Open Education: A "Simple" Introduction

Open Ed: A “Simple” Introduction

David Wiley, PhDCAO, Lumen Learning

Education Fellow, Creative Commons

#openls

Simple Gifts

'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gained, To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right.

Education is Sharing

Faculty with studentsStudents with teachers

Faculty Share With Students

Knowledge and skillsFeedback and criticism

Encouragement

Students Share With Faculty

Questions in ClassAssignments

Exams

Successful Educators

Share most compeltelywith the most students

2008 Professor in Southern US

Claimed (c) of his class lectures, declared student notes derivative works,

and asserted control over their use

“Demented with the mania of owning things”Walt Whitman

If there is no sharing…

...there is no education.

Interlude: A Riddle

What can you give without giving it away?

Ideas are Magical (Non-rival)

Can be given without being given away

“He who receives ideas from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine receives light without darkening me.”

Thomas Jefferson

Physical Expressions Are Not

To give a book you must give it away

Expressions Are Different

To give a book you must give it away

When Expressions Are Digital

They also become magical

Unprecedented Capacity

We can share (and educate) as never before

Except We Can’t

© regulates copying, adapting,and distributing those copies

InternetEnables

What to do?

CopyrightForbids

Simple Gifts


Incredible Financial Pressure

Incredible Financial Pressure

Tuition Changes...

Involve the State Legislature, the State Board of Regents

Tuition Changes...

Involve the State Legislature, the State Board of Regents

Extremely complex politically

Tuition Textbooks$0

$200$400$600$800

$1,000$1,200$1,400$1,600$1,800

Annual Costs

$1288

$1666

Textbook Pricing in Context

Provider CostNetflix – 20,000 Movies (and TV) $7.99 / monthHulu Plus – 45,000 TV (and Movies) $7.99 / monthSpotify – 15M Songs $9.99 / month

CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $20.25 / month

A Wizard of Earthsea

Studying from texts written in

disappearing ink

“Disappearing Ink” Strategies

BuybackRental

E-booksOnline subscriptions

Mixed Messages...

“This GE course is critically important”

“You’ll never need this book again”

The Access Compromise

Students trade ownership for access

As digital grows, this provides publishers with perfect control

60% Sometimes

23% Regularly

skip

Textbook Changes...

Involve individual faculty,sometimes a department

Textbook Changes...

Involve individual faculty,sometimes a department

Relatively straightforward

InternetEnables

What to do?

CopyrightForbids

Insane or Immoral Textbook Costs

plus

Simple Gifts


Use copyright to enable sharing

http://creativecommons.org/

Open Educational Resources

What are Open Educational Resources (OER)?

Any kind of teaching materials – textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans,

videos, readings, exams

What are Open Educational Resources (OER)?

(1) Are free for anyone to access, and(2) Include free copyright permission

to engage in the 5R activities

• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of

waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and

improveRevise• Combine two or moreRemix• Share with othersRedistribut

e

The 5Rs

InternetEnables

OERAllows

Leveraging the full technical capability of the internet

Over 500M OER in the World

Over half a billion pieces of content use Creative Commons licenses

Simple Gifts


“You may not take any Online Course offered by Coursera or use any Statement of Accomplishment as part of any tuition-based or for-credit certification or program for any college, university, or other academic institution without the express written permission from Coursera.”

Open Educational Resources

Open Course Ware

Open Courses

Open Textbooks

Open Course Frame-works

Simple Gifts


Two Stories

Developmental Math

From textbook and MyMathLab ($170)

To OER and MyOpenMath ($0 / $3)

% Completing with C or Better

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

48.4%60.2%

Spring 2011

No OER

Spring2013All OER

“Golden Ratio”

48% / $170 = 0.28% succeeding per dollar

60% / $3 = 20% succeeding per dollar

Associates of Business

“Z Degree”

Graduate without ever buying a textbookWorld’s first “all-OER” degree

% Dropping in Fall 2013

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

8.2%

2.3%

TraditionalSections

Z DegreeSections

When a student drops, it..

Slows down their graduation

Costs the institution tuition dollars

Utah 7-12

MethodQuasi-experimental design with:• Treatment and Control Group• Pre and Post Test• Dependent variable: Score on 2012

statewide standardized science exam• Independent variable: Textbook condition• 15 Covariates: including age, gender, special

education, English language proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and race

Propensity Score Matching

Increased group balance by 98%

Results

• IRT scaled scores increased with open textbooks, p < .001

• Multiple r squared = .635 (variance in scores accounted for in our model)

Simple Gifts


The World is Changing

How are our institutions responding?

Analog Digital

Music, Phones, TV, Newspapers,Movies, Journals, &c.

