Open:
description
Transcript of Open:
If you have finished your test, please have something else to work on…Maybe retake Unit 2-3 Test?
Mrs. VM will hand back your tests as you get in!
When finished, bring to the desk at front and grab a note sheet for today!
Open:
The Rise of American Imperialism1840-1860
Manifest Destiny
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrjg9ulR-xo&sns=fb&noredirect=1
What is the definition of “imperialism”?
Merriam-Webster:“The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending
the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.”
Imperialism
Term coined in 1844 by John O’Sullivan
Millions of Americans in the 1840s & 50s believed that God chose Americans to control the Western Hemisphere Felt their “divine mission” was to spread democratic
institutions from "sea to shining sea." Land greed and idealism joined into a potent mix for
expansion
Began in the 1830s with Jackson & Van Buren removing the Indians from the southeast to Oklahoma.
“Manifest Destiny”
John Gast, “American Progress”
Texas (1845)
Oregon (1846)
Mexican War (1846-1848)California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada territory
Gadsen Purchase (1853)Completed Southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico
http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US09-01.html
Four waves of expansion:
Mexico had refused to recognize Texas independence since 1836. Threatened war if U.S. should try annexationTexas feared Mexico’s larger and superior military
forces Texas became the leading issue in the 1844
campaign (Polk v. Clay) Opponents feared expansion of slavery into a new
regionSoutherners strongly supported annexation of
Texas as it would add another slave state to the UnionPolk won the election
Texas Joins the Union
In 1845, President Tyler got a joint resolution in Congress for annexationRequired only majority vs. 2/3 support of
Senate for treaty
Texas became part of the U.S. by the time Polk took the oath of office in March, 1845 Mexico claimed the U.S. had unjustly taken
Texas and refused to recognize the annexation
Texas Joins the Union
One of the most successful one-term presidents in U.S. historyReduced the TariffRestablished the Independent Treasury
SystemAcquisition of CaliforniaSettlement of the Oregon dispute
Strong proponent of Jacksonian ideals (his supporters called him “Young Hickory”)
Polk was a slave-owner his entire life and owned plantations in Tennessee and Mississippi
President James Polk
American migration flowed into the Oregon region (south of the Columbia River)
Oregon Trail (1840’s): flood of pioneers with came to Oregon on a trail blazed by Jedediah Smith. 2,000 mile trail began at Independence, Missouri or
Council Bluffs, IowaBy 1846, 5,000 U.S. settlers lived south of Columbia
River; British had only 700 people living north of riverBritain was concerned about large U.S. migration
into the region A disputed area existed between the Columbia River
and the 49th parallel—compromise of the 49th parallel was initially refused by Britain
Oregon
Britain was concerned about large U.S. migration into the region A disputed area existed between the Columbia River
and the 49th parallelPolk abandoned the campaign pledge of a 54˚40’
boundarySome Democrats had advocated "54˚40’or fight!“Didn't want to tip north-south political balance with
new additional northern states.Southerners, happy with Texas annexation and the
election, accepted the 49th parallel.Early in 1846, Britain agreed to the 49th parallel as
the new Oregon border between the U.S. and Canada
Oregon: “54˚40’or fight!“
U.S. received Oregon territory south of the 49th parallel
War with Mexico influenced many senators to seek a quick end to the dispute
Northwestern states were angry that southerners got all of Texas but the U.S. did not get all of Oregon.
Oregon Treaty (1846)
Polk sought to buy California from MexicoMexico not interested as they were still angry
concerning Texas’ annexation California was seen as gateway to the PacificTexas’ annexation issue caused Mexico to sever
diplomatic relations with U.S. Boundary dispute
Original boundary was the northerly Nueces River; Texans claimed the Rio Grande to the South
Polk honored the Rio Grande as Texas’ boundaryMexico less concerned over boundary, wanted Texas
back
Mexican War (1846-1848)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb.2, 1848)Provisions:
U.S. gained California, and modern-day NM, AZ, UT & NV -- Mexico thus lost one-half of its territory
U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico of $3,250,000
Guaranteed male citizens in Mexican Cession liberty and property
Treaty approved by the Senate 38-14 despite bitter debateWhigs disapproved of war & even threatened to cut off
supplies to U.S. forces in MexicoExpansionists in South clamored for all of MexicoCalhoun pushed for the treaty immediately before significant
opposition mounted.
Mexican War (1846-1848)
Most significantly, the slavery issue was ignited: would slavery exist in the new territories? In a broad sense, Mexican War contributed to the Civil War Abolitionists saw the Mexican War as conspiracy of southern
slave ownersWilmot Proviso, 1848 (proposed law; did not pass Congress)
David Wilmot proposed a law that slavery should never exist in any of the territory gained from Mexico
Twice passed the House but not the Senate; endorsed by all but one free state
Southerners resented Northern attempts to prevent the expansion of slavery
U.S. territory increased by 1/3 (including Texas); bigger than the Louisiana Territory purchased in 1803
U.S. forces became experienced in war; this would affect the scope of the Civil War
Results of Mexican War
U.S. sought a transcontinental railroad to connect California and Oregon to the rest of the countrySea routes from the east coast were impractical and left
the west coast militarily vulnerableIssue in Congress: should the future transcontinental
railroad route run through the North or South? Too costly to build two railroads simultaneouslyRailroad would provide enormous benefits to the region
receiving itSouthern route partly below the Mexican border would
provide a way around the Rocky mountainsU.S. purchased Mesilla Valley (in Southern New
Mexico and Arizona) from Santa Anna for $10 million
The Gadsen Purchase (1853)
South now had the advantage regarding the railroadProposed route ran through states or organized
territory unlike Nebraska in the North; Rocky Mountains were far lower on the southern route
North rushed to organize Nebraska territory but Southerners blocked it
After the Gadsden Purchase (1854) the U.S. border below Canada and above Mexico was completeLast territory acquired in the continental
United States
Gadsen Purchase Results
Pg 352Pg 493-502
Readings 11/15