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Transcript of Ontology and the Lexicon.week.5
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Ontology and the LexiconWeek 5: Ontological Categories and Word Class [1]
Shu-Kai Hsieh
Lab of Ontologies, Language Processing and e-HumanitiesGIL, National Taiwan University
March 19, 2014
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
..1 Ontological Categories and Word Classes
..2 NounsNouns and ThingsNouns and CountabilityNouns in Cross-cultural Context
..3 Lab session: Protege
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
OntoLex for Computational Linguistics
Theoretical considerations have had great influence on importantchoices and decisions made in the introduction and development ofcertain resources (such as lexicons, ontologies), of certainprocedures (such as morphological, syntactic and semantic parserand generator), and of certain representations (such as word,sentence and discourse meaning).
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
OntoLex for (Cognitive) Lexical Semantics
To develop a cognitive linguistic account of
..1 lexical concept: the linguistic knowledge that word encode.
..2 cognitive model: the conceptual system, i.e., thenon-linguistic knowledge that words facilitate access to. →This provides a level of non-linguistic knowledge which isspecialized for being accessed via lexical concepts.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
..1 Ontological Categories and Word Classes
..2 NounsNouns and ThingsNouns and CountabilityNouns in Cross-cultural Context
..3 Lab session: ProtegeOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Ontological Categories and Word ClassesGiven the understanding of different movitations, our first step isto look at the Ontological Categories and Word Classes fromlinguistic views.
• Why linguists believe that word classes (nouns, verbs) are bestdefined by their morphosyntactic properties? (e.g., position inthe sentence, what suffixes they can take, etc) � becausedescriptive semantics is insufficient.
• ontological categories (=semantic types) can be used toprovide alternatives to look at differences between words/wordclasses.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Ontological Categories and Word ClassesGiven the understanding of different movitations, our first step isto look at the Ontological Categories and Word Classes fromlinguistic views.
• Why linguists believe that word classes (nouns, verbs) are bestdefined by their morphosyntactic properties? (e.g., position inthe sentence, what suffixes they can take, etc) � becausedescriptive semantics is insufficient.
• ontological categories (=semantic types) can be used toprovide alternatives to look at differences between words/wordclasses.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Ontological Categories and Word Classes
Murphy [1]:
• Ontology is a theory of what general categories there are andhow they are structured with relation to one another.
• How (ontological) categories that affect linguistic structureand behavior.
any difference here?
Jeremy is optimistic and Jeremy is an optimist
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Not an easy task: Lexical Complexity
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Not an easy task: Ontological Complexity
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Word Classes are not Universal!!!
• Mandarin Chinese and Yurok (spoken in North America) haveno adjectives at all.
• Adjective category in Swahili and Hausa (both spoken inAfrica) is a closed class. (Dixon 1982, McCawley 1992)
• PROPERTIES are then described by nouns or verbs.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Word Classes are not Universal!!!
• Mandarin Chinese and Yurok (spoken in North America) haveno adjectives at all.
• Adjective category in Swahili and Hausa (both spoken inAfrica) is a closed class. (Dixon 1982, McCawley 1992)
• PROPERTIES are then described by nouns or verbs.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Word Classes are not Universal!!!
• Mandarin Chinese and Yurok (spoken in North America) haveno adjectives at all.
• Adjective category in Swahili and Hausa (both spoken inAfrica) is a closed class. (Dixon 1982, McCawley 1992)
• PROPERTIES are then described by nouns or verbs.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Word Classes are not Universal!!!
Example
• ”She is intelligent” → ”She is with intelligence” (in Hausa).• ”She is tall” → ”She talls” (a stative verb meaning ’tall’ is
used in Chinese)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Ontological Categories and Lexical Semantics
In the following three weeks, we will focus on how ontologicalcategories have implications for lexical semantics based on [1]’sdescription.
THING, SITUATION and PROPERTY � Nouns, Verbs andAdjectives.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Exercise from Murphy ([1]:142)Compare the following pairs of sentences, and think about whetheryou are more or less likely to use one of the pair, or whether youwould find one more polite than the other. Are the (i) sentencesexact paraphrases of the (ii) sentences?