Tethered Mobile

Phones, Internet Access,Employment

Concealing Sharing

Photos, Videos, Journal Entries

Isolated Connected

People, Content, Systems

Generic Personal

Cars, Computers, Mobile Phones

Consuming Creating

Newspapers / Blogs Movies & TV / YouTube

Closed Open

Research (Articles, Journals)Data (Government, Weather, GIS)

Content (Open Educational Resources)

Then vs NowAnalog Digital

Tethered MobileConcealing Sharing

Isolated ConnectedGeneric Personal

Consuming CreatingClosed Open

Education vs EverydayAnalog Digital

Tethered MobileConcealing Sharing

Isolated ConnectedGeneric Personal

Consuming CreatingClosed Open

“Daily Divide”

(As opposed to the digital divide)

“Academic”

(This is where the common usage derives)

What About Online Learning?

What About Online Learning?

Very innovative in 1993!

Online Learning

Analog or DigitalTethered or Mobile

Concealing or SharingIsolated or ConnectedGeneric or Personal

Consuming or CreatingClosed or Open

What About MOOCs?

MOOCs


Concealing or Sharing(?)Isolated or ConnectedGeneric or Personal


Open is Fundamental

Why?

• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of

waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and

improveRevise• Combine two or moreRemix• Share with othersRedistribut

e

The 5Rs

Online Learning/MOOCs




Connecting

It’s “hard” to connect to something ifyou don't have access to it

Personalizing

It’s “hard” to personalize somethingif you don't have permission to modify it

Creating and Sharing

It’s “hard” to make and share things when you’re constantly worried about being sued

When You Can Assume “Open”

These problems disappear

OER-based Learning




Simple Gifts


“Disposable Assignments”

Students hate doing themYou hate grading them

Huge waste of time and energy

Assignments that Contribute

Students see value in doing themYou see value in grading themContribute to the greater good

Open Pedagogy

What can we do differentlywhen all content is open?

What’s Effective?

Hattie’s “Visible Learning”

Scope of the Research

Over 800 meta-analysesOver 50,000 studies

Over 80,000,000 learners

Effect Size

Measure of magnitude of impactIndependent of sample sizePopular for meta-analyses

Organizing and Transforming (0.85)“Overt or covert rearrangement of instructional materials to improve learning. (e.g., making an outline before writing a paper).... The types of strategies included in this category (such as summarizing and paraphrasing) promote a more active approach to learning tasks.” Pp. 190-191

Reciprocal Teaching (0.74)“The emphasis is on teachers enabling their students to learn and use cognitive strategies such as summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting.... The effects were highest when there was explicit teaching of cognitive strategies before beginning reciprocal teaching.” P. 204

Feedback (0.73)“The major discriminator is whether feedback is clearly directed to the various levels of task, process, or regulation, and not directed to the level of ‘self.’”

Teacher Student Relationships (0.72)“Developing relationships requires skills by the teacher – such as the skills of listening, empathy, caring, and having positive regard for others.... Teachers should learn to facilitate students’ development by demonstrating that they care for the learning of each student as a person and empathizing with students.” Pp. 118-119

Worked Examples (0.57)“Worked examples reduce the cognitive load for students such that they concentrate on the processes that lead to the correct answer and not just providing an answer.” P. 172

Formative Evaluation of Teaching (.9) “When teachers were required to use data and evidence-based models, effect sizes were higher than when data were evaluated by teacher judgment. In addition, when the data was graft, effect sizes were higher than when data were simply recorded.” P. 181

1. OER as Worked Example

Help students understand the design of the OER you’ve assigned

2. Remix OER

Assign students to organize and transform OER to more teach effectively

3. Provide Feedback on Remixes

Offer multiple types of feedback on student remixes and require revisions

4. Reciprocal Teaching

Have students teach each other using their remixes

5. Continuous Improvement

At end of term, engage in data-based formative evaluation of the course. Incorporate

student work in new version as appropriate.

Simple Gifts


Each and Every Interaction

Recorded, stored, and analyzedin order to get better

If Only We Could Get Data!

We could do analyses (aka research) too!

Canvas

Even the Grocer!

Almost every industry (1) gathers and (2) uses data more effectively than we do

What Kind of Data?

Assessment dataConstruct-relevant behavioral data

Assessment Data

Difficulty estimatesDiscrimination estimates

Per standard expertise estimates(Not just “grades”)

Behavioral Data

When they logged in, read, and workedHow long they logged in, read, and worked

Pathway informationSocial network analysis

&c.

Analytics

Tell you what to changeBut don’t give you permission to make changes

OER

Give you permission to make changesBut don’t tell you what to change

OER + Analytics

Continuous improvement

Instructional Design &Learning Sciences

Tell you how to change it

Faculty Feedback

“I wish I had this for every class I teach, for every module! The feedback and recommendations are positive, specific and are changes that I can implement quickly with minimal effort on my part.”

OER can dramatically improve a range of educational outcomes

OER can drastically reduce the cost of education

We’re not “on the edge”of this capability.

We’re doing it now.

More Discussion

#openls@opencontent

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Open Education: A "Simple" Introduction

Education

Transcript of Open Education: A "Simple" Introduction