West Bengal DRAFT

IntroductionThe Agricultural Water Solutions Project aims to unlock the potential of smallholder farming by identifying,

evaluating and recommending a variety of agricultural water management (AWM) solutions - including technologies

as well as the necessary supporting policies, institutions, financing arrangements and associated business models.

This is being achieved through a series of interlinked activities in the seven project sites in Africa (Burkina Faso,

Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia) and in India (Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal). These activities include:

• in-depth case studies,

• mapping areas to identify where solutions are likely to be most viable and have greatest impact,

• discussing AWM solutions and project findings with stakeholders, and

• formulating business models to turn these findings into practical plans.

These products have been developed through a stepwise approach including state level data collection and processing,

case study analysis, and local consultation. The livelihood map was developed during a participatory mapping

workshop which gathered a large number of national experts from different fields (agriculture, water, social sciences,

geography, etc.) and institutions (government, universities, NGOs, etc.) as well as farmers groups. The outputs of the

workshop have been enhanced through further consultation with national and international experts and through

secondary data analysis using available national and sub-national datasets and statistics.

This note presents the result of the analysis and mapping at state level. National livelihood maps have been

established through an in-depth consultation process. Opportunities to invest in AWM at state level to improve rural

livelihoods have been mapped, and the potential and suitability of different AWM solutions have been quantified.

More specifically, the work aimed to:

1. Map the main livelihood contexts in each project country or state, responding to the following questions:

• what are the main constraints and needs in the different rural livelihood contexts?

• what are the different farmer typologies and rural livelihood strategies?

2. Map the potential to improve smallholders’ livelihood through water interventions:

• where to invest in AWM to have the maximum impact on rural livelihoods?

• where is AWM the entry point for improving rural livelihoods?

3. Map the geographical domain of specific AWM solutions:

• where the specific AWM solutions have highest potential impact on rural livelihoods?

4. Estimate the potential benefits of investing in AWM:

• how many potential beneficiaries for each AWM solution?

• how much is the potential application area for each AWM solution?

Opportunities for agricultural water management interventions

DRAFTW

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Opportunities for agricultural water management interventions

1. Mapping the livelihood context – different people have different needsLivelihood zoning consists in identifying areas where rural people share relatively homogeneous living

conditions, on the basis of a combination of biophysical and socio-economic determinants. The main criteria

to establish livelihood zones are: the predominant source of income (livelihood activities); the natural

resources available to people and the way they are used, with focus on water resources; and the prevailing

agroclimatic conditions that influence farming activities. Patterns of livelihood vary from one area to

another, based on local factors such as climate, soil or access to markets. The analysis delineates

geographical areas within which people share similar livelihood patterns: source of living, access to food,

farming practices, including crops, livestock and access to markets.

The map of livelihood zones is the main output from a participatory mapping workshop and forms the basis

for the overall assessment. It describes and geographically locates the different country livelihood contexts,

focusing on the main smallholders’ livelihood strategies, their water-related problems and other constraints

for development, and the role agricultural water management plays for their livelihoods. An attribute table

provides a detailed description of each livelihood zone.

BOUCLE DE MOUHNOUN

NORD

SAHEL

CENTRE NORD

HAUTS BASSINS

CASCADES

SUD OUEST

CENTRE OUEST

CENTRE

PLATEAU CENTRAL

CENTRE SUD

CENTRE EST

EST

OUDALAN

KENEDOUGOU

HOUET

LERABA

BANWAMOUHOUN

TUY

BOUGOURIBA

COMOE

PONI

NOUMBIEL

IOBA

SISSILI

BALE

SANGUIE

NAYALA

PASSORE

KOURWEOGO

BOULKIEMDE

ZIRO

NAHOURI

ZOUNDWEOGO

BOULGOU

KOULPELOGO

KOMPIENGA

GOURMAKOURITENGA

GNAGNA

KOMONDJARI

YAGHA

SENO

TAPOA

NAMENTENGA

SANMATENGA

SOUM

BAM

OUBRITENGA

GANZOURGOU

LOROUM

YATENGA

SOUROU

KOSSI

BAZEGA

KADIOGO

ZONDOMA

Nakambé

Nakambé

Nakambé

Mouhoun

Mou

houn

Mouhoun

Lera ba

3 9

6

510

21

14

13

7

8

16

15

4

1211

Legend

0 50 10025 km

Data source: AG-Water Solutions, FAO NRL Nov 2010

Town

National capital

Populated places

!H

Country

Province

District

Boundaries

1. South-west sub-humid, cereals-root crops (sorghum-yam)2. West sub-humid, cereals (rice, maize), tree crops and cotton3. West moist-semiarid, cotton, cereals (rice-maize), vegetables4. West moist-semiarid, cotton, cereals (sorghum-maize)5.West moist-semiarid, cotton, cereals (sorghum-maize) and sesame6. North-west moist-semiarid, cereals (sorghum-rice), irrigated cash crops and remittances7. Centre-west moist-semiarid, cereals (sorghum-millet), horticulture and remittances8. South moist-semiarid, , cereals-root crops and tourism zone9. Centre-east, moist-semiarid, cereals (sorghum,- rice), groundnut, livestock10. South-east, moist-semiarid, cereals (sorghum-millet), forestry and fauna, tourism11. Central periurban, horticulture and livestock12. Central Plateau moist-semiarid, cereals and market gardening zone13. Centre-north dry semiarid, cereals-vegetables- groundnut14. North dry semiarid, agropastoral, sorghum-millet -livestock (pastoralism dominant), vegetables

Lake, Reservoir

Hydrology

Perennial River

Bihar

Jharkhand

Orissa

Assam

Sikkim

Meghalaya

8

2

4

10

79

1

3

12

15

11

6

14

5

13

Medinipur

Bankura

Puruliya

Nadia

Jalpaiguri

Hugli

Birbhum

Barddhaman

Maldah

Murshidabad

Darjiling

Koch Bihar

Haora

Uttar Dinajpur

North 24 Parganas

Dakshin Dinajpur

Kolkata

KULTI

HABRA

BALLY

HALDIA

DABGRAM

RAIGANJ

JAMURIA

BANKURA

BANGAON

NAIHATI

BARASAT

RANIGANJ

NABADWIPDURGAPUR

PURULIYA

SANTIPUR

BASIRHAT

ULUBERIA

DARJILING

BALURGHAT

MEDINIPUR

KHARAGPUR

JALPAIGURI

BAHARAMPUR

BARDDHAMAN

SOUTHDUMDUM

ENGLISHBAZAR

01 - Hilly-Terai Rain-fed Grain Crops-Fruits Vegetables- Spices- Livestock

02 - Terai-Grain crops-Fiber-Vegetables-Livestock

03 -Terai-Grain crops-Fiber-Tobacco Vegetables-Livestock

04 - Barind Rain-fed- Grain crops-Pine apple-Fiber

05 - Barind-Rice-Horticulture

06 - Gangetic Alluvial & Barind- Rice-Sericulture

07 - Ruhr & Alluvial-Grain crops-Poultry-Livestock

08 -Ruhr & Alluvial-Grain crops-Fishery Poultry-Livestock-Cottage Industry

09 - Old Vindhyan Alluvial-Grain crops-Fishery Poultry-Livestock-Cottage Industry

10 -Ruhr & Alluvial-Grain crops-Livestock

11 -Eastern Plateau & Alluvial-Grain crops-Livestock

12 -Coastal & Alluvial-Grain crops-Fishery Floricultuer-Vegetable-Legumes-Livestock

13 - Coastal-Grain crops-Horticulture-Livestock-Fishery

14 - Coastal-Grain crops-Fishery-Livestock Bund Horticulture

15 - Coastal-Small Scale Single crop (Grain/Horticulture)-Capture Fishery

Kolkata

State

District

Boundaries

Legend

Town

State capital

Populated places

DRAFT

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Hilly-Terai Rain-fed Grain Crops-Fruits-Vegetables-

Spices- Livestock

Terai-Grain crops-Fiber-Vegetables

Livestock

Terai-Grain crops-Fiber-TobaccoVegetables-Livestock

Barind Rain-fed- Grain crops-Pine apple-Fiber

Barind-Rice-Horticulture

Gangetic Alluvial & Barind- Rice-Sericulture

Ruhr & Alluvial-Grain crops-Poultry-Livestock

Ruhr & Alluvial-Grain crops-Fishery-Poultry

Livestock-Cottage Industry

Old Vindhyan Alluvial-Grain crops-Fishery-Poultry

Livestock-Cottage Industry

Ruhr & Alluvial-Grain crops-Livestock

Eastern Plateau & Alluvial-Grain crops-Livestock

Coastal & Alluvial-Grain crops-Fishery-Floricultuer-Vegetable-Legumes-Livestock

Coastal-Grain crops-Horticulture-Livestock-

Fishery

Coastal-Grain crops-Fishery-Livestock-Bund

Horticulture

Coastal-Small Scale Single crop

(Grain/Horticulture)-Capture Fishery

None

None

None

Iron and Acidity

Iron and Acidity

Partial (due to Iron and Arsenic)

