B.sc i bio tech u 1 operating system concept & computer generation
Operating system concept
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Operating System Concept
Sunawar KhanMBA(IT),
MS(CS)
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What Is An Operating System?• An Operating System is an interface between user and hardware of a computer
system.
• An Operating System is a system software which may be viewed as an organized collection of software consisting of procedures for operating a computer and providing an environment for execution of programs.
• An Operating System is a control program.• This program controls the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of
the computer.
• An Operating System is similar to a Government.
• An Operating System can be defined as a Resource Manager.• As a resource manager and allocator, the OS will resolve the confliting request for
computer resources(CPU time, memory space, files storage space, input/output devices, etc) from various users or programs.
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What Is an Operating System?
• Separates applications from the hardware they access• Software layer• Manages software and hardware to produce desired results
• Operating systems primarily are resource managers• Hardware
• Processors• Memory• Input/output devices• Communication devices
• Software applications
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Goals of An Operating System• A computer’s Operating system is a group of programs
designed to serve two basic purposes:• To control the allocation and use of the computing system’s resources
among the various users and tasks.• To provide an interface between the computer hardware and the
programmer.• To make the computer system convenient to use.
• To use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
• provide an environment in which a user may execute programs.
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GoalsEfficiency
Robustness
Scalability
ExtensibilityPortability
Security
Protection
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Structure of Operating System
Application Programs
System Programs
Software (Operating System)
HARDWARE
User
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Three Elements of OS
User Interface
• The part of the OS that you interface with.
Kernel
• The core of the OS. Interacts with the BIOS (at one end), and the UI (at the other end).
File Managemen
t System
• Organizes and manages files.
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Physical Devices
Microprogramming
Machine Language
Operating System
Compilers
Banking System
Airline System
Editors Command Interpreter
Application Programs
System Programs
Hardware
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Physical Devices
Integrated circuit chips, wires, power suppliers, cathode ray tube, etc.
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Physical Devices
Microprogramming
Directly controls the physical devices and provides a cleaner interface to the next layer. It interprets the instructions from the above layer and carry out them.
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Physical Devices
Microprogramming
Machine Language
Instructions for moving data around the machine, doing arithmetic and comparing values. I/O devices are controlled by loading values into specified device registers.
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Physical Devices
Microprogramming
Machine Language
Operating System
Major function is to hide all h/w complexity and give the programmer a more convenient set of instructions to work with.
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Physical Devices
Microprogramming
Machine Language
Operating System
Compliers Editors Command Interpreter
The OS runs in kernel mode but the compilers and editors run in user mode. If a user does not like a particular complier, the user is free to write his own but he is not free to write his own disk interrupt handler, which is part of the OS.
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Physical Devices
Microprogramming
Machine Language
Operating System
Compliers
Banking System
Airline System
Editors Command Interpreter
These programs are written by the users to solve their particular problems, such as commercial data processing, engineering calculations, or game playing.
A Computer system consists of Hardware, System Programs and Application Programs
How Computer System Works
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Types of Operating Systems
On The Base of
Processing
Batch Processin
g OS
Time Sharing
OS
Real Time OS
On the Base of
User
Single User OS
Single User Single
Tasking
Single User
Multitasking
Multiuser OS
Multi programmi
ng OS
Multitasking OS
MultiProcessin
g OS
On the Base of
Interface
Command Line
Interface
Menu Driven
Interface
Graphical User
Interface
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Processing Based OS• Batch Processing OS
• Users submit jobs to a central place where these jobs are collected into a batch, and subsequently placed on an input queue at the computer where they will be run. The user has no interaction with the job during its processing. The computer’s response time is the turnaround time- the time from submission of the job until execution is complete, and the results are ready for return to the person who submitted the job.
• Time Sharing OS• Computer provides computing services to several or many users concurrently on-line.
Various users are sharing the central processor, the memory and other resources of the computer system. The user has full interaction with the program during its execution.
• Real Time OS• A RTOS is designed to support execution of tasks within specific wall clock time
constraints. Use of RTOS is mostly limited to dedicated applications such as industrial control systems, weapon systems and computer-controlled products. RTOS is managing the resources so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs.
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Multiprogramming Based OS
Multitasking Operating System• More than one active user programs to
be stored in the main memory.Multiprocessing OS• A computer hardware configuration that
includes more than one independent processing unit.
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Evolution of OSMajor Phases Technical
InnovationOperating System
Open Shop The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop (1954)
Batch Processing Tape batching,First-in, first-out scheduling.
BKS system (1961)
Multi-programming
Processor multiplexing, Indivisible operations, Demand paging, Input/output spooling, Priority scheduling, Remote job entry
Atlas supervisor (1961),Exec II system (1966)
Timesharing Simultaneous user interaction,On-line file systems
Multics file system (1965),Unix (1974)
Personal Computing Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)Pilot system (1980)
Distributed Systems Remote servers WFS file server (1979) Unix United RPC (1982)24 Amoeba system (1990)
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Booting• Cool Boot• Warm Boot
Memory Management• Virtual Memory• Swap File• Thrashing
Job Scheduling
Device Controlling
Accessing Web
Monitoring Performan
ce
House Keeping Services
Function of OS
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Functions of Operating System • Memory management
• The o/s keeps track of the memory, what parts are in use and by whom.
• Process management• The o/s keeps track of processors and the status of processes. It decides who will have a chance to use
the processor.
• Device management• The o/s keeps track of the devices, channels, control units and decides what is an efficient way to
allocate the device.
• Information management• O/S keeps track of the information, its location, use, status etc. and decides who gets use of the
resources, enforce protection requirement
• Protection • An o/s is to protect the user from unauthorized access of his files or data. And also it should protect itself from
users
• Error Handling• An o/s must respond to errors by taking the appropriate actions.-*
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Utility Programs
Types
• File Manager• Image Viewer• Search Utility• Drive Imaging• Disk Burning• File Compressor• Diagnostic Utility• Personal Computer
Maintenance Utility • Disk Scanner• Antivirus• Disk Defragmenter• Backup and Reset
Utility • Task Manger Utility • Disk Cleanup• Uninstaller• Task Scheduler Utility • Personal Firewall • Spyware Remover• Adware Remover• File Conversion Utility
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•Success Is A Journey Not A Destination.
•Sunawar Khan