Opportunities for participation

Concepts of physical activityChapter 11

Concepts and definitions

• Play• Leisure• Recreation• Physical Education • Sport• Outdoor and

adventurous activities

Play

• Main reason for participation is• No - negotiated at each

occurrence

• rewards• nature of commitment

funset rules

SpontaneousIntrinsicNon-serious

Play immediate

pleasure; no ulterior motive

Spontaneous

Enjoyment

Negotiation

Rules

Non-serious

Intrinsic value

Space Time

Play and recreation

• Play is for • When adults ‘play’ it’s called

Hence shared characteristics:• Both • Both

childrenrecreation

intrinsicvoluntary

Recreation• The of leisure • To - refresh mind• Change to • for its own sake• No or relevance• No relative importance to

what‘recreate’

active leisureParticipation

intellectual commercialsociety

Similarities between play and leisure

Both:

• Intrinsic• For fun• Informal structure• Produce sense of well-being• Both develop skills• Casual attitude

Differences between recreation and leisure

Recreation:• Escape from stress• Opportunity for socialising• Health benefits• More organised• Concept of ‘active leisure’

Leisure• Time free • Hence

from work and other obligations

choice

depends on economics

self-satisfying

socialising

Characteristics of Leisure

• Work has over leisure• Leisure has• Leisure is • Protestant work ethic –

• clouds issue/limits definition

priorityno value in itself

non-serious

‘work is Godly; leisure is lazy’unemployment

Question

Many people take part in physical recreation as a form of leisure activity.

(i) Define the term leisure. (2 marks) (ii) What do you understand by the term

physical recreation? Comment on its benefit to individuals (4 marks)

Answer(i) Time away from obligations/necessities such as

work/education;Activities can be freely/voluntarily entered into/choice;For relaxation/enjoyment/fun. 2 marks

(ii)Physical Recreation – active/exercise/physically strenuous activity;During leisure time;Provides opportunities for self-fulfilment/fun/enjoyment/ intrinsic reward/improve skill;Helps maintain physical health/fitness;Helps develop interpersonal/social skills;Escape from reality/pressures/stress/mental health.

4 marks

Class-based leisure

• has a right to leisure• has a right to leisure after

they have earned it

• Influenced by traditional beliefs, ,

, and

Leisured classWorking class

exclusivityavailability disposable income time

Leisure as a socialising process• Leisure is a • - should take place in

• may develop• Provides opportunities • Attractive to and hence

• Can promote

social processFreely chosenpleasant atmosphereFriendships

creativemedia

sponsorshipculture

More Leisure

T. I. M. E. as limiting factors to leisure

• Less • Less • Less • Lack of

timeincomemobility

education

Growth and change in

leisure time

High unemployment

Reduction in working hours

Advances in

technologyIncreased life

expectancy

Increased mobility

Increased disposable

income

Greater public provision of

facilities

Similarities of play,

recreation and leisure

Discovery/ experimenting

No obligation

Creativity/self-expression

No pressure

Variety of activities

Freedom of choice

Self-satisfaction obtained

Question

Modern-day lifestyles appear to be increasingly stressful and more inactive.

(i) Explain the term active leisure.(2 marks)

(ii) Why is active leisure considered important for individuals and society?

(4 marks)

Answer(i) Time free from work/domestic chores/sleeping/surplus

Choice - Voluntary/free will/no moral obligationActive – physical, energetic. 2 marks

(ii) Society attitudes changed/rights to leisure/limited Working hours reduced / more leisure;Increased status of leisure/reduced status of church/work; Labour saving gadgets;Increase in life expectancy;More accessible facilities/personal mobility/improved transport;Early retirement;Unemployment (enforced leisure);Job share/work from home/flexible work patterns4 marks

Outdoor and adventurous activities

• Includes recreations in the environment – not outdoor games!

• Add element of to get adventurous activities

• Used as a classroom activity –

Outdoor and adventurous activities

risk

natural

outdoor education

Values of outdoor activities

Values

Trust in others

Team work

Self-reliance Leadership

skills

Decision-making

characteristics

dangerous

exciting

challenging

No officials

competitive

But codes for safety

Against self/elements

Benefits

• Sense of freedom –

• Handling risk - • • • Appreciation of • Self-reliance -

escape from urban environmentsense of danger

LeadershipDecision-making

natural environmenttrust in others

Risk• Objective danger – • Subjective danger – • Real risk – • Perceived risk –

outside our controlwithin our control

avoidable environmental risk

potential risk – sense of danger

Educational and recreational values

Educational Recreational• Free time/choice• Enhance quality of

life/escape stress• Active leisure• Health • Intrinsic• Sense of fulfilment

• Appreciation of environment

• Conservation• Skill development• Testing oneself• Teamwork/ leadership

Difficulties with outdoor education in schools

• Limited • Lack of • • Lack of •

timespecialised teachers

Fundingaccess

Safety issues

Outdoor activities in a city?

• Canoeing, sailing, windsurfing – • • Indoor • Orienteering •

lake, canal or poolclimbing walls

in parkDry ski slopes

Increases in outdoor participation

Because:• Escape to the countryside/appreciation

of environment• Widely accessible facilities/cheap• Socialising/mixed sex groups• Ease of access• Individual/non competitive• Challenging/adrenalin rush/risk/danger

Requirements for outdoor and adventurous activities to be sports

• Rules• Scoring system• Judges and officials• Governing body• Extrinsic

QuestionDry ski slopes are an example of an urban adaptation of an outdoor and adventurous activity.(i) Give two other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment.

(3 marks) (ii) Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between 'real' and 'perceived' risk? (3 marks)

Answers(i) Climbing/abseiling/mountaineering - climbing wallOrienteering - park/school groundsCanoeing/rafting - swimming pool/lake/canals/reservoirWindsurfing/sailing - reservoir/gravel pitsMountain biking - country parks/parks/indoor tracks(ii) Real risk - from natural environment/increases with skill

level;should be avoided at all costs;risk of life/injury;can be planned for/plan a route to avoid;Perceived risk - sense of danger/think there’s a risk;provides excitement, but controlled;encouraged by leaders/learning experience;importance of developing risk assessments;

Definition of sport

• Competitive - • Organised occasions –

• Officials - • Administration - • Commercial aspects -

rules and regulations

leagues and championshipsreferees and umpires

clubs and NGBs

sponsorship, advertising, media coverage, funding, professionalism

Coakley (1993)

‘….an institutionalised, competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.’

Meanings

• Institutionalised – • Competitive – • Physical exertion – • Complex physical skills - • Motivation – • Intrinsic – • Extrinsic –

structurewinners and losers

hard workmovement

drive to do self-satisfactionexternal rewards

Categories of Sport (NCPE)

• Dance activities• Games activities• Gymnastic activities• Swimming activities and water safety• Athletic activities• Outdoor and adventurous activities

Sub-categories of games

• Invasion• Striking and fielding • Combat• Target • Net/wall• Athletic

Characteristics of sport

Serious/ commitment

Sportsmanship/fair play /team

spirit

Time/ space constraints

Highly organised

Competitive

Excellence/ ability

Physical endeavour

Objectives of sport

Highlights issues

Emotional release

Express individualityAid socialisation

Allow success

Health and fitness

Values of sport

Positive Negative• Competitive• Sportsmanship• Amateurism• Assertive

• Gamesmanship• Win at all costs• Cheating• Aggression

Problems with sport• Over-emphasis on winning• More like entertainment• Crowd violence• Drugs• Poor role models• Passive involvement

ComparisonRecreation Professional sport

• Immediate pleasure• intrinsic rewards• length of participation

own choice• spontaneity• spare time involvement• levels of fitness

personal• no pressure to cheat• no pressure to succeed

• involves pain/rivalry• extrinsic rewards• time constraints - training• spontaneity reduced through

rules• occupation - serious• sponsorship• high levels of skill and

fitness• temptation to cheat• pressure from others to win

Question

Physical activity can be subdivided into the categories of play, physical recreation and sport.Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive’.(i) Using an example, explain this definition.

(2 marks)(ii) State two ways in which sport differs from

play. (2 marks)

Answer(i) Play is fun/enjoyment/non serious;Intrinsic value/no tangible rewards;(ii) Sport has Extrinsic rewards;Competitive;Commitment/effort;Emotional highs and lows;Highly structured/time constraints/boundaries/equipment;Rules/officials/tactics;Degree of obligation;

The difference with P.E.

P.E. is:• • - involving learning - • Has authority figures –

CompulsoryEducational skills

different to recreation and play but similar to sport

Characteristics of P.E.• Formal body of • Learning through the • • Learning • Develops skills• Appreciation and evaluation of • •

knowledgephysical

Skill developmentrules and ethicspersonal and social

movementHealth-related fitnessLifelong learning

Aims of P.E.

• Skill development - • Fitness development - • Knowledge of rules etc – • Values such as sportsmanship -

motorphysical

cognitivecultural

Physical

Skill development

Increase fitness

stamina strength flexibility

Intellectual

Experience wide range of activities

Encourage sportsmanship

/fair play

Encourage competition

Promote self-esteem

Teach health

benefits of exercise

Social

Team work

Social interaction

friendship

leadershipAccepting defeat

Not only PE in schools

PE Sport

Recreation

Some overlap exists

Question

Many people think that physical education is just another name for sport that is played in schools.

What are the values and characteristics of sport that differentiate it from physical education? (3 marks)

Answersport is competitive/sport primarily seeks winners and

losers/extrinsic rewards;sport does not have an overt educational objective/is elitist;sport does not have an overt developmental objective;sport is serious/commitment/voluntary.(Max 2 for PE)PE seeks to develop motor/psycho-motor skills;PE seeks to develop learning/understanding/morals/ethics/

fairplay;PE health/stress/social/participation;PE is compulsory.

P.E. and sport in school

P.E. Sport• Compulsory• Physical development• Creativity /social

awareness• Confidence and self-

esteem• Aesthetic appreciation• Mixed ability• Values of teamwork/

sportsmanship

• Voluntary• Performance development• Extension of interest/

specialism• Extra-curricular• Competitive• Commitment/ dedication

School sport

• Depends on • Lack of • • Safety considerations -

teacher goodwillfunding

Competing interestsrisk assessments

Club and school sport

Similarities Differences• Same activities• Skills developed• Formalised• PE teacher may

coach• Aim to win

• Teacher v coach• Conflicts in

expectations• Different ethics in

school and club sport

Progression from P.E. to sport

Club involvement

Competitions

Coaching / Talent development

Affiliation to NGBs

Award schemes/training courses

Access to District level

PE lessons in school

Links with local clubs

District level

Competition

Tournaments

Championships

Access to Regional level

Regional level

Competition

Training

Assistance from Sports Aid Foundation

Access to National Training squad

National Training squad

Coaching

National Sports Centres

National competition

Access to International level

International level

Representing Country

via NGBs

The Physical Activity continuum

Play LeisurePhysical Recreation

Outdoor activities P.E. Sport

Moving from left to right:Increased organisation

The Physical Activity continuum

Play LeisurePhysical Recreation

Outdoor activities P.E. Sport

Moving from left to right:

Increased competition