Opinions, Speech Acts, Collocations
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Transcript of Opinions, Speech Acts, Collocations
DEMANDS OF COMMUNICATION
SPEECH ACTS,EXPRESSING OPINIONS, AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
TURN TAKING NARRATION,
EXPOSITION AND CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
THE WRITING PROCESS
DESCRIPTION
objectives
• Increase your vocabulary through collocation and words in a cline
• Express your opinion in various situations in oral or written forms
• Express agreement and disagreement over certain issues
• Use speech acts appropriately in oral and written discourse
• Use the functions of sentences appropriately
IN LOVE, WOULD RATHER CHOOSE TO FOLLOW YOUR HEART OR YOUR MIND?
There are times wherein you’ll be asked to give your reactions on varied situations or events.
You should expect that there will be others that will disagree or agree with what you think. In this case, you should welcome such opinion because you cannot always influence other
people’s belief and values.
expressing opinions
expressions• I think/ feel that…• I believe that…• In my opinion…• It is my opinion that…• My view/ perception of
the matter/ issue is that…
• Uh-huh• You are correct• I agree• I certainly agree with you• I think so, too• We share the same
opinion• That’s really true• I think you are right
agreement disagreement• Ah-ah• You are wrong!• I don’t agree with you• I disagree with what
you said• I don’t think so• I think you are
mistaken
• You have a point there, but…
• I agree with you in a sense but…
• That may be true, however…
• I get what you mean but…
clarification• Please explain more
your point.• Would you be kind to
elaborate more on the matter?
• Could you elaborate on that?
Partial agreement
Is the blue side in the front or back of the
cube?
Rectangles or diamonds?
How many Fs do you see in the text above?
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE-
SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIF-
IC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.
speech acts
in order to fully understand a message, it is very important to know the action in accordance with
the language being used. Speech acts are used to give meaning and understand a discourse.
example
• “There is a policeman at the corner.”
This could be a warning, an assurance, a dare, a hint, or a reminder to go and take
your car out of the handicapped space you are parked in.
example
• “I promise I’ll be there tomorrow.”
• “If you don’t behave, I promise you there’s going to be trouble.”
This could be a threat or a promise, depending
on whether his presence tomorrow is a
disadvantage or an advantage to the
listener. Contrast the sentence above with:
This sentence says it’s a “promise,” but it’s a
“threat.”
Utterance
Locutionary Force (what is said)
Illocutionary Force (what is done)
Perlocutionary Force (the effect)
speech acts force
utteranceAn utterance is a spoken word or string of spoken words. At the simplest
level, to utter is simply to say a word with no
particular forethought or intention to communicate
a meaning.
propositional
A more meaningful type of utterance makes
reference to or describes a real or imaginary object.
In the act of making a propositional utterance the speaker gains the
opportunity to interact.
illocutionary An illocutionary utterance is spoken with the intention of making contact with a listener. Illocutionary utterances are usually sentences that contain propositional utterances, that is, they refer to things in the world -- but it is their intentional nature that is of the most importance.
perlocutionaryIllocutionary speech acts may be intended to provide information, solicit answers to questions, give praise, and so on, but they don't necessarily require that the listener change his or her behavior. Perlocutionary utterances, on the other hand, do attempt to effect a change.
types of speech act
• Commissives (Affect Speaker, Subjective)TYPES: Oath, Offer, Promise
• Declaratives (Change the Macrocosmic Social World)TYPES: Baptism, Marriage
• Directives (Change the Microcosmic Social World)TYPES: Command, Request
• Expressives (Feelings of Speaker)TYPES: Apology, Thanks
types of speech act• Interrogatives (Hearer Knows Best)
TYPES: Closed (yes-no), Loaded, Open
• Imperatives (Directives) (Affect Hearer)TYPES: Request, Requirement, Threat, Warning
• Performatives (Affect world)TYPES: Agreement, Appointment, Baptism, Declaration of Independence, Dedication, Marriage
• Representatives (Objective Descriptive Statements)TYPES: Statement that is either True or False
speech act model
exampleCONTEXT INTENTION MEANING TYPE OF ACT
A friend has just asked how I feel
To answer the question I feel fatigued Statement
Someone I'm trying to avoid has asked me if I'd
like to go dancing tonight
To politely avoid her I'd rather not Statement
My husband and I are watching a football game on television
That we do something else
Could we turn this off?
Questionor Request
It's late and my small children are asking if we
can go to the movies To put them to bed No, go to bed Command
A COLLOCATION is an expression consisting of two or more words that correspond to some
conventional way of saying things. Collocations of a given word are statements of the habitual
or customary places of that word.”
collocations
types of collocations
COLLOCATIONS may be categorized in to two groups namely, the LEXICAL and GRAMMATICAL COLLOCATIONS
lexical collocations
lexical collocation is a type of construction where a verb, noun, adjective or adverb forms a
predictable connection with another word
• Noun + Noun:
• Adjective + Noun:
• Adjective + Adjective:
• Adverb + Verb:
lexical combinations
Peace and orderLove and hate
Check and balanceShort circuitExcruciating pain
Fast foodBroad daylight
Small but terribleRich and powerfulCute and cuddlyHopelessly devoteHighly anticipateStrongly oppose
Evenly distributed
• Adverb + Adjective:
• Noun + Verb:
• Verb + Noun:
lexical combinations
Badly harmedPartly cloudyPhysically fitLion’s roarDuck walk
Suicide noteMake room
grammatical collocations
grammatical collocation is a type of construction where for example a verb or adjective must be followed by a particular
preposition, or a noun must be followed by a particular form of the verb
• Verb + Preposition:
• Adjective + Preposition:
• Noun + Particular form of verb:
grammatical combinations
Strength to lift itEars to hear with
Afraid of
depend onPass byWalk on
The term "collocation" in its linguistic sense is relatively new and not all linguists agree on its definition. In fact there is
considerable disagreement and even some confusion. Some linguists treat fixed phrases as extended collocations. Others
suggest that when a sequence of words is 100% predictable, and allows absolutely no change except possibly in tense, it is not
helpful to treat it as a collocation. Such sequences they generally treat as fixed expressions ("prim and proper") or idioms ("kick
the bucket").
When is a collocation NOT a collocation?