personpersonpersonperson

humanhumanhumanhuman

ontologies in computer science and on the web

fabien, gandon, inria

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book victor hugo

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balancewhat is the

3

balanceof the project ?

4

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6

meanings

do not read

7

do not readthe following sign

too late

8

too late

we interpret

9

we interpretmachines don't

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat :

And Other Clinical Tales by

In his most extraordinary book, "one of the great clinical writers of the 20th century" (The New

York Times) recounts the case histories of patients lost in the bizarre, apparently inescapable world

of neurological disorders. Oliver Sacks's The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat tells the stories

of individuals afflicted with fantastic perceptual and intellectual aberrations: patients who have

lost their memories and with them the greater part of their pasts; who are no longer able to

recognize people and common objects; who are stricken with violent tics and grimaces or who

shout involuntary obscenities; whose limbs have become alien; who have been dismissed as

retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents.

W. SacksOliver

10

retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents.

If inconceivably strange, these brilliant tales remain, in Dr. Sacks's splendid and sympathetic telling, deeply human. They

are studies of life struggling against incredible adversity, and they enable us to enter the world of the neurologically

impaired, to imagine with our hearts what it must be to live and feel as they do. A great healer, Sacks never loses sight of

medicine's ultimate responsibility: "the suffering, afflicted, fighting human subject."

Find other books in : Neurology Psychology

Search books by terms :

Our rating :

Oliver Sacks

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some knowledgesomething is missing

12

some knowledge

what is the last

documentdocumentthat you read ?

documentdocument

13

documentsdocuments

14

{ }

your answer is based on a

shared ontology

you can reason

15

I can understand

DocumentDocument

BookBook

kindof

16

NovelNovel Short storyShort story

kindof

#12#12

#21#21

"document""document"

"book""book"

"livre""livre"

17

#47#47 #48#48

"livre""livre"

"novel""novel"

"roman""roman"

"short story""short story"

"nouvelle""nouvelle"

#12#12

#21#21

#21⇒⇒⇒⇒ #12#21⇒⇒⇒⇒ #12

18

#47#47 #48#48

#48⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21#48⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21#47⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21#47⇒⇒⇒⇒ #21

knowledgeformalized ontological

ontologyis not a synonym of

19

is not a synonym of

taxonomy

taxonomicalknowledge is a kind of

20

knowledge is a kind of

ontologicalknowledge among others

partof

CHCH44

methanemethane ethaneethane

CC22HH66 CC22HH66--OHOH

methanolmethanol

CHCH33--OHOH

ethanolethanol

……

21

CCcarboncarbon

HH

hydrogenhydrogen

OO

oxygenoxygen

HH22OO

waterwater

HH22

dihydrogendihydrogen

--OHOH

phenolphenolcarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

COCO22--CHCH33

methylmethyldioxygendioxygen

OO22 ozoneozone

OO33

combinedifferent kinds of ontological knowledge

LimbIndividual

Cat

Organic object

22

Hierarchical model of the shape of the human body. D. Marr and H.K. Nishihara, Representation and recognition

of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes, Proc. R. Soc. London B 200, 1978, 269-294).

Og

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on

tain

s t

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fir

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oc

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nc

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f Raul Corazzonon form

alontology.it

ontos logosto be / beings discourse/science

23“J

ac

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do

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the

te

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on

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-->>

OOntology ntology oontologyntology

-->>

24

ntologya logical theory which gives an explicit,

partial account of a conceptualization i.e. an

intensional semantic structure which

O

25

intensional semantic structure which

encodes the implicit rules constraining the

structure of a piece of reality ; the aim of

ontologies is to define which primitives,

provided with their associated semantics,

are necessary for knowledge representation

in a given context.[Gruber, 1993] [Guarino & Giaretta, 1995] [Bachimont, 2000]

coverage

extent to which the primitives mobilized by

the scenarios are covered by the ontology.

26

the scenarios are covered by the ontology.

27

specificity the extend to which

ontological primitives

are precisely identified.

granularitythe extend to which primitives are

28

the extend to which primitives are

precisely and formally defined.

the extend to which primitives are

described in a formal language.

formality

29

systemsystemknowledge-based

ontology

30

systemsystem

e.g.e.g. studentss have markssmarkss are floats ≤≤≤≤ 20 and ≥≥≥≥ 0

31

systemsystemknowledge-based

ontology

32

systemsystem

e.g.e.g. StephanStephan had a mark of 15.515.5

33

systemsystemknowledge-based

ontology

knowledge base

34

systemsystem

rules

e.g.e.g. if if a student has at least one mark below 8 thenthen he fails the year

35

systemsystemknowledge-based

ontology

knowledge base

36

systemsystem

rules verification

e.g.e.g. the total number of marks for a course must be equal to must be equal to the total number of

students attending the course

37

systemsystemknowledge-based

ontology

knowledge base

38

systemsystem

rules explanationverification

etc.etc.

languagesto formalize ontologies

39

(define-class human (?human)

:def (animal ?human))

40

examplesubsumption in frames

(defprimconcept MALE)

(defprimconcept FEMALE)

(disjoint MALE FEMALE)

41

exampledisjoint classes in description logics

[Concept: Director]->(Def)->

[LambdaExpression:

[Person: λλλλ] ->(Manage) -> [Group]]

42

example

[Person: λλλλ] ->(Manage) -> [Group]]

defined class in conceptual graphs

43

W3CW3C®®

RDF is a triple model i.e. every

piece of knowledge is broken down into

RDFpiece of knowledge is broken down into

( subject , predicate , object )

