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2015/SFOM13/017 Session: 4

Open Government and Open Data: Global and APEC Perspective

Purpose: Information

Submitted by: World Bank

13th Senior Finance Officials’ Meeting Bagac, Philippines

11-12 June 2015

Open Government & Open DataGlobal and APEC Perspective

Rogier J.E. van den Brink, Lead Economist and Program Leader, Philippines, World Bank GroupHanif A.J. Rahemtulla, Senior Operations Officer, Philippines, World Bank GroupKai Kaiser, Senior Economist, Philippines, World Bank GroupAPEC Workshop “Fiscal Transparency in the Asia-Pacific Through Open Data”Bagac, Bataan, the Philippines, June 9, 2015

Open Government:Open Data plus accountability

Strengthening the Arc of Accountability: Amplifying citizen voices, increasing transparency and enhancing accountability

Open Government Partnership

Open Government Partnership• The Open Government Partnership is a

multilateral initiative that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance.

• OGP launched on Sept. 20, 2011, when the 8 founding governments (including 4 APEC Countries - Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines and the United States) endorsed the Open Government Declaration, and announced their country action plans.

• OGP has welcomed the commitment of 64 additional governments (including 5 from APEC - Canada, Chile, New Zealand, Peru, Republic of Korea) to join the Partnership.

Open Government Partnership

Open Government Partnership in APEC

• The 64 OGP participating countries have made over 1,000 commitments to make their governments more open and accountable.

• Classifying these commitments to the WB governance indicators we see a large range of commitments from Anti-Corruption, Budget Transparency, Legislation & Regulation to Sub-national Governance, Citizenship and Immigration and Science & Technology.

• In summary APEC OGP countries have made 238 commitments or a quarter of all OGP commitments. These include: United States (62), Peru (61), Mexico (41) Indonesia (36), Philippines (23)

Open Government Partnership

Open Government Partnership in APEC

Analyzing APEC OGP Countries by Commitments:

• The kinds of commitments more popular among APEC countries are e-Government (42 commitments), capacity building (32 commitments), and public participation (30 commitments)

• These are followed by Transparency and Accountability commitments including Open Government Data (19 commitments), public service delivery (17 commitments), access to information (14 commitments) and budget transparency (11 commitments).

• Sectorally, the commitments in the region focus mostly on natural resources (19 commitments), and sub-national governance (7 commitments).

Where are we on Open Data?Globally and within APEC

APEC

Global Open Data Charter(OGP Open Data Technical Working Group led by Canada)

• Global G8 Open Data Charter • G20 Pledge – Advancing Data as Weapon against Corruption • UN Data Revolution

Transparency for Accountability:Budgets and Spending

•Democratic Society:

• Govt. Budget and Govt. Spending Australia, New Zealand, United States, Chile, Canada, Mexico, Indonesia

• UK “Where does my money go’

• Finish “Tax Tree”

•Corruption (Eaves, 2009)

• Open data saved Canada $3.2b

• Illegally operating charities

• Linus' Law – "given enough eyeballs, all bugs (problems) are shallow."

Transparency for AccountabilityInformation’s Role in Reducing Corruption in Uganda’s Education Sector

Ritva Reinikka and Jakob Svensson (1997, 2004)

Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Uganda

• For every dollar spent by central government on non-wage education items in 1995, only 20 cents actually reached schools.

• Information campaign targeting schools (e.g. displaying inflow of funds on the school blackboard for parents to monitoring the grant program) reduced capture from 80% in 1995 to 20% by 2001.

• The simple fact of publishing the data had a big impact…

Open Data IndexThe Global State of Open Data (OKF 2014)

Transport Timetables, Government Budgets, Government Spending, Election Results, Company Register, National Map, Legislation, Postcodes/Zipcodes, Pollutant/Emissions.

Open Data Index (2013)

Examines technical openness:Does the data exist? Is the data in digital form? Is the data available online? Is the data machine-readable? Is it available in bulk? Is the data provided on a timely and up to date basis?Examine the legal status of openness:Is the data publicly available? Is the data available for free? Is the data openly licensed?

APEC Open Data Index 2013 (APEC)

APEC Open Data Index 2014 (APEC)

Emergence of New Open Data Initiatives in 2014: Chile and Philippines.

Open Data BarometerWorld Wide Web Foundation (2015)

• Aquino Social Contract Priorities– A vision anchored in transparent, accountable and

participatory governance.

• Grand Challenges for Public Sector Service Delivery– Concrete outcomes

• Improving public services, increasing public integrity and more effectively managing public resources.

– Cement better governance & government after 2016• Institutional rather than individual change

• Locking in Governance Reform through high profile international agreements such as the OGP

• Open Data Barometer– Tri-partite Assessment on Readiness, Implementation and Impact of 86

countries representing a wide range of political, social and economic circumstances.

– Includes the use expert surveys as part of the assessment

– Government that is “open by default” is a long way off for most of the world’s citizens.

• Of the 86 countries included in the Barometer:• 1,290 datasets sampled 10% are actually open (7% in 2013)

• 8% publish open data on government spending

• 6% publish open data on government contracts

• 3% publish open data on the ownership of companies.

• 7% of countries release open data on the performance of health services

• 12% provide corresponding figures on education.

Open Data Barometer (Globe)World Wide Web Foundation (2015)

Open Data Barometer (APEC)World Wide Web Foundation (2015)

Transparency is not enough

APEC

Transparency is not enoughPutting Band-Aid on a Corpse” (Banerjee, Duflo and Glennester 2000)

Putting Band-Aid on a Corpse

• Indian Health System plagued by high staff absence.

• Nurses’ presence in public health facilities recorded by NGO.

• Government penalized the worst delinquents – monitoring system effective!

• Local health administrators undermined the program by increasing the number of exempt daysfor nurses.

• The program became completely ineffective.

Need Feedback and Follow Up

• Trust: People need to believe their voices will count• Daraja, an initiative that encouraged citizens to SMS non-functional water points in

Njombe, Tanzania, had a very low uptake: out of 829 messages received in the extended pilot phase, only 183 met the criteria to be forwarded to the District Water Engineer, and just 38 came from the piloted area. Clearly, the core idea failed to take hold, and the project was discontinued.

• Capacity• Kathmandu, Nepal: Hello Sarkar (hello government), also known as the 24 hour-

control room, received a total of 6,000 complaints over a period of one and half months, key ministries simply could not cope and therefore largely ignored the public complaints lodged through Hello Sarkar.

• Awareness• Huduma, Kenya. “Fix My Community”. An excellent initiative, a well designed app

but that had not been used by much more than 500 people, despite over US$ 1 Million in investment (!).

New York City 311

Open Government Needed:Open Data with Accountability

Indonesia PNPM Beneficiary Feedback

23

Philippines:4Ps Citizen Feedback – Citizens Corner CCT

Closing the feedback loop:The three legs of the accountability “triangle” all

need to work

Strengthening the Arc of Accountability: Amplifying citizen voices, increasing transparency and enhancing accountability