coherence Elastography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

Brendan F. Kennedy, Kelsey M. Kennedy, Amy L. Oldenburg,

Steven G. Adie, Stephen A. Boppart, and David D. Sampson

33 Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . 1055

B. Hyle Park and Johannes F. de Boer

34 MUW Approach of PS OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103

Christoph K. Hitzenberger and Michael Pircher

Contents xi

35 Jones Matrix Based Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence

Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137

Yoshiaki Yasuno, Myeong-Jin Ju, Young Joo Hong, Shuichi Makita,

Yiheng Lim, and Masahiro Yamanari

36 Spectroscopic Low Coherence Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

Nienke Bosschaart, T. G. van Leeuwen, Maurice C. Aalders,

Boris Hermann, Wolfgang Drexler, and Dirk J. Faber

37 Motility Contrast Imaging and Tissue Dynamics

Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189

David D. Nolte, Ran An, and John Turek

38 Elastic Scattering Spectroscopy and Optical Coherence

Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207

Adam Wax, Michael Giacomelli, and Francisco Robles

39 Nonlinear Interferometric Vibrational Imaging (NIVI)

with Novel Optical Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237

Stephen A. Boppart, Matthew D. King, Yuan Liu, Haohua Tu, and

Martin Gruebele

40 Ultrasensitive Phase-Resolved Imaging of Cellular Morphology

and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257

Michael A. Choma, Audrey Ellerbee, and Joseph A. Izatt

41 Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289

Zhongping Chen and Jun Zhang

42 Doppler Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for

Label-Free Tissue Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321

Rainer A. Leitgeb, Maciej Szkulmowski, Cedric Blatter, and

Maciej Wojtkowski

43 Dual Beam Doppler Optical Coherence Angiography . . . . . . . . . . 1353

Yoshiaki Yasuno, Shuichi Makita, and Franck Jaillon

44 Optical Microangiography Based on Optical Coherence

Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373

Roberto Reif and Ruikang K. Wang

45 Optical Coherence Tomography in Cancer Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . 1399

Ahhyun Stephanie Nam, Benjamin Vakoc, David Blauvelt, and

Isabel Chico-Calero

46 Clinical Applications of Doppler OCT and OCT

Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413

Ou Tan, Yali Jia, Eric Wei, and David Huang

xii Contents

47 Molecular Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast

Enhancement and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1429

Amy L. Oldenburg, Brian E. Applegate, Jason M. Tucker-Schwartz,

Melissa C. Skala, Jongsik Kim, and Stephen A. Boppart

48 Optical Tissue Clearing to Enhance Imaging

Performance for OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455

Ruikang K. Wang and Valery V. Tuchin

49 Second Harmonic OCT and Combined MPM/OCT . . . . . . . . . . . 1489

Zhongping Chen and Shuo Tang

50 Combined Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography and

Laser Induced Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515

Jennifer K. Barton, Alexandre R. Tumlinson, and Urs Utzinger

51 Integrated Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) with

Fluorescence Laminar Optical Tomography (FLOT) . . . . . . . . . . 1557

Chao-Wei Chen and Yu Chen

52 Photoacoustic / Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579

Michelle Gabriele Sandrian, Edward Zhang, Boris Povazay,

Jan Laufer, Aneesh Alex, Paul Beard, and Wolfgang Drexler

53 Multi-modal Endoscopy: OCT and Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599

Jessica Mavadia-Shukla, Jiefeng F. Xi, and Xingde D. Li

Volume 3

Part V OCT Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615

54 Application of Fourier Domain OCT Imaging Technologyto the Anterior Segment of the Human Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617

Maciej Wojtkowski, Susana Marcos, Sergio Ortiz, and

Ireneusz Grulkowski

55 Anterior Eye Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . 1649

David Huang, Yan Li, and Maolong Tang

56 Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685

Wolfgang Drexler and James G. Fujimoto

57 OCT Imaging in Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737

Jessica E. Nevins, Gadi Wollstein, and Joel S. Schuman

58 Intraoperative Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . 1771

Justin Migacz, Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos, Paul Hahn, Anthony Kuo,