Partial (due to Iron and Arsenic)

Partial (due to Iron and Arsenic)

Arsenic

Arsenic, Fluoride

Arsenic, Fluoride

None

None

Presence of Toxic Chemicals incu. Heavy

metal

Salinity in drainage& irrigation canals,

Roads, Governance, Erosion, Irrigation

Flow of capital, Local governance

Lack of irrigation facility, Industry, Inadequate employment

lack of irrigation, flood prone, surface runoff, land erosion,

market

Less technical know how, flood prone

Agriculture is not the main source of livelihood. Illegal mining

Assured irrigation, Adequate storage facility and management work, Livestock - quality animals

and market networks

Water scarcity due to low irrigation coverage. Lack of

improved agricultural practices, land erosion and depletion of

forests.

Limited livelihood options, low irrigation coverage, depleting forest cover, political problem (Maoist insurgency), Problems

created by elephants

agric. Inputs, quality irrigation water, lack of infrastructures absence technical know how,

illiteracy

agric. Inputs, quality irrigation water, lack of infrastructures absence technical know how,

illiteracy

agric. Inputs, quality irrigation water, lack of infrastructures absence technical know how,

illiteracy

agric. Inputs, quality irrigation water, lack of infrastructures absence technical know how,

illiteracy

Flow of capital, Local governance

Assured irrigation, Adequate storage facility and management work, Livestock - quality animals

and market networks

labourers, marginal and patta farmers

labourers and patta farmers

labourers, marginal and small farmers

marginal farmers and labourers

labourers and marginal farmers

marginal farmers and labourers

labourers and patta farmers

labourers and marginal farmers

labourers

labourers, marginal and patta farmers

labourers, marginal and small farmers

labourers and marginal farmers

marginal farmers and labourers

labourers and marginal farmers

labourers and marginal farmers

526 838

4 334 910

1 851 320

10 716 900

549 865

825 096

1 975 180

18 096 700

2 362 510

5 976 500

1 219 300

2 217 190

753 413

3 593 710

2 093 710

Limited

High

high

high

high

Moderate

Moderate

High

High

Low - moderate

Moderate-high

Moderate-high

High

High

Moderate

Main constraints for developmentKey livelihood aspects

Water quality problems for agriculture (salinity,

sodicity, etc.)

Poverty rate

Rural Population

Main farmers typologyZone

Preliminary results from expert consultation

SURI

KULTI

KATWA

KALNA

HABRA

RAJPUR

HALDIA

GHATAL

CONTAI

BOLPUR

RAIGANJ

JAMURIA

DHULIAN

BANKURA

BANGAON

ARAMBAG

ULUBERIA

SANTIPUR

RANIGANJ

RANAGHAT

PURULIYA

NABADWIP

JHARGRAM

JANGIPUR

ISLAMPUR

GAYESPUR

CHAKDAHA

CALCUTTA BASIRHAT

MEDINIPUR

KOCHBIHAR

KHARAGPUR

DARJILING

BISHNUPUR

BALURGHAT

JALPAIGURI

BUDGEBUDGE

BARDDHAMAN

BAHARAMPUR

ALIPURDUAR

GANGARAMPUR

KRISHNANAGAR

ENGLISHBAZAR

Medinipur

Bankura

PuruliyaNadia

Jalpaiguri

Hugli

Barddhaman

Birbhum

Maldah

Murshidabad

Darjiling

Koch Bihar

Haora

South 24 Parganas

Uttar Dinajpur

North 24 Parganas

Dakshin Dinajpur

Kolkata

0 100 200 300 400Km

B A Y O FB E N G A L

Opportunities for agricultural water management interventions DRAFTW

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2. Mapping the AWM potential - Where to prioritize investments on AWM for smallholders

This map shows where AWM can

be the entry point for improving

livelihoods and where to

prioritize investments in AWM to

have the maximum impact on

rural livelihoods.

High potential areas are those

showing the highest potential for

AWM investment.

These areas are identified on the

basis of three guiding principles:

1) where water is available

2) where the target beneficiaries

are mostly located; and

3) where water is key for

livelihoods.

Physical availability of water

(rainfall, surface or shallow

groundwater). It shows where

water is physically available to be

used for AWM. It takes into account

surface water and shallow

groundwater resources and their

current state of use.

Potential beneficiaries (population

density, rural poverty). It shows

where the target beneficiaries of

AWM investments are mostly

concentrated. It is assessed using

population density and rural

poverty rate.

To what extent livelihoods depend on

secure access to sufficient water,

and where lack of water is a major

constraint for rural populations.

Population pressure on land and

water, erratic rainfall and

seasonality, vulnerability to

droughts and dry spells are

examples of situations where the

lack of secured access to sufficient

water represents a major constraint

for rural livelihoods. It is assessed

mainly on the basis of the

description of the livelihood zones

and farmers typologies.

2. To what extent livelihoods are depending on water availability

1. Physical availability of water

3. Presence of target beneficiaries

Legend

Protected areasAdministrativeboundaries

High Moderate-high

Moderate-low Low

DRAFT Opportunities for agricultural water management interventions W

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3. Mapping the suitability domains of specific AWM solutions The project, through its case studies, assessed the potential for applications at state level of the following AWM solutions: • Rural electrification for motor pumps • Ex-situ water harvesting (off-farm ponds)

High priority: areas which present optimal conditions both in terms of biophysical and socioeconomic conditions for adoption of a given AWM solution.

Scarce/None

Low priority: areas where there are possibilities for application of a given AWM solution, but where conditions and impact on rural livelihoods are less favourable.

The map uses a set of criteria to assess the potential geographical extension of each AWM solution. These criteria reflect bio-physical potential and the impact of the solution on rural livelihood across the state. The maps show two level of suitability: high and low

Arsenic affectedareas

Rural electrification Rain water harvesting

DRAFT

4. Estimate the potential benefits of investing in AWM - Potential beneficiaries and application areas

Criteria used to map the potential of AWM solutions:

Rural electrification for motor pumps: • areas with high groundwater availability • areas already connected to electricity grid – high priority • areas not connected to electricity grid (need investment in infrastructure) – low priority

Ex-situ water harvesting (off-farm ponds): • areas with no/little groundwater availability • areas with lower population density • relatively drier areas (length of growing period < 200 dd/y)

The maps just described are used to assess the potential number of beneficiaries and the extent of land which could benefit from any of the AWM solutions. These calculations represent a ‘gross’ potential and do not take into account demand-side aspects of agricultural production. Therefore a possible adoption rate is not applied.

The calculations are performed as follows:

1. the total number of rural people falling into the areas of high or low suitability is calculated on the basis of a rural population density map. These results are then aggregated by livelihood zone

2. the description of the livelihood zones allows for the establishment of a factors that represents the part of the rural population which is likely to benefit from a given AMW solution. The factor reflects the importance of a given solution for the population living in the livelihood zone1.

3. A unit area of land per household that can benefit from a given AWM solution is established on the basis of information obtained from the case studies and literature. The number of potential beneficiaries, expressed in number of households, is then used to calculate the extent of land that could benefit from the solution.

4. The result is assessed against current extent of cropland in the suitable area, and in terms of its impact on the water balance, and adjusted downwards if needed.

The results are presented in the following tables.

1 the factors derived from sub-national statistics and livelihood mapping exercise (eg. farmers typology, livelihood typology, land holding size etc.) are applied as de-multiplying factors.

DRAFT

8 379

1 063 226

325 917

2 841 206

159 688

261 376

257 389

6 722 365

433 752

402 873

1 151 220

282 089

996 954

300 442

15 206 876

Minimum (high priority)

Maximum (high+low priority)

Rural electrification Ex-situ water harvesting

% of rural population

Minimum (high priority)

Maximum (high+low priority)

% of rural population

Livelihood zones

8 805

1 704 842

842 009

5 890 921

248 324

618 855

330 617

8 676 412

798 981

843 689

1 178 830

293 119

1 345 846

940 706

23 721 954

1.7%

39.3%

45.5%

55.0%

45.2%

75.0%

16.7%

47.9%

33.8%

14.1%

0.0%

53.2%

38.9%

37.5%

44.9%

41.5%

113 001

604

42 032

654 726

360 123

1 170 487

263 209

183 746

130 252

924 279

387 262

1 888 747

13.3%

1.0%

5.5%

15.5%

31.8%

3.3%

Potential beneficiaries

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Total

1 490

189 018

57 941

505 103

28 389

46 467

45 758

1 195 087

77 111

71 622

204 661

50 149

177 236

53 412

2 703 445

Minimum (high priority)

Maximum (high+low priority)

Rural electrification Ex-situ water harvesting

Minimum (high priority)

Maximum (high+low priority)

Livelihood zones

1 565

303 083

149 690

1 047 275

44 146

110 019

58 776

1 542 473

142 041

149 989

209 570

52 110

239 261

167 237

4 217 236

37 667

201

14 011

218 242

120 041

390 162

87 736

61 249

43 417

308 093

129 087

629 582

Potential application area (hectares)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Total