Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net

Reviewing the Literature

Paul Kawachi FRSA

Open University of China

kawachi @ open-ed.net

Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net

Reviewing the Literature

Paul Kawachi FRSA

Open University of China

kawachi @ open-ed.net

http://www.open-ed.net / library / review.ppt

Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net

suggestions as a road map

to help guide researchers as writers in

how to review the literature

overview

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i cycles iteratively

ii four stages in each cycle

iii the cycles

iv examples in practice

overview

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i cycles iteratively :

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cycles

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learningoccurs in cyclesiteratively

with each cycle moving on into the nextthroughout life

cycles

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reviewingthe literature occurs in cycles

with each cycle furtherdeveloping your understanding

cycles

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ii four stages in each cycle :

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a cycle

the transactional distance model of learning

Stage 1 get input

Stage 2 organise

Stage 4 output

Stage 3 critique

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stages in a cycle

less

transactional

distance

1 S - D -

2 S+ D -

3 S+ D+

4 S - D+

cooperative sharing old

collaborative creative

collaborative disjunctive

cooperative experiential

the transactional distance model of learningS = imposed structure D = educative dialogue

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1

2

4

3.

1

2

3.

3.

4

1

24

four stages

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1

2

4

3.

1

2

3.

3.

4

1

24

four stages

get input

organise

output

critique

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four-stages in each cycle :

1 : get input

2 : organise

3 : critique

4 : output

four stages

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four-stages in each cycle :

1 : get input

2 : organise

3 : critique

4 : output

four stages

experience, search, read, listen

link examples with reasons

disjunctively judge, decide

test out, get feedback and learn

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iii the cycles :

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four-stages in each cycle :

1 : get input

2 : organise

3 : critique

4 : output

this cycle repeats with more purpose, refinement, detail …

cycles

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four-stages in each cycle :

this cycle repeats with more purpose, refinement, detail …

cycles

14

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initial cycle :

second cycle :

next cycle :

more cycles :

cycles

1 experience, 2 reflect on why, 3 what alternatives, and 4 try to get some consistent understanding

1 taking initial understanding as a starting point, read, and search for related input, 2 collate notes and link up by reasons, 3 share and consider alternatives, then 4 write a draft

1 research, 2 annotate earlier draft, 3 share and consider alternatives, then 4 write a better draft

repeat similar activities in the four stages

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cycles :

so there are cycles of reading the literature, thinking about the value of the input content, comparing different views from various sources, and writing an original sensible interpretation

cycles

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iv examples in practice :

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now let’s look at sources of literature

and

how to access these

in practice

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sources of literature :

encyclopaedia and reference books

library indexed books

newspapers and periodicals

academic journals and conference proceedings

online sources and internet searches

discussion groups, colleagues,

in practice

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sources of literature :

encyclopaedia and reference books

reading these general books gives you

a comprehensive overview and the framework

on which you can then position your

later more-detailed reading

in practice

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sources of literature :

library indexed books

not all books are linked to the web

in practice

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sources of literature :

newspapers and periodicals

there are 1000s of online newspapers and news lists

in practice

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sources of literature :

academic journals and conference proceedings

one article can introduce 100 related articles

and you quickly need to filter and focus your search

in practice

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sources of literature :

online sources and internet searches

more than 800 search engines giving different findings –

there are three basic kinds of search engine ;-

1)

2)

3)

in practice

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sources of literature :

discussion groups, colleagues

a global network of friends can help ;

although if you never help them

then they’ll quickly stop sending you their sources …

invest your time forwarding interesting quality news to others

in practice

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other points :

there is a pervasive inescapable need for you to

be systematic

design or adopt a system of storage-and-retrieval

to manage your reading-and-writing

see Personal Knowledge Management

finally

http://www.open-ed.net / library / pkm.ppt

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You can download these slides freely from the website

http://www.open-ed.net / library / review.ppt

or by email to me at

kawachi @ open-ed.net