Example
(a) (i). Lisa is Swedish.(ii). Lisa is a Swede.
(b) (i). Nan is blonde.(ii). Nan is a blonde.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
..1 Ontological Categories and Word Classes
..2 NounsNouns and ThingsNouns and CountabilityNouns in Cross-cultural Context
..3 Lab session: Protege
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Asking differently
• “What is a X”? (philosophical/biological question)• “How is our knowledge of X organized”? (psychological
question)
• “What does X mean”? (linguistic question, supposedly)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Asking differently
• “What is a X”? (philosophical/biological question)• “How is our knowledge of X organized”? (psychological
question)• “What does X mean”? (linguistic question, supposedly)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Less Thinking about Nouns and Things
• What do you care about pigeon ?• linguists could say that pigeon means PIGEON, and then not
investigate PIGEON any further.
• since the contents of the concept PIGEON are conceptual,rather than linguistic, in nature.
• The self-contained property of nouns makes them less apriority to many linguistic semanticists because their effectson the meaning of the sentence as a whole are more limitedthan those of verbs.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Less Thinking about Nouns and Things
• What do you care about pigeon ?• linguists could say that pigeon means PIGEON, and then not
investigate PIGEON any further.• since the contents of the concept PIGEON are conceptual,
rather than linguistic, in nature.
• The self-contained property of nouns makes them less apriority to many linguistic semanticists because their effectson the meaning of the sentence as a whole are more limitedthan those of verbs.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Less Thinking about Nouns and Things
• What do you care about pigeon ?• linguists could say that pigeon means PIGEON, and then not
investigate PIGEON any further.• since the contents of the concept PIGEON are conceptual,
rather than linguistic, in nature.• The self-contained property of nouns makes them less a
priority to many linguistic semanticists because their effectson the meaning of the sentence as a whole are more limitedthan those of verbs.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Less Thinking about Nouns and Things
• So they forgo deep discussions of the senses of nouns.• But most modern theories of linguistic semantics also assume
that meaning involves an interface between the linguistic andconceptual realms in the mind.
• Two proposals: Wierzbicka (Natural Semantic MetalanguageTheory) and Pustejovsky (QUALIA in The GenerativeLexicon)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Things
Less Thinking about Nouns and Things
• So they forgo deep discussions of the senses of nouns.• But most modern theories of linguistic semantics also assume
that meaning involves an interface between the linguistic andconceptual realms in the mind.
• Two proposals: Wierzbicka (Natural Semantic MetalanguageTheory) and Pustejovsky (QUALIA in The GenerativeLexicon)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Countability
..1 Ontological Categories and Word Classes
..2 NounsNouns and ThingsNouns and CountabilityNouns in Cross-cultural Context
..3 Lab session: ProtegeOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Countability
Nouns and Countability
• How have been linguists doing?• e.g. (Jackendoff, 1991) see handout.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns and Countability
ExerciseDetermine whether or not the following are bounded and whether or not they have internal structure, in order to
see which (if any) of the categories in (Jackendoff 1991) they belong to.
Example
• lemonade• forest• furniture• scissors
Are there any problems in determining the status of these? Do you think that these words’ meanings fit properly
into the categories in (Jackendoff 1991)? If not, why not?
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Nouns in Cross-cultural Context
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
..1 Ontological Categories and Word Classes
..2 NounsNouns and ThingsNouns and CountabilityNouns in Cross-cultural Context
..3 Lab session: ProtegeOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Ontologies and the Lexicon
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Designing Ontology using Protege Editor
• A free, open source ontology editor and knowledge-baseframework
• Suitable for developing Semantic Web applications.• (Read the slides of M. Tschunggnall).
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
Homework
• Use Cwikin system to annotate lexical meanings with atop-level noun (from noun hierarchy distributed in class.
• Classifying nouns in Chinese.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Ontological Categories and Word Classes. . .. ..
Nouns Lab session: Protege
M Lynne Murphy.Lexical meaning.Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 2010.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh