Open Data in Italia: le sperimentazioni e le iniziative

a livello locale e nazionale

Università degli studi di milano Bicocca

Ciclo di seminari 2011-2012 in DIRITTO E TECNOLOGIE

19 gennario 2012

Lorenzo Benussi, TOP-IX Consotiumlorenzo.benussi@top-ix.org

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Public policy & Innovation

TOP-IX Consortium

Fellow, Department of Economics University of Turin

Fellow, NEXA Centre for Internet & Society

Polytechnic of Turin

About me

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agenda1. Background

2. Definitions

I. Open Knowledge Definition

II. Open Data Licenses

III. Pricing models

IV. Formats

3. Examples

4. Open Data in Italy

5. Open data tools and issues

6. Wrap-up3

Background 1 - WEB squared

Ref: National Geographic http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/14/augmented-reality

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WEB(squared)

Ref: Tim O’Reilly and John Battelle (2009), Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On. http://www.web2summit.com/web2009/public/schedule/detail/10194

1.Redefining Collective Intelligence: New Sensory Input2.Cooperating Data Subsystems3.How the Web Learns: Explicit vs. Implicit Meaning4.Web Meets World: The "Information Shadow" and the Internet of Things5.The Rise of Real Time: A Collective Mind

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Background 2- Big data

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BIG DATA stylized facts 1• $600 to buy a disk drive that can store all the

world's music.• 5 billion mobile phone in use in 2010.• 30 billion pieces of content shared on Facebook

every month.• 40% of projected growth in global data generated

per year VS 5% growth in global IT spending.• 235 terabytes data collected by US Library of

Congress in April 2011.• 15 out of 17 sectors in the United States have more

data stored per company than the US Library of Congress

McKinsey: Big Data: The next frontier of innovation, competition and productivity. (may 2011)

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$300 billion potential annual value of US health-care data; more than X2 total annual health care spending in Spain.

• €250 billion potential annual value to Europe's public sector administration - more than GDP of Greece.

• $600 billion potential annual consumer surplus from using personal location data globally.

• 60% potential increase in retailers' operating margins possible with big data.

• 140.000-190.000 more deep analytical talent position and 1.5 million more data-savvy managers needed to take full advantage of big data in the USA.

BIG DATA stylized facts 2

McKinsey: Big Data: The next frontier of innovation, competition and productivity. (may 2011)

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• Data

• Information

• Knowledge

• Value

Hal Varian, Google’s Chief Economist

The value of metrics

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A. Data on-demand: data are not closed inside applications but they are consumed on-demand as a service

B. Data as web resources: RESTful API make possible to access data as a web resource (trough URI)

DATA as a SERVICE

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• The Public Sector produces and manages huge amount of data, opening PSI information in EU produces economic growth. 140 billion € / year (aggregate)

• Public Data are the raw material to create new products and services

PSI (public sector information) mines

COURTESY/RON WHEELER. The 8,000-foot deep Homestake Gold Mine in South Dakota is the site where scientists, including UC Berkeley researchers, plan to construct the world's deepest research center.

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"... give us the unadulterated data, we want the data, we want unadulterated data. We have to ask for raw data now." Tim Berners-Lee, advisor data.gov.uk

Raw data now!

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WHY : (digital) market

• Innovation

• Competition

• Digital commons

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• Accountability

• Tansparency

• Collaboration

• Participation

WHY : civil society

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“Openness will strengthen our democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in

Government” Transparency and Open Government

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (2009)

data.gov

“We recognise that transparency and open data can be a powerful tool to help reform public services, foster innovation and empower citizens. David Cameron - Letter to Cabinet Ministers (2011)

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EUROPEDirective 2003/98/CE - november 17, 2003 (under revision)

Legislation in EU, Italy and Piedmont

ITALYDecreto Legislativo n. 36 / January 24, 2006 and  L. 96/2010.

