Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea
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Transcript of Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne
Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea
University of Milano-Bicocca , 6 march 2012
Lucien Chabason, President of the Blue PlanMember of the scientific and technical committee, FPA2
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne
The Mediterranean sea: classical environmental problems/emerging
issues Despite their seriousness,global issues related
to the marine environment should not lead to neglecting classical policies
As a consequence, governance of the Mediterranean Sea should be reshuffled with a view of properly adressing new challenges in an integrated approach
22
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne 33
Continuous/Increasing pressures at the regional and local levels
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne 44
Demography
1970 2000 2025
Pays rive Nord
169 193 197
Pays rive Est et Sud
116 234 327
Total Méd 285 427 524
Population des pays méditerranéens, en million d’habitants
Indice de fécondité
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne 55
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne 66
Littoralisation
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Tourism
Trend of receipts of the international tourism per tourist, 1970-2007 (US dollars)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
US
Do
llars
p
er
tou
rist
Mediterranean
World
• Purveyor of employment and foreign currencies
• Highly vulnerable to downturns
• 40% of touristic arrivals by plane, 52% terrestrial
• Seasonal concentration still important
• Few development apart from coastal areas
• 275 million international visitors
• 30% of the world’s international tourism
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Industrial pollution
88
• Northern countries more proficient in matters of pollution sources monitoring than Southern basin
• General parameters more monitored than hazardous substances
Production of energyManufacture of metals Manufacture of cement Oil refining
4 sectors responsible for the highest emissions of hazardous substances
Distribution of releases of BOD from point sources in the Mediterranean region ,2003 (kg/an)
Oil refining,Food packing,
Farming of animals
Responsible of 87% of regional BOD emissions
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Transportation
99
• 30% of the total final energy consumption
• 20 % of the total CO² emissions in 2005 but growth of 65% in the SEMCs
• Steady growth of road and air transport since the 1990s
• 50% rise in the capacity in the Mediterranean harbours
Container traffic in Mediterranean harbours, 2005 (TEU)
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Classical features of marine environment
degradation remain a matter of concern (despite recent improvement)
1010
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Avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne
Pollution from ships
1111
Trend in distribution of accident types and released quantities (releases above 700 tonnes ), 1977-2007,
(tonnes)
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
77-84 85-91 92-97 98-03 04-07
Other accidents
Foundering
Terminal operation
Collision/Contact
Grounding
Fire/Explosion
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Pollution from cities
1414
Cities with or without wastewater treatment plaint
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Heavy metals
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Eutrophication
1616
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Erosion of biodiversity
1717
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Fisheries
1818
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Recent and / or emerging issues
1919
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Aquaculture
2020
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Offshore oil drilling activities
2121
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Introduction of non-indigeneous species
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Desalinization
2323
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Climate change and the Mediterranean Sea
2424
Sea temperature rising Observed temperatures : cf. 1979 -
2003
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Comparaison des températures (en °C) et des précipitations (en %) actuelles avec celles projetées pour 2100
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The future of deltas
2626
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Climate change and coastal tourism
2727
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Climate change and fresh water
2828
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Need for research on ecological changes due to climate change (acidification, species migration …)
2929
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Towards a new governance for the Mediterranean Sea
3030
Integrating regional bodies activities (MAP, GFCM, IUCN, ICCAT…)
Bridging the implementation gap of the Barcelona Convention and protocols
Strengthening national capacities with the support of the European Union
Increasing the level of investments for the protection of the marine environment