Opportunities and Barrier Issues in Carbon Nanocomposites R. Byron Pipes, NAE, IVA Goodyear Endowed...
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![Page 1: Opportunities and Barrier Issues in Carbon Nanocomposites R. Byron Pipes, NAE, IVA Goodyear Endowed Professor University of Akron National Science Foundation.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4d5503460f94a2c695/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Opportunities and Barrier Issues in Carbon Nanocomposites
R. Byron Pipes, NAE, IVA
Goodyear Endowed Professor
University of Akron
National Science Foundation Composites Workshop
June 9-10, 2004
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The Future for Carbon Nanocomposites
• Future Trends in Technology Development• Globalization of Research• Barriers and Opportunities:
Scale
Mixing and Dispersion
Multi-Functionality
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Next Generation Aerospace Material
Carbon Nanotube
Nanotube/ Polymer
Nanotube Fiber
Ultra Nanostructured Composite
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Connect,ClickAnd
Control
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Factory Production
Education
Chemical Plant
Heavy Machinery
DSC
TGAPolymer Industry
Process Control
Higher Level Research
Online Microscopy
Textile
The Future: Connect, Click and Control
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Carbon Nanotubes
• Graphene is the stiffest material known (Young’s modulus > 1 TPa)
• Ideal reinforcement for composite materials
Single wall carbon nanotubesForms of Carbon
Diamond Buckyball
Graphite Nanotube100 nm
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SCALE
Is it possible to span 12 orders of magnitude in scale and preserve
properties?
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Self Similar Helical Modeling
SWCN
LatticeDymanics
Nano-wire
Micro-Mechanics
+Self Similar
Analysis
Polymer
Micro-fiber
Micro-Mechanics
+Self Similar
Analysis
Polymer
Lamina
Micro-Mechanics
+Self Similar
Analysis
Polymer
Nano-array
Self SimilarAnalysis
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Self-Similar Scales
1.48 x 10-8 m
.
1.68 x 10-7 m
1.92 x 10-6 m
1.38 x 10-9 m
SWCN
SWCN Nano Array
SWCN Nano Wire
SWCN Micro Fiber
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Self-Similar Scales
1.9 x 108
1.7 x 1010
1.6 x 1012
Diameter = 1.92 x 10-6 mLength = 1.0 x 10–3 m
Number of nanotubes
SWCN
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Self-Similar Properties
0
200
400
600
800
1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04Diameter (m)
Sp
ec
ific
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)
CarbonFiber
SWCN
Nano-wire
Nano-array
Micro-fiber
=10°
=20°
Lamina
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Observations
• Nanotube – Nano Array – Nano Wire – Micro Fiber• Helical array geometry provides self-similar
platform • 71% stiffness reduction• Strength reduction may not correspond to stiffness
reduction• Multifunctional properties offer significant potential• Use the properties at the scale of applicability
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Mixing and Dispersion
Van der Waals bonding – Energy for dispersion
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Science 273, 483 (1996).
SWCN Array Image Analysis
DoDi
S
Do = 1.38 nm
Di = 0.73 nm
S = 1.48 nm
Nanotube Wall Thickness = 0.33 nm
Volume Fraction:Hexagonal Array = 0.79With van der Waals = 0.906
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Shear and Bulk Moduli
x
2
x
3
o22321
o33
o32321
o22
xxx
xxx
o3xo3
o2o22
xxx
xxx
x
2
x
3
223
2
23 eVol4
1K
223
2
23 Vol
1G
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Carbon Nanotubes Sticking Together
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Continuum Approach for L-J Interactions
r
d
areaunit per atoms3
4
atoms 2for potential J-L4
),()(
2
22
612
2
0 0
b
drR
RRR
rdrddrRd
sheet
1 atom
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Dilatation of SWCNT Array
4
3CellUnitofArea
2R
20
3
6
R
Cohesive Energy per unit Volume
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Dilatational Cohesive Energy per Unit Volume
20
00
3
3
R
1
1.5
2
1 10 100 1000 10000
Number of Tubes
0Eactual
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Unit Cell Cohesive Energy
Chirality R0, nm 0, nJ/m GJ/m3
(6,6) 1.1281 0.117 0.159
(10,10) 1.6723 0.152 0.207
(24,24) 3.5733 0.239 0.325
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Conclusions for Array Flexural Properties
• The assumption that the CNT array can be represented as a uniform beam is not appropriate for arrays that are not fully bonded.
• The experimental results of Salvetat [3] for the 7- element array (4.5 nm diameter rope) with span lengths of 285 and 180 nm, revealed shearing tractions of 136 and 200 MPa, respectively.
• Fracture energies for SWCN fracture are significant!
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Functionality
Can multifunctionality provide the pathway for accelerated adoption?
Are devices the fertile area?
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Radial breathing mode spectra
Inte
ns
ity(
a.u
)Raman spectroscopyRaman spectroscopy
Higher Intensity in parallel polarization direction.
Similar result seen for both two grades of CNT
Orientation
0.5% nanotube(CS) composite microfiber
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
Perpendicular
Parallel
Raman shift(cm-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
1500 1525 1550 1575 1600 1625 1650 1675 1700
Perpendicular
Parallel
Tangential mode spectra