Cynthia Toth, and Joseph A. Izatt

Contents xiii

59 En-face Flying Spot OCT/Ophthalmoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797

Richard B. Rosen, Patricia Garcia, Adrian Gh. Podoleanu,

Radu Cucu, George Dobre, Irina Trifanov, Mirjam E. J. van

Velthoven, Marc D. de Smet, John A. Rogers, Mark Hathaway,

Justin Pedro, and Rishard Weitz

60 Choroidal OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833

Marieh Esmaeelpour and Wolfgang Drexler

61 Retinal AO OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849

Robert J. Zawadzki and Donald T. Miller

62 Acousto Optic Modulation Based En face AO SLO OCT . . . . . . . 1921

Michael Pircher and Christoph K. Hitzenberger

63 Small Animal Retinal Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941

WooJhon Choi, Wolfgang Drexler, and James G. Fujimoto

64 Optical Coherence Tomography in Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . 1965

Youbo Zhao, Ying Yang, Ruikang K. Wang, and Stephen A. Boppart

65 4-D OCT in Developmental Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003

Michael W. Jenkins and Andrew M. Rollins

66 OCT and Coherence Imaging for the Neurosciences . . . . . . . . . . . 2025

Jonghwan Lee and David A. Boas

67 Optical Coherence Tomography for Gastrointestinal

Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051

Wei Kang, Xin Qi, Hui Wang, and Andrew M. Rollins

68 Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2077

Chao Zhou, James G. Fujimoto, Tsung-Han Tsai,

and Hiroshi Mashimo

69 Imaging Coronary Atherosclerosis and Vulnerable Plaques

with Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2109

Guillermo J. Tearney, Ik-Kyung Jang, Manubu Kashiwagi, and

Brett E. Bouma

70 Cardiovascular Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2131

Taishi Yonetsu, Martin Villiger, Brett E. Bouma, and Ik-Kyung Jang

71 Intravascular OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153

Joseph M. Schmitt, Desmond Adler, and Chenyang Xu

72 Development of Integrated Multimodality Intravascular Imaging

System for Assessing and Characterizing Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . 2173

Zhongping Chen

73 OCT in Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189

John Holmes and Julia Welzel

xiv Contents

74 Dental OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209

Petra Wilder-Smith, Linda Otis, Jun Zhang, and Zhongping Chen

75 Anatomic Optical Coherence Tomography of Upper Airways . . . 2245

Anthony Chin Loy, Joseph Jing, Jun Zhang, Yong Wang,

Said Elghobashi, Zhongping Chen, and Brian J. F. Wong

76 Optical Coherence Tomography in Pulmonary Medicine . . . . . . . 2263

Septimiu Dan Murgu, Matthew Brenner, Zhongping Chen, and

Melissa J. Suter

77 OCT in Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305

Irina A. Kuznetsova, Natalia D. Gladkova, Valentin M. Gelikonov,

Jerome L. Belinson, Natalia M. Shakhova, and Felix I. Feldchtein

78 Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography in Urology . . . . . . . . 2335

Yingtian Pan, Wayne Waltzer, and Zhangqun Ye

79 Optical Coherence Tomography in Kidney Transplantation . . . . 2363

Peter M. Andrews, Jeremiah Wierwille, and Yu Chen

80 Intraoperative OCT in Surgical Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2393

Fredrick A. South, Marina Marjanovic, and Stephen A. Boppart

81 Optical Coherence Tomography in a Needle Format . . . . . . . . . . 2413

Dirk Lorenser, Robert A. McLaughlin, and David D. Sampson

82 OCT for Examination of Artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2473

Piotr Targowski, Magdalena Iwanicka, Bogumiła J. Rouba, and

Cecilia Frosinini

83 Nondestructive Material Testing Using OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2497

D. Stifter

84 OCT Technology Transfer and the OCT Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2529

Eric A. Swanson

Contents xv

Contributors

Maurice C. Aalders Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,

Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Steven G. Adie Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University,

Ithaca, NY, USA

Desmond Adler St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA

Aaron D. Aguirre Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research

Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

MA, USA

Adeel Ahmad Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for

Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,

Urbana, IL, USA

Osman O. Ahsen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA, USA

Aneesh Alex Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh

University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Murtaza Ali Embedded Processing Systems Lab, Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas,

