OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINESWATER REUSE GUIDELINES

Shaden Abdel GawadProfessor and Former President

National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt

NENA – LWD, Amman 16 Dec 2013

2005-2017

River Nile55.5 BCM/Y

Treated Wastewater0.7-2.0 BCM/Y

Rainfall and Floods

1.0-1.5 BCM/Y

Groundwater in the Deserts

and Sinai1.0-1.5 BCM/Y

Groundwater in the Valley and the Delta6.8-8.0 BCM/Y

Drainage water reuse in the

Delta5.20-8.0 BCM/Y

Water in EGYPTWater in EGYPT

Challenges

Negative Socio–Economic conditions

Health hazard

low crop production and quality

Low water quality Soil degradation

Guidelines Importance

Guidelines were developed to assist landholders to adopt safe and effective practices for reusing drainage water

in irrigation.

Guidelines Objectives:

Avoiding long-term degradation of crops and soil

Protecting environmental quality and public health.

Ensuring the social and economic well being of the farmers.

Innovation

Success of drainage water reuse is based on Development of integrated Agriculture, Environmental and Socio-economic Guidelines

)

Developm

ent P

hase

Reclam

ation P

hase

S

T

E

P

2

Wate

r

User

s

Develo

ping of

infra

-

S

T

E

P

3 ( Ta

bl

e

3 )

Graduates Beneficiaries Status

Available? Yes

Investors

safe

heal

th

requi

reme

nts

( T

ab

le

4

Safe for Environment and Human Health

Yes No

STEP 1 Define the socio-economic category of

the beneficiaries (Table 1)

STEP 2 Evaluate water availability

Activate the Water Users Associations And Water Boards

Develop irrigation and drainage infra- structure or improve

existing infrastructure

STEP 3

Assess Water quality (Table 6)

STEP 4 Determination of reclamation stage

and agriculture water quality (Table9)

Implement hygiene

practices

(Table 8)

Small farmers

Treatment alternatives

(Tables 7a, 7b)

Implement initial socio-economic improvements

(Tables 2,3,4,5)

Leaching Leaching cropping

Stage

Normal cropping

Step 5 Implement management, financial and

marketing support services

(Table 17)

Implement agricultural technical support services

(Tables 10,11,12)

Select Crops appropriate to water and

soil quality

(Table13a,13b,13c.13d.13e)

Evalaute Practices

Implement agriculture and field management practices (Tables 14, 15a, 15b, 15c, 16)

No

Social

Social

Environmental

Agricultural

Operational Guidelines Flowchart

Khalid Ibn El Walied

�ُEl-Ezdehar

Makka El-Eman

Tarek Ibn Ziad

El-Rowad

Khalid Ibn ElWalied

�ُEl-Ezdehar

Makka El-Eman

Tarek Ibn Ziad

El-Rowad

Pilot Areas selection (1

Guidelines Development Steps

Monitoring program (2Data analysis (3

Testing (5

Hag

Main RoadSmall Canal

Grass

Outside Farm Sugar beet1

2

3

4

Sugar beet

Sugar beet

Diver

Observation

Sm

all

Can

al

Barley WheatBerssem

Housing

m 73

1

Observation wellDiver

Strip number

well

well Observation

Observationwell

Hamed

Computerized Interface (6

(

Develo

pm

ent

Phase

Recla

matio

n

Phase

S

T

E

P

2

Wate

r

User

s

Develo

ping of

infra

-

S

T

E

P

3 ) Ta

bl

e

3 (

Graduates Beneficiaries Status

Available? Yes

Investors

safe

heal

th

requi

reme

nts

) T

ab

le

4

S afe for Environment andHuman Health

Yes No

STEP 1 Define the socio- economic category of

the beneficiaries) Table1 (

STEP2 Evaluate water availability

Activate the Water Users Associations And Water Boards

Develop ir rigation and drainageinfra- structure or improve

existing infrastructure

STEP3

Assess Water quality) Table6(

STEP4 Determination of reclamation stage

and agriculture water quality)Table9(

Implement hygiene practices

) Table8(

Small farmers

Treatment alternatives

) Tables7a ,7b(

Implement initialsocio- economicimprovements

) Tables2,3,4,5(

Leaching Leachingcropping

Stage

Normalcropping

Step5 Implement management , financial and

marketing support services

) Table17(

Implement agriculturaltechnical support services

) Tables10,11,12(

Select Crops appropriate to water and

soil quality

)Table13a,13b,13c.13d.13e(

Evalaute Practices

Implement agriculture and field management practices) Tables14 ,15a, 15b ,15c ,16(

No

Integrated framework (4

Operational guidelines

Bio-physical and Socio-economic

Monitoring program

Reports and studiesprepared by local

and Canadian consultant

National and International Standards

(FAO, WHO, Canada)

DWIP Guidelines

Results from Demonstration

farms

Inputs from stakeholders and

beneficiariesField testing

Inputs to the Development of Guidelines

Guidelines Application StepsStep 1: Definition of Beneficiaries Categories

Yes/NoYesYes/NoHigh School/University Education

Yes/NoYes/NoYesAgricultural Experience

YesNoNoFinancial Capacity

>20 feddans

+5 feddans<2.5 feddans

Holding Size

InvestorsGraduatesSmall Farmers

Socio-Economic Category

Step 2: Evaluation of Water Availability(available or not)

If water is available go to Step 3: Assessment of Water Quality

Parameter Unit Standards

Boron mg/l 3

Fluoride (F) mg/l 1

Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 30

Sulphate mg/l 1000

Chloride mg/l 100-700

pH -- 6.0-9.0

TDS h mg/l 2000

C.O.D h mgO2/l 80

B.O.D h mgO2/l 4 0

Fecal Coliform (CFU/100ml) 1000

Oil & grease mg/l 5

Benzene mg/l 2.5

If water quality is higher than GL and not safe, apply treatment techniques and hygiene practices

Engineered wetlandsMicro-scale constructed wetlandMicro-scale constructed wetland

Step 4: Determination of Reclamation StageStages Soil Salinity (dS/m)

Leaching >25

Leaching and some cropping 4 to 25

Normal cropping <4

Step 5: Implement management, financial and marketing support services

Final Statement

• The concepts and theory behind the guidelines are sufficiently broad, that it can be applied to other regions

• Some modifications may be required depending on the needs of stakeholders and beneficiaries, as well as on the prevailing socio-economic and environmental conditions

Thank youThank you