Opportunities for v2 g integrating plug-in vehicles and the electric grid (tomic) april 6

Opportunities for V2G -Integrating Vehicles with the

Electric Grid

Jasna Tomic

UCLA EV ForumLos Angeles, CA

April 6, 2011

Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions

Copyright CALSTART 2011

CALSTART: Advanced Transportation

National and International in Project Areas

2008155+ Worldwide Participant

Network

4 Offices in US

Four focus areas:Tech CommercializationFleet, Port ConsultingIndustry ServicesPolicy Development


Outline

1. Definition of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)2. Background- why the interest in V2G3. V2G model4. Current Status – important cross

point5. Additions and Challanges6. Next steps – projects for California


Vehicle-to-Grid Definition

• Vehicle-to-Grid refers to flow of electricity and communications between and electric-drive vehicle and the electric grid

Power Grid

EV of PHEV


Why V2G - background

Three main reasons1. Electrification of transportation –

number of EV and PHEV models growing

2. “Smart Grid” – upgrading of the current power grid system

3. V2G allows merging of two large sectors – transportation and electric grid system


Battery Electric Vehicles -Cost Still of Concern-

Mitsubishi IMiEV

Nissan Leaf

Daimler Electric Smart

Wheego

Tesla Roadster

Electric Mini

Think Citi

Ford Electric Connect

CA is Only State in Nation Where All of These Vehicles Will be Available!

Coda Sedan


Commercial Trucks - Electrification

• Navistar and Modec JV for all electric truck E-Star

• Enova and Freightliner Custom Chassis all electric vehicles – E-Cell

• Smith Electric Newton

• 40 different hybrid and electric trucks in ride & drive (HTUF 2010)

Copyright CALSTART 2011HTUF 2009HTUF 2009


Power Grid Changing

•“Smart Grid”• Integrating Distributed Generation• Increasing generation from renewables


Vehicle & Electric Grid

• Two large sector that can be integrated

• Smart interaction between vehicle fleet, grid and intermittent renewable

• Large, low-cost storage for renewables

• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power as bridging technology


Vehicle to Grid- Integration of Transportation and Electric Grid

Arrows indicate direction of power flow

(Kempton &Tomic, JPS, 2005) 2


Uses for V2G Power

EDV

Base-load Power

Peak Power

Ancillary Service

turbine

Energy Storage


Ancillary Services

ISO/RTO

GENERATION LOAD

• Grid Management- Maintain grid reliability• Balance Supply and Demand• Support transmission of electric power• A/S requirements 5-10% of the system load


ISOs in North America

www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/rto.asp


Ancillary Services Market

• Ancillary services ensure electric power grid is stable and reliable

• Regulation: On-line generation synchronized to the grid to respond to demand variations (voltage and frequency). Energy is increased/decreased instantly (~2-3 min) via automatic generation control (AGC)

• Spinning Reserves: Generating capacity synchronized and ready to respond for ~10 min in case of power failures.

• Require units operating but not producing energy• Payments consist of:

Capacity price ($/MW-h) + Energy price ($/MWh)


Electricity Market Prices

• Ancillary Services Capacity Price– Frequency Regulation $15-55/MW-h- Spinning Reserves $20/MW-h

Capacity price ($/MW-h) + Energy price ($/MWh)

Energy Price• Baseload Power 2-10 c/kWh• Peak Power 5-80 c/kWh

5


Fleet Case -252 EVs

• For regulation services - 252 vehicles• Upgrade costs for V2G included• Pline = 15 kW• tplug = 17 h• cel = 0.05 $/kWh, cen = 0.15 $/kWh • NiMH

• CAISO Regulation Capacity price ( 2003)Regup pcontr = 19.5 $/MW-hRegdown pcontr = 20.3 $/MW-h


YEAR 2003

FLEETPOWER kW Revenue Cost Net Profit

@15 kW3,780 $1,039,000 $380,000 $659,000

Calculated Profits with V2G for Ancillary Services

(Tomic & Kempton, JPS, 2007)

252 RAV4 EVs in CAISO


Commercial Plug-in TrucksPotential for V2G

• Battery size much larger - up to 80 kWh

• Power output 15 kW• Reliable use schedule,

central location• Integrate with PV solar for C-

free fuel• Preliminary estimates using

2008 CAISO prices – annual profit $1,500


Important Parameters

• Important parameters:– market value of A/S– kW capacity of vehicles and

electrical connections– kWh capacity of vehicle battery

•There is economic benefit for grid-connected vehicles providing power for A/S markets


Current Status

• High awareness of V2G• Huge interest among utilities in impact of

grid-connected vehicles on grid• “Smart grid” large investment in modernizing

the grid (this is NOT a synonym for V2G)• Car companies realizing that V2G can help the

business case of plug-in vehicles• Cars and commercial vehicles are more

electric today – hybrid and all electric• Deployment of V2G is limited but real


Additions & Challenges for V2G

V2G Additions – available now• Bi-directional on-board power electronics• Wireless communication, vehicle-grid• On-board metering

Challenges• Battery cycle life – what is impact of V2G

application• Optimization of battery design for EVs and PHEVs • Need for vehicle aggregator managing fleets and

individual vehicles• Need standards for V2G provision quality


Deployment of V2G in PJM

(Ken Huber, PJM, Plug-in 2009)


What about CA? - Next Steps

• We are looking for project partners• We need targeted deployment of V2G now in CA!• Need to show benefits in targeted demonstrations• Discharging of EVs and other distributed generation

back to the grid provides greater benefit to the grid– Use of stored electricity– Grid stability– Added generation capacity


Next Steps – Projects in CA

Need to increase regional showcases of V2G deployment in California

• Design projects with fleets or aggregated vehicles – 5 -50 (municipalities, government fleets, campus)1) Controlled charging2) Variable rate charging3) Discharging to grid4) Added functionality of on-board power5) Communication protocols with CAISO6) Understand impact on local disribution


Next Steps – Projects in CA

Commercial vehicles are good initial users for V2G

• Commercial vehicles good early adopters and can provide lessons for the consumer world --- e.g. parcel delivery applications, telecom, utility fleets

• Light-duty vehicles --- Consortium tying together vehicle deployment + infrastructure upgrading + user education


Benefits of V2G

• Cost of EVs & PHEVs is relatively high• V2G provides revenue to owner and helps offset that

higher cost• Dual use for clean transportation and grid power

support - shared capital cost• Encourages early adoption of EVs & PHEVs• Distributed generation – more stable grid• Energy storage for grid and integration of renewable

sources

Jasna [email protected]

www.calstart.org

Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions SM

Opportunities for v2 g integrating plug-in vehicles and the electric grid (tomic) april 6

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