TX, USA

Ran An Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West

Lafayette, IN, USA

Peter E. Andersen Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University

of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark

Peter M. Andrews Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology,

Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Brian E. Applegate Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M

University, College Station, TX, USA

xvii

Osnath Assayag Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, Paris, France

Walid Atia Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Jennifer K. Barton Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson,

AZ, USA

Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Paul Beard Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Malet Place

Engineering Building, London, UK

Jerome L. Belinson Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

HiramG. Bezerra Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratory, University Hospitals

Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Reginald Birngruber Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck,L€ubeck, Germany

Medical Laser Center L€ubeck GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany

Cedric Blatter Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical

University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

David Blauvelt Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General

Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

David A. Boas Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA

A. Claude Boccara LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France

LLTech, Princeton, NJ, USA

Institut Langevin, ESPCI–ParisTech, Paris, France

Marco Bonesi Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Stephen A. Boppart Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for


Urbana, IL, USA

Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and

Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Paul Boschert Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA

Nienke Bosschaart Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics,

Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Brett E. Bouma Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Matthew Brenner Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UC Irvine Medical

Center, Orange, CA, USA

xviii Contributors

Christopher Burgner Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Alex E. Cable Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ, USA

P. Scott Carney Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Oscar Carrasco-Zevallos Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics and Department of

Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

Chao-Wei Chen Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of

Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park,

MD, USA

Yu Chen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and

Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA, USA

Biomedical Optics and Imaging Laboratory, Fischell Department of Bioengineer-

ing, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Zhongping Chen The Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascu-

lar Technology, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, CA, USA

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute, University of

California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Isabel Chico-Calero Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General


Anthony Chin Loy Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,

The Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

WooJhon Choi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and


Cambridge, MA, USA

Michael A. Choma Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Pediatrics, Biomedical

Engineering, and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Garrett D. Cole Advanced Optical Microsystems, Mountain View, CA, USA

Christopher Cook Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Michael Crawford Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA

Radu Cucu Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of

Kent, Canterbury, UK

Eugenie Dalimier LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France


Anjul M. Davis Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA

Contributors xix

Johannes F. de Boer Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB

Amsterdam, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Marc D. de Smet Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Dennis Derickson California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,

CA, USA

Al-Hafeez Dhalla Bioptigen, Inc, Durham, NC, USA

George Dobre Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of


Wolfgang Drexler Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,

Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Marcus Duelk EXALOS, Schlieren, Switzerland

Said Elghobashi Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Univer-

sity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Audrey Ellerbee Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering,

Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Jason Ensher Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA

Marieh Esmaeelpour Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,

Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Dirk J. Faber Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic

Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Felix I. Feldchtein Imalux Corporation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod,

Russia

Adolf F. Fercher Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Dale Flanders Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Gesa Franke Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck, L€ubeck,Germany

Medical Laser Center GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany

Paul M. W. French Imperial College, London, UK

Cecilia Frosinini Opificio delle Pietre Dure e Laboratori di Restauro, Firenze,

Italy

James G. Fujimoto Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Cambridge, MA, USA

xx Contributors

Patricia Garcia New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Advanced Retinal Imaging

Center, New York, NY, USA

Valentin M. Gelikonov Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of

Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Michael Giacomelli Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Cambridge, MA, USA

Natalia D. Gladkova Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Brian Goldberg Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Martin Gruebele Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA

Ireneusz Grulkowski Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer

Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Paul Hahn Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University

Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Fabrice Harms LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France


Mark Hathaway Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada

Peter J. S. Heim Thorlabs Quantum Electronics (TQE), Jessup, MD, USA

Boris Hermann Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,


Dierck Hillmann Thorlabs GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany

Christoph K. Hitzenberger Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical

Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

John Holmes Michelson Diagnostics Ltd, Orpington, UK

Young Joo Hong Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, Japan

Erich Hoover Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA

Joachim Hornegger Pattern Recognition Lab, University Erlangen–N€urnberg,Erlangen, Germany

School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen–

N€urnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Kevin Hsu EXALOS, Schlieren, Switzerland

Contributors xxi

Zhilin Hu Case Western Reserve Department of Biomedical Engineering,

Cleveland, OH, USA

David Huang Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers, Casey Eye Institute and

Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,

OR, USA

Robert Huber Institut f€ur Biomedizinische Optik, Universit€at zu L€ubeck, L€ubeck

Gereon H€uttmann Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck, L€ubeck,Germany

Medical Laser Center GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany

Magdalena Iwanicka Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of

Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

Joseph A. Izatt Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics and Departments of Biomedical

Engineering and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,

NC, USA

Franck Jaillon Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, Japan

Ik-Kyung Jang Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and

Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA

Vijaysekhar Jayaraman Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Michael W. Jenkins Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OH, USA

Kwan Jeong Physics Department, Korean Military Academy, Soeul, South Korea

Yali Jia Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,

OR, USA

James Jiang Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA

Joseph Jing Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Beckman Laser

Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Demis John Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Bart Johnson Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Thomas M. Jørgensen Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical Univer-

sity of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark

Myeong-Jin Ju Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, Japan

Wei Kang St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA

xxii Contributors

Franz X. K€artner Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY (Deutsches

Elektronen-Synchrotron), Hamburg, Germany

Manubu Kashiwagi Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Brendan F. Kennedy Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of

Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western

Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

Kelsey M. Kennedy Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School

of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western


Jongsik Kim Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineer-

ing, Medicine, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

Matthew D. King Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA

Peter Koch Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L€ubeck, L€ubeck,Germany

Medical Laser Center L€ubeck GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany

Martin F. Kraus Pattern Recognition Lab, University Erlangen–N€urnberg,Erlangen, Germany

School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen–

N€urnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Anthony Kuo Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke

University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Mark Kuznetsov Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Irina A. Kuznetsova Nizhny Novgorod Regional Hospital, Nizhny Novgorod,

Russia

Noble Larson Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Theo Lasser Laboratoire d’Optique Biomedicale, Ecole Polytechnique Federal de

Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Anne Latrive Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France

LLTech SAS Pepiniere Paris Sante Cochin, Paris, France

Jan Laufer Institut f€ur Optik und Atomare Physik, Sekretariat ER 1–1,

Technische Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Institut f€ur Radiologie, Charite – Universit€atsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Contributors xxiii

Hsiang-Chieh Lee Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Cambridge, MA, USA

Jonghwan Lee Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA

Rainer A. Leitgeb Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,


Xingde D. Li Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, MD, USA

Yan Li Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers, Casey Eye Institute and Depart-

ment of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,

USA

Yiheng Lim Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, Japan

Jonathan J. Liu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Cambridge, MA, USA

Yuan Liu Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA

Dirk Lorenser Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical,

Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia,

Crawley, WA, Australia

Christian L€uhrs Thorlabs GmbH, L€ubeck, Germany

Shuichi Makita Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, Japan

Ed Mallon Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Susana Marcos Instituto de Optica “Daza de Valdes”, Consejo Superior de

Investigaciones Cientıficas, Madrid, Spain

Marina Marjanovic Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,


Daniel L. Marks Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for


Urbana, IL, USA

Hiroshi Mashimo Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical

School, Boston, MA, USA

xxiv Contributors

Jessica Mavadia-Shukla Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins

University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Eric McKenzie Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Robert A. McLaughlin Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of

Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western


Carlos Melendez Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Justin Migacz Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of

California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Donald T. Miller School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

Thomas Milner University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA

Michael Minneman Insight Photonic Solutions, Lafayette, CO, USA

Randal Murdza Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Septimiu Dan Murgu The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Ahhyun Stephanie Nam Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts

General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Jessica E. Nevins UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and

Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of

Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

David D. Nolte Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette,

IN, USA

Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette,

IN, USA

Amy L. Oldenburg Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Biomedical

Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,

NC, USA

Sergio Ortiz Instituto de Optica “Daza de Valdes”, Consejo Superior de

Investigaciones Cientıficas, Madrid, Spain

Linda Otis Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of

Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA

Yingtian Pan Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA

B. Hyle Park Department of Bioengineering, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Justin Pedro Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada

Contributors xxv

Michael Pircher Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,


Adrian Gh. Podoleanu Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences,

University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

Benjamin Potsaid Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Cambridge, MA, USA

Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ, USA

Boris Povazay Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical

University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

OptoLab, HuCe - Bern University of Applied Sciences (BUAS), Postfach,

Biel/Bienne, Switzerland

Xin Qi Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

Tyler S. Ralston Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for


Urbana, IL, USA

Roberto Reif Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle,

WA, USA

Martin Robertson Praevium Research, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Francisco Robles Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

