OP are esters of: A-phosphoric, B-phosphonic, C-phosphorothiotic, or related acids. 1.
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Transcript of OP are esters of: A-phosphoric, B-phosphonic, C-phosphorothiotic, or related acids. 1.
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OP are esters of:
A-phosphoric,
B-phosphonic,
C-phosphorothiotic, or related acids.
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OP are used as:
1-insecticides,
2-drugs and
3- chemical warfare:
A-tabun GA,
B-sarin GB,
C-soman GD,
D-GF
E-VX
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Intoxication from the OP can bring about four outcomes:
1-acute, cholinergic effect by inhibiting cholinesterases, (AChE) and (BChE).
2-OP-induced delayed neurotoxicity, (OPIDN).
3-Long term neuropsycological disorders.
4-Effects in muscles, weakness.
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Increased cholinergic effects: SLUDGE,
1-salivation, vomiting, cramping, involuntary defecation, emesis, involuntary urination.
2-running nose, increased mucous, bronchoconstriction, cough, breathing difficulty, suffocation, and death.
3-lacrimation, vision difficulty, pain, sweating,
4-myosis, fatigue, muscle tremor, twitching & fasciculations, convulsions,
5-anxious, confusion, seizures, consciousness, headache, agitation.
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Polyneuropathy:
Lack of muscular coordination, tingling, numbness, fatigue,
cramp-like pain, weakness and paralysis.
OP act on Neuropathy Target Esterase, (NTE), so non anti-cholinesterases.
Time: 1-4 weeks after contact.
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Psychological disorders:
Impairment of intellectual functioning, academic skills, abstraction, flexibility of thinking, coordination.
Cause: Effect of OP on NTE.
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Animal studies with Pyridostigmine Bromide, (PB).
A-Histopathological & ultra structural, AChE inhibitor myopathy,
organelle damage, myofibril disorganization, some necrosis.
B-Presynaptic: ACh production & release, denervation withdrawal of nerves from the motor end plate, intrusion of glial cells in synapse, depletion of ACh vesicles.
C-Postjunctional: current voltage, time response.
www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/…/mr1018.2.chap12.html
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Two ways of medication:
1-Against the cause,
2-Symptomatic.
1-Antidote: A-AChE reactivators:
a-pralidoxime chloride, (2-PAM), b-obidoxime.
B-Reversible AChE OP, PB as ‘profilactic’
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2-Symptomatic medication:
A-Parasympaticolytic-Atropine
B-Tranquillisers-Diazepam.
C-Oxygen, assisted ventilation.
D-GK-11, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate, (NMDA) receptor antagonist, (Lallement, et al 98).
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Terror of a chemical war.
Gulf War Veterans, (GWV), syndrome.
Long-term effects from OP insecticides:
A-The allergic response.
B-Food contamination.
C-Suspected Adverse Reaction, (SAR).
D-Chronic and delayed effects of OP intoxication.
www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/…/organo.htm
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Mars. T, Syversen. T. General & Applied Toxicology, 2nd Ed.
Karczmar. A.G. Anticholinesterase agents. (1970).
www .emedicine. comiNEURO/tpoic286 .htm
vww .csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/chemter_e.html
http://lab.nap.edu/html/ccep_nerve/report.html
www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc63.htm
www.ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/Suppl-1/../abstract.html
www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/…/organo.htm
www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/../mr1018.2.chap12.html
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