Operant conditioning More on reinforcement and beyond Certain materials in this presentation are...
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Transcript of Operant conditioning More on reinforcement and beyond Certain materials in this presentation are...
Operant conditioningOperant conditioning
More on reinforcement and More on reinforcement and beyondbeyond
Certain materials in this presentation are included under The Fair Certain materials in this presentation are included under The Fair Use exemption of the U.S. copyright Law and should not be Use exemption of the U.S. copyright Law and should not be reproduced without the permission of the copyright holder.reproduced without the permission of the copyright holder.
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
The kind of learning that The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior applies to voluntary behavior in animals and peoplein animals and people
Skinner and the Skinner Skinner and the Skinner BoxBox Skinner is a behavioristSkinner is a behaviorist He followed ThorndikeHe followed Thorndike
– Law of EffectLaw of Effect If an action is followed by a pleasurable If an action is followed by a pleasurable
consequence, it will tend to be repeatedconsequence, it will tend to be repeated
– We learn how to function in lifeWe learn how to function in life
ReinforcementReinforcement
““What is in it for me”What is in it for me” To strengthenTo strengthen Contributes to behaviorContributes to behavior Follows a behavior, the Follows a behavior, the
behavior will more likely behavior will more likely happen againhappen again
Primary ReinforcerPrimary Reinforcer
Fulfills a basic needFulfills a basic need– WaterWater– Food- a candy bar Food- a candy bar – Comfort – praiseComfort – praise
Can easily be used with toddlers, young Can easily be used with toddlers, young children and animalschildren and animals
Removing pain can be a primary Removing pain can be a primary reinforcementreinforcement
Secondary reinforcerSecondary reinforcer
These must first beThese must first be paired with primarypaired with primary reinforcers to promptreinforcers to prompt increases in behaviorsincreases in behaviors
– money money
Positive ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement
Response followed by a pleasurable Response followed by a pleasurable consequence will increase the consequence will increase the response happening againresponse happening again
Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement Removal of something unpleasantRemoval of something unpleasant
Getting Pain to stopGetting Pain to stop
Reinforcement Reinforcement schedulesschedules Two different types of basic Two different types of basic
reinforcement schedules:reinforcement schedules:
Continuous-RContinuous-Reinforcementeinforcement
follows every correct follows every correct
responseresponse
Reinforcement Reinforcement schedulesschedules Partial schedules Partial schedules – – only only
occasional correct responses are occasional correct responses are reinforcedreinforced
Partial ReinforcementPartial Reinforcement
Reinforcement after some of the Reinforcement after some of the behaviorbehavior
Very resistant to extinctionVery resistant to extinction More true to real lifeMore true to real life Completed in different patternsCompleted in different patterns
The allure of intermittent The allure of intermittent reinforcementreinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement quickly succumb to extinctionquickly succumb to extinction
Intermittent Reinforcment Intermittent Reinforcment are are quite resistant to extinctionquite resistant to extinction
LottoLotto That unpredictable That unpredictable
boyfriend/girlfriend boyfriend/girlfriend
Interval ScheduleInterval Schedule
Timing of the response is more Timing of the response is more importantimportant– An event happening once in a An event happening once in a
certain amount of timecertain amount of time
Ratio ScheduleRatio Schedule
Certain amount of responses is Certain amount of responses is required for each reinforcerrequired for each reinforcer
Fixed Interval Fixed Interval ScheduleSchedule Reinforcement delivered after a Reinforcement delivered after a
fixed amount of timefixed amount of time Slow responseSlow response Quicker responsesQuicker responses
right beforeright before
reinforcement reinforcement
Variable intervalVariable interval
Reinforcement delivered after a Reinforcement delivered after a varying amount of timevarying amount of time
UnpredictableUnpredictable Responses are made at Responses are made at
a slow and steady ratea slow and steady rate An astronomer looking for An astronomer looking for
cometscomets
Fixed ratioFixed ratio
Provide reinforcement after only Provide reinforcement after only a fixed number of correct a fixed number of correct responsesresponses
Marked by a steady response rateMarked by a steady response rate If many responses are needed to If many responses are needed to
secure reinforcement, a pause secure reinforcement, a pause follows reinforcementfollows reinforcement
Variable ratioVariable ratio
Reinforcement provided after Reinforcement provided after a variable amount of a variable amount of responsesresponses
Marked by steadyMarked by steady response ratesresponse rates Playing slot machines, lotto, Playing slot machines, lotto,
other types of gamblingother types of gambling
Stimulus generalizationStimulus generalization
Somewhat similar to classical Somewhat similar to classical conditioningconditioning