44

doc.html has for author Fabien

and has for theme Musicand has for theme Music

45

( doc.html , author , Fabien )

( doc.html , theme , Music )

( subject , predicate , object )

RDF triplesRDF triples46

Fabien

author

doc.html doc.html

theme

Music

47

RDF graphsRDF graphs

<rdf:RDF

xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-

rdf-syntax-ns#"

xmlns:inria="http://inria.fr/schema#" >

<rdf:Description

rdf:about="http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html">

<inria:author rdf:resource=

"http://inria.fr/~fabien#me" />

<inria:theme>Music</inria:theme>

</rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

48RDF XML syntaxRDF XML syntax

RDFSS provides primitives for

lightweight ontologies

RDFSSlightweight ontologies

49

<Class rdf:ID="Man">

<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/>

<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Male"/>

<label xml:lang="en">man</label>

<comment xml:lang="en">an adult male

person</comment>

50

example

person</comment>

</Class>

a class declaration in RDFS

OWLOWL

51

<owl:Class rdf:ID="Man">

<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">

<owl:Class rdf:about="#Male"/>

<owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/>

</owl:intersectionOf>

</owl:Class>

52

example

</owl:Class>

intersection of classes in OWL

specify meaning

< >…</ >

with unique identifiers

53

< >…</ >

54

linkto the world

you are hereyou are here

tens of billionsof triples already online, RDF is flying

55(e.g. http://sindice.com/ )

Design

cycleLife

56

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

needsmotivating scenarios, competencyquestions,

Design

57

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

knowledge acquisitiontechniques, natural language processing, formalisms formal concept analysis, methodologies & intermediary representations

design

Design

58

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution��

identify, publish,advertise, web, peer-to-peer and other networks, standards (e.g., OWL)

diffusion

Design��

59

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

��

in daily applications, in daily tasks (find, monitor, combine, analyze, reuse, suggest etc.), inferences, interfaces.

use

Design

60

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution ��

evaluate c.f. needs + trace and

usage analysis, metrics from methods,

collective dimension and consensus

Design

61

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

��

c.f. design + versioning, version alignment, coherence checking and all dependencies

evolution

Design

62

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution

��

as any project,complete methodologies

manage

Design

63

Manage

Needs

Design

Diffusion

UseEvaluate

Evolution��

the domaindomain trapthe application domain may be the application domain may be

different from the ontology domain

64

ontologyI never saw a universal

65

methodse.g. rigidity in Onto Clean [Guarino & Welty]

Rigid φ+R φ is a necessary property for all its instances

Anti-Rigid φ~R φ is an optional property for all its instances

Person is ψ+R, Student is φ~R

Constraint: φ~R can't subsume ψ+R

66

Person is ψ+R, Student is φ~R

holistic knowledge, but

finite ontologies

67

changing blockchanging block

building blockbuilding block

vs.vs.

68

changing blockchanging block

ontology-based doesn’t mean you need

an inference engine

69

SSRSSLSSSSSRSSLSSS

SSSSLLSSLSSSSSLSSS��

world-wideerrorsinspired by Gérard Berry

70

71

bottlenecksacquisition & evolution

tagging

72

taggingand other web 2.0 practices

73

a taga data attached to an object

74

origins of geometry

collaboratively creating and

managing tags to annotate and

social tagging

75

managing tags to annotate and

categorize content.

folksfolksonomyonomy

76

folksfolksthe mass of users to organize the mass of data

onomyonomy

olksonomyfolks~taxonomy, a subject indexing systems

created within internet communities. It is the

result of individual tagging of pages and

f

77

result of individual tagging of pages and

objects in a shared and social environment.

It is derived from people using their own

vocabulary to add hooks to these resources.

It taps into existing cognitive processes

without adding cognitive cost.[Vander Wal, 2005] [Vander Wal, 2007][Rashmi Sinha, 2005]

folksonomies

78

are not the opposite of

ontologies

folksonomiescan be seen as a new

79

can be seen as a new

way to build and maintain

ontologies

many tagsfor many uses

cool

80

origins of geometry

to compare with RR176

send to Ted

絕對虛假絕對虛假絕對虛假絕對虛假

;-)

for the SysDev team

many societies

81

my bookmarked page

socially shared bookmark

bookmark shared across

people an applications

ontologiesontologies

folksonomiesfolksonomies

82

folksonomiesfolksonomies

exampleexamplelearning applicationslearning applications

83

describe…users, learning objects,

curriculums,

84

e.g.e.g. LOM (Learning Object Metadata)has nine types of characteristics:

general, life-cycle, meta-metadata,

technical, educational, rights, relations,

annotation, classification

85

scenarioscenarioknowledge transfer/(re)use/analysis?

evaluation/test/marking?

profiling/customizing?

feedback/curriculum management?

SS ??

feedback/curriculum management?

86

Dublin coreDublin coreDublin coreDublin core

Creative CommonsCreative Commons

FOAF …FOAF …

87

take-hometake-homesummary and messages

88

“semantic web”and not

89

“semantic web”[C. Welty, ISWC 2007]

a lightweight ontology

allows us to do

lightweight reasoning

90

lightweight reasoning[J. Hendler, ISWC 2007]

you can’t

foreseeeach and every

use and reuse

91

black boxavoid building another

92

explicitmake conceptualizations

93

open your datato anyone who might use it

94

to anyone who might use it

just my…

95

96

fabien, gandon, inriahttp://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon

http://www.slideshare.net/fabien_gandon/