PIEDMONTLegge Regionale n.24 / December 23, 2011

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USA - data.gov UK - data.gov.uk

Australia - data.gov.au

data.gov: leading examples

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France

Africa (Kenia)

Spain

data.gov: worldwide examples

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Open Data: definitions

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open (the) data Open Data is a model to extract value from public sector information by using the data to build new tools and to create innovative services

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Open Knowledge Definition v.1.1 by OKF

1. Access

2. Redistribution

3. Reuse

4. Absence of technological restriction

5. Attribution

6. Integrity

7. No discrimination (persons or groups)

8. No discrimination (fields or endeavor)

9. Distribution of license

10. License must not be specific to a package

11. License must not restrict the distribution of other works

A work is open if its manner of distribution satisfies the following conditions:

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The Definition - A work is open if its manner of distribution satisfies the following conditions:

1. ACCESSThe work shall be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The work must also be available in a convenient and modifiable form.

2. REDISTRIBUTIONThe license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the work either on its own or as part of a package made from works from many different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale or distribution.

3. REUSEThe license must allow for modifications and derivative works and must allow them to be distributed under the terms of the original work.

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Open Data: standard licenses

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Open Data license 1 (ODC)

Open Data Commons licences

1. Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) — “Public Domain for data/databases”

2. Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) — “Attribution for data/databases”

3. Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODC-ODbL) — “Attribution Share-Alike for data/databases”

Ref: http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/

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Open Data licenses 2 (CC e IODL)

Creative Commons Licenses (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/)

1. CC Zero

2. CC by - Atribution

3. CC SA - Share alike

4. CC BY-SA - Attribution and Share alike

IN ITALY: Italian open data license (http://www.formez.it/iodl/)

• IODL - Italian Open Data License (BY-SA)25

Open Data: prices 26

• The peculiar cost structure of digital data collecting, processing and delivering (high fixed costs, zero marginal cost) strongly influences the possible pricing strategies to be adopted by PSI holders.

• Pollock (2008): a price that equals marginal costs (i.e. PSI free of charge) is socially optimal provided that elasticity of demand and positive externalities overcome a given threshold.

✓Empirics: those conditions are likely to be verified in most of the PSI domains.

The price of PSI:the “free data” approach

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• All pricing strategies encompass potential risks of inefficiency for PSI holders (due to lack of incentives in reducing costs and/or improving quality)

• The importance of the re1gulatory framework

• The Central Role of Externalities

The price of PSI:Externalities & Policy

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Open Data: formats29

Linked open data

With linked data, when you have some of it, you can find other, related, data. (by Tim Berners-Lee)

1. Use URIs as names for things

2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.

3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL)

4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things.

Ref: http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

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Data as a RDF graph

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The Vision - A global interconnected database

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Linked data - hands onDBPedia provide information of wikipedia as Linked Data. Example, Turin airport: http://dbpedia.org/page/Turin_Caselle_Airport

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examples

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2 groupsI. Transparency

II. Information services

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Transparency

• Public assembly (parliament, councils)

• Public Budget and expenses

• Public procurement

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Info services

• Transportation

• Environment

• Cultural heritage

Ref: http://traintimes.org.uk/map/tube/

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open data in italy

backgrounditaly is more than a single nation

is a network of citiesis a complex system

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The first example in Italy - dati.piemonte.it

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dati.emilia-romagna.it

data.gov: IT examplesdati.gov.it

dati.istat.it

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apps4italy• All EU citizens can participate (!!) & 40K€

in cash prizes

• Building useful, innovative projects based on italian public data (not only open data)

• Four main categories (growing):

1. Ideas

2. Apps

3. Visualization

4. Datasets

Ref: appsforitaly.org

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Open data:tools and

issues

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3 tools to do open data

I. Guidelines to define: legislative framework, administrative process, licenses, prices.

II. Data Portal: the platform for data distribution and community building.

III. Contests to engage companies, associations, citizens.

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3 issues to face doing open data

I. Data quality influences re-use

II. Data explanation is necessary / Data Storytelling

III. Data are just the first step

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wrap-up

Open Data needs perspective:

1. it changes information management (big data and linked data);

2. it changes markets structure (innovation and competition);

3. it changes the limits between public administration and citizens (wikicrazia and government as a platform).

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thankslorenzo.benussi@top-ix.org

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