Operating, Calibrating, and Maintaining Feed Handling Systems Lesson 8.
Operating, Calibrating, and Maintaining Animal Waste Management Systems
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Transcript of Operating, Calibrating, and Maintaining Animal Waste Management Systems
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Operating, Calibrating, and Maintaining Animal Waste
Management Systems
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Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed
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Bell Work/Objectives
• Describe the principles of waste management systems.
• Identify animal waste characteristics.• Explain operating practices used in animal
waste management.• Describe the calibration of waste
management systems.• Explain the maintenance procedures for
waste management systems.
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Terms
• Anaerobic
• Earth basins
• Pits
• Semi-solid manure
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Interest Approach
• Display a quart jar of manure to students. Ask them what it is and what it can be used for. Lead a discussion concerning the importance of waste management systems.
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Objective #1
What are the principles of waste management systems?
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Principles• All waste starts with a source
– animal, milk house, lot run-off
• All systems end in the soil• All systems include investment,
labor, convenience, aesthetics, and regulations
• No system is best, all have advantages and disadvantages– depends on personal
preference, available capital & labor, waste sources, soil type, cropping practices
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Regulations• Federal, State, and Local regulations
attempt to minimize or eliminate pollution.
• Well-designed system can achieve these goals.
• Federal regulations apply to all states and operations considered commercial in size.
• State and local regulations can impose stricter requirements on holding capacities, application times, ground water protection.
• Zoning & Public Health laws can affect design, construction, operation, & management of manure disposal systems.
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Characteristics of animal waste.
• Properties depend on species, ration digestibility, protein & fiber content, age, environment & productivity
• Waste with 20-25% solids is handled as solid• 10 - 20% solid, handling depends on type of solid• 4 - 10% solid, handle as a liquid w/ special pumps• 0 - 4% solid, handled with irrigation pump or flushing
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Objective #3
What are the operating practices used in animal waste
management?
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Waste Collection
• Consider the type of facility, labor, investment, and total waste handling.
• Solid & semi-solid can be collected with tractors scrapers, front end loaders, or mechanical scrapers
• Liquid can be collected with scrapers, flushing systems, gravity flow gutters, or slotted floors.
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Slotted Floors• Separates waste from livestock.• Materials, spacing, & width depends on
manure and experience with slippage, feet injury, and other animal responses.
• Consider initial costs, predicted life, use, strength, corrosion, noise, and replacement cost.
• Waste beneath the floor is removed with water into a storage lagoon.
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Solid floors
• Sloped solid floors aid in manure movement towards gutter or slotted area.
• Animals traffic tends to work the manure down slopes of 4% or more.
• Steeper slope can cause footing problems.
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Types of slatted livestock flooring.
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Collection Methods
• Shallow manual gutters– involve manure being hand scraped outside or into a pit
every day to control odors
• Mechanical Scrapers– reduce manual labor depending on storage and
cleanliness required
• Flush System– large volume of water flows down a gutter– water recycled in lagoon, earth basin, holding pond– timeliness of flushes depends on accumulation
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Transporting
• Transporting from animal facility to storage facility involves large piston pump, pneumatic pump, centrifugal pump or gravity.
• System selected depends on farm’s characteristics, housing system, bedding practices, labor, and storage system.
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Handling
• Manure can be handled as solid, semi-solid, or liquid.
• Amount of bedding or dilution of water influences form.
• Form influences selection of collection, storage facility and spreading equipment.
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Storage - Site selection
• evaluate site and soil conditions
• avoid locating unlined facilities over shallow creviced bedrock or below water table
• avoid storing in sandy or gravely soils
• consider soil to a depth of 3’ below storage bottom
• check for buried utilities & drainage tiles
• consider surroundings and prevailing winds
• allow 100’ between water supply and facility
• locate for all year operation and access
• provide enough storage capacity
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Liquid Manure Storage
• Pits– have vertical sidewalls, lined and are below
grade– either in the building or outside
• Earth basins– earth walled structures formed by excavation– partly above and below grade– may or may not be lined– low to moderate investment– eliminate hazardous gas entrapment
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Liquid Manure Storage
• Above ground tanks – more expensive than earth basins
– good alternative when an earth basin won’t work
– work well for an enclosed building
• Anaerobic lagoon– biological treatment for
biodegradation
– anaerobic process occurs without free oxygen
– decompose more per unit than aerobic
– give off a musty odor
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Semi-solid Storage
• Semi-solid manure– manure with excess liquids drained off and some
bedding added to increase solids content
• allows waste from many sources• can be outside with picket dams to drain off
rain water• hauling schedule is flexible
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Solid Storage
• Used where manure dries sufficiently or enough bedding is added to make it stackable.
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Manure spreaders!
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Applying Solid Wastes
• Should distribute waste uniformly with the proper equipment
• equipment need to be water tight for road use• spreader mechanisms include paddles, flail,
and augers• feed apron should be variable speed• drive is either ground or PTO
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Flail Spreaders
• Flail-type– tanks with open tops – shaft mounted on
top, parallel to main axis
– chain flails on shaft throw waste out the side
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Applying Liquid Manure• Spread on fields by tank wagons, applied
with irrigation equipment or digested in lagoons before being applied.
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Objective #4
How are waste management systems calibrated?
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Waste Management
• Manure can improve fertility and crop yields.• Sampling for nutrient content is recommended.• Poorly handled manure can degrade water
quality and cause a nuisance.• Rates of application should match crop nutrient
requirements.• Record keeping is necessary for the manager.• Compliance for Federal, State, & Local
regulations is essential.
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Soil Physical Properties
• These influence application rates– water infiltration– water holding
capacity– soil texture– total exchange
capacity
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Preventative Maintenance
• Preventative Maintenance should be given priority to reduce the chance for breakage, costly repair bills and loss of time.
• Adequate and timely adjustment, repair, protection from weather, and clean-up determine life of any machine.
• Consider potential flooding and runoff when designing storage systems.
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Clean-up
• Timely equipment clean-up is necessary.
• Manure that is allowed to buildup will decrease life of equipment.
• High pressure washing is necessary to extend the life of manure handling equipment.
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Review
• What are the principles of waste management systems?
• What are the characteristics of animal waste? • What are the operating practices are used in
animal waste management?• How are waste management systems
calibrated?• What are the maintenance procedures for
waste management systems?
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The End!