If a certain response/behavior If a certain response/behavior received reinforcement in a received reinforcement in a certain situation, you are certain situation, you are likely to make the same likely to make the same response in a similar situationresponse in a similar situation
discriminationdiscrimination
Some responses gain reinforcement, Some responses gain reinforcement, others don’tothers don’t
As you would expect, those that gain As you would expect, those that gain reinforcement will be much more likely reinforcement will be much more likely to be repeatedto be repeated
We learn to chose or We learn to chose or discriminate discriminate between the twobetween the two
Discriminative stimuliDiscriminative stimuli
Any stimulus that provides an Any stimulus that provides an organism with a organism with a cue cue for for making a certain response in making a certain response in orderorder
to obtain reinforcementto obtain reinforcement Stop signsStop signs Warm smiles/ eye contactWarm smiles/ eye contact Or a frownOr a frown
PunishmentPunishment
Different than reinforcementDifferent than reinforcement– Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement
Adds something pleasurableAdds something pleasurable– Candy, money, privilegesCandy, money, privileges
– Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement Removes something painfulRemoves something painful
– Clean room so mom stops naggingClean room so mom stops nagging– Give baby bottle to stop cryingGive baby bottle to stop crying
PunishmentPunishment
Opposite of reinforcementOpposite of reinforcement– Weakens the responseWeakens the response– Takes awayTakes away
Two formsTwo forms– ApplicationApplication
Spanking, yelling, anything unpleasantSpanking, yelling, anything unpleasant
– RemovalRemoval Something pleasant is taken awaySomething pleasant is taken away
Problems with Problems with PunishmentPunishment Punishment gets forgottenPunishment gets forgotten Might avoid punisherMight avoid punisher May encourage lyingMay encourage lying Creates fearCreates fear May provide a role model of May provide a role model of
aggressive behavioraggressive behavior
ShapingShaping
•Small steps to ultimate goalSmall steps to ultimate goal•Reinforce the most simple of Reinforce the most simple of stepssteps
Latent LearningLatent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a immediately reflected in a behavior changebehavior change
Observational learningObservational learning
Learning new behavior through Learning new behavior through watching the actions of a modelwatching the actions of a model– We might like what we seeWe might like what we see– Or not Or not
Bandura’s contributionBandura’s contribution
Albert Bandura realized that Skinner’s Albert Bandura realized that Skinner’s framework was incompleteframework was incomplete
We learn from watchingWe learn from watching
the behavior of othersthe behavior of others
not just enduring thenot just enduring the
consequencesconsequences
of our ownof our own
imitationimitation
Poor Bobo, the adult cursed and Poor Bobo, the adult cursed and beat on himbeat on him– The children that watchedThe children that watched
Repeated those actionsRepeated those actions
Happy Bobo, the adult did not Happy Bobo, the adult did not interact with Bobointeract with Bobo– The Children that watchedThe Children that watched
The kids did not interact with BoboThe kids did not interact with Bobo
Vicarious Vicarious consequencesconsequences
If the children watched the adult If the children watched the adult being disciplined for pounding being disciplined for pounding BoboBobo– they didn’t rough him upthey didn’t rough him up
They had somehow vicariously They had somehow vicariously experienced the adult’s experienced the adult’s punishment and the behavior punishment and the behavior never emergednever emerged
Vicarious Vicarious reinforcementreinforcement
Powerball winnersPowerball winners Are they hidden?Are they hidden? No, they are celebrated No, they are celebrated We share in their triumph We share in their triumph We can’t wait for our chanceWe can’t wait for our chance How about all those who lost big?How about all those who lost big?
Self efficacySelf efficacy
““self esteem”self esteem”– We have to believe that we also can We have to believe that we also can
perform the behaviorperform the behavior
Self efficacy iiSelf efficacy ii
The belief that you yourself could The belief that you yourself could perform the task successfullyperform the task successfully– A key factor in maximizing potentialA key factor in maximizing potential– If we believe, we will:If we believe, we will:
1) start the process,1) start the process,
2) persist despite obstacles, 2) persist despite obstacles, andand
3) finish successfully3) finish successfully
Encouraging moral Encouraging moral behaviorbehavior
““Catch them when Catch them when they are being they are being good”?good”?
Moral behavior rarely occurs Moral behavior rarely occurs spontaneouslyspontaneously
So, we teach it through …..So, we teach it through …..
modelingmodeling
We imitate those we view We imitate those we view as:as:
1) Powerful,1) Powerful,
2) Successful,2) Successful,
3) Similar to us, and3) Similar to us, and
4) Warm/Kind.4) Warm/Kind.
Modeling iiModeling ii
We find an individual or character We find an individual or character who fits these criteria and then who fits these criteria and then we show them displaying the we show them displaying the desired qualitydesired quality
It It might might make an impression make an impression