John A. Rogers Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada

Andrew M. Rollins Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western

Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Richard B. Rosen New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Advanced Retinal Imaging

Center, New York, NY, USA

Bogumiła J. Rouba Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of

Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

David D. Sampson Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Elec-

trical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia,

Crawley, WA, Australia

Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western


Michelle Gabriele Sandrian Department of Ophthalmology, Department

of Bioengineering Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,

PA, USA

Joseph M. Schmitt St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA

xxvi Contributors

Joel S. Schuman UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and



Natalia M. Shakhova Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Nathan D. Shemonski Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,


Vladimir R. Shidlovski Superlum Diodes Ltd., Moscow, Russia

Melissa C. Skala Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University,

Nashville, TN, USA

Fredrick A. South Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at

Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

D. Stifter Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler

University (JKU) Linz, Linz, Austria

Melissa J. Suter Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Harvard Medical School and

Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Eric A. Swanson Gloucester, MA, USA

Maciej Szkulmowski Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Institute of

Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

Ou Tan Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,

OR, USA

Maolong Tang Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers, Casey Eye Institute and

Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,

OR, USA

Shuo Tang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of

British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Piotr Targowski Institute of Physics, Department of Physics, Astronomy and

Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

Guillermo J. Tearney Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts

General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Lars Thrane Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of

Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark

Contributors xxvii

Cynthia Toth Duke Eye Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Biomed-

ical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Irina Trifanov Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of


Tsung-Han Tsai Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Cambridge, MA, USA

Haohua Tu Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA

Valery V. Tuchin Research–Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics,

Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia

Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of

Precise Mechanics and Control RAS, Saratov, Russia

Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu,

Oulu, Finland

Jason M. Tucker-Schwartz Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt

University, Nashville, TN, USA

Alexandre R. Tumlinson Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA

John Turek Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West

Lafayette, IN, USA

Andreas Tycho Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of

Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark

Angelika Unterhuber Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,


Urs Utzinger Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson,

AZ, USA

Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Benjamin Vakoc Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General


T. G. van Leeuwen Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Aca-

demic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Mirjam E. J. van Velthoven Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The

Netherlands

Martin Villiger Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Wayne Waltzer Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA

xxviii Contributors

Hui Wang American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA, USA

Ruikang K. Wang Department of Automation Engineering, Northeastern

University at Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Peoples’ Republic of China

Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

YongWang Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of

California Irvine, CA, USA

Zhao Wang Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve

University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Adam Wax Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Duke

University, Durham, NC, USA

Eric Wei Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland,

OR, USA

Rishard Weitz Ophthalmic Technology Inc., Toronto, Canada

Bill Wells Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Julia Welzel Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

Peter Whitney Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Jeremiah Wierwille Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of

Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Petra Wilder-Smith Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine,

Irvine, CA, USA

David L. Wilson Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve

University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Maciej Wojtkowski Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Institute of

Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

Gadi Wollstein UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and



Brian J. F. Wong Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgery, The Beckman

Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Seungbum Woo Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA, USA

Jiefeng F. Xi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, MD, USA

Chenyang Xu St. Jude Medical, Westford, MA, USA

Contributors xxix

Masahiro Yamanari Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Ying Yang Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine,

Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK

Yoshiaki Yasuno Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, Japan

Zhangqun Ye Tonji Medical College and Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan, Peoples’

Republic of China

Taishi Yonetsu Department of Cardiology, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura,

Ibaraki, Japan

Seok Hyun Yun Partners Research Building, Wellman Center for Photomedicine,

Cambridge, MA, USA

Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard

Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Harold T. Yura The Aerospace Corporation, Electronics and Photonics Labora-

tory, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Behrooz Zabihian Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Robert J. Zawadzki Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory

(VSRI) Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California

Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA

UC Davis RISE Eye–Pod Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human

Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Edward Zhang Department Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Malet Place

Engineering Building, University College London, London, UK

Jun Zhang Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Beckman Laser Institute,

University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Youbo Zhao Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced

Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,

IL, USA

Chao Zhou Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and


Cambridge, MA, USA

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University,

Bethlehem, PA, USA

xxx Contributors

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