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ONSHORE WINDWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
ONSHORE WIND BRIEFING
IS WIND POWER EXPENSIVE?
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONOF WIND POWER
DOES WIND POWER CUT CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS?
WIND IS MAKING ASIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY
HOW ARE POTENTIAL EFFECTS MANAGED?
HOW LONG ARE WIND FARMS DESIGNED TO LAST?
WIND WORKS
WORKING TOGETHERFOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE
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Renewables are now a major part of our energy
mix, with technologies such as wind, hydro and
biomass providing the equivalent of around half
of Scotland’s electricity needs1. This contribution
will increase as consented and planned projects
are built and become operational, and new
industries such as offshore wind and marine energy
begin to develop. By 2015 the aim is to have the
equivalent of 50 per cent of Scotland’s electricity
needs sourced from renewables2 – a target we are
already close to reaching.
Onshore wind, which currently makes up the largest
proportion of Scottish renewable energy generation,
has grown steadily in recent years, backed by some
of the best wind resources in Europe3.
The Scottish Government has set an ambitious
and challenging target to deliver at least the
equivalent of 100 per cent of our electricity needs
from renewable sources by 20204. Reaching this
target could help Scotland simultaneously reduce
emissions to tackle climate change, increase our
energy security5 and ultimately create a world
leading renewable energy industry supporting
thousands of jobs6.
Onshore wind is crucial to reaching this ambition,
through generation of renewable electricity and its
role in financing major grid upgrades and research
and development (R&D) in less mature technologies
such as offshore wind and marine energy7.
In light of the level of public interest in renewable
energy, and in onshore wind in particular,
Scottish Renewables has produced this
briefing paper to provide information about this
important technology.
ONSHORE WINDWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Renewable electricity generation in 2013 rose by over
15 per cent on the previous year to 17,011 gigawatt
hours (GWh)8, a record for Scotland. This is equivalent
to almost half (46.5 per cent)9 of Scotland’s gross
electricity consumption in 2012.
Wind energy was the largest contributor of renewable
generation in Scotland and had a record year in 2013,
producing 11,216 GWh10, the equivalent of around 30
per cent of our electricity needs11.
In 2013, development continued at a steady pace and
Scotland is now home to over 4.5 gigawatts (GW)12
of installed onshore wind capacity, enough to power
the equivalent of over 2.3 million homes13. There is a
further 3.7GW14 of capacity either under construction
or with planning permission which is enough to power
an extra two million homes.
MEETING SCOTLAND’S NEEDS
The capacity factor or load factor of a wind turbine
is the ratio of actual energy produced in a given
time, compared with its full potential. Over a year,
the output from a single turbine will vary depending
on wind speeds.
A typical turbine is expected to generate
approximately 20 to 40 per cent of its theoretical
maximum output over a year. The average load factor
for wind turbines in Scotland from 2000 to 2012 was
27.9 per cent15.
However, it is important to consider that this is the
average output and that turbines will be active and
producing power for around 6,000 to 7,500 hours
each year, or about 70 to 85 per cent of the time16.
No energy generation technology works at 100 per
cent capacity 100 per cent of the time. For example,
in 2012, the load factor for coal was 57.1 per cent; for
gas, 30.4 per cent; and for nuclear, 70.1 per cent17.
Turbines produce power over a wide range of wind
speeds, beginning to generate electricity at between
3 and 4 metres per second (m/s), and approaching
maximum output at around 25 m/s (equal to 55 miles
per hour)18. Above this speed, a turbine will typically
shut down to protect itself from damage.
LOAD FACTORS
WIND WORKS
HOW A WIND FARM OPERATES
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BASE LOAD AND VARIABILITY
The ‘base load’ is the minimum amount of electricity
that has to be supplied by the network over a certain
period to meet demand. The majority of base load is
provided by generating stations which can operate
24 hours a day, albeit with periodical shutdowns (e.g.
gas, coal, biomass or nuclear power).
Although wind generation is variable, network
operators and other market participants can forecast
it accurately. National Grid has stated, “provided
that the necessary flexible generation and other
balancing service providers remain available, there
is no immediate technical reason why a large
portfolio of wind generation cannot be managed in
balancing timescale”19.
National Grid has also stated to a Scottish
Parliamentary Committee that “a very large thermal
plant – a coal or gas-fired plant, or a nuclear plant –
poses us an operational challenge in that its output
can suddenly drop off all at once, whereas the output
from wind farms tends to come off more slowly; wind
farms have a number of turbines, so they do not cause
that issue. The variability issue that wind poses is
not one that we get from a thermal plant. At a very
high level, it is just a different challenge. Nuclear and
fossil-fuelled plants provide some challenges, while
wind farms provide others”20.
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
IS WIND POWEREXPENSIVE?
The Renewables Obligation (RO) is the main financial
support mechanism for investment in renewable energy.
Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs)21 are issued
to operators of accredited renewable generating stations
each time they generate a certain amount of electricity.
The total value of the RO in 2012-13 was £1.99 billion22.
In comparison, the budget for decommissioning the
UK’s nuclear power stations in 2013/14 was £3.2billion23.
Smaller scale renewables developments under 5MW,
including wind, are generally supported by the Feed-in
Tariff (FiT)24 rather than the RO. FiT generators are paid
a set amount for each unit (kilowatt hour) of electricity
they generate depending on factors such as the size of
system and type of technology. The cost of the RO to the
average household bill in 2013 was £30 , while the same
cost for the FiT was £7, the equivalent of around 71p per
week when combined25.
It is important to put this in context with support for other
parts of the energy industry. For instance, the OECD has
estimated that in 2011 tax breaks and financial support
for coal, oil and gas in the UK totalled over £4.2billion26.
COSTS
Changes to financial support for renewable energy
and onshore wind are currently being finalised by
the UK Government under the Electricity Market
Reform27 process. These changes will introduce
a cap on total spending available for levy funded
renewables projects up to 2020. The final details of
this process should emerge this year and they will be
introduced in stages from 2014 to 2017.
CHANGES TO RENEWABLES SUPPORT
THE COST OF THE RO TO THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BILL IN 2013 WAS £30, WHILE THE SAME COST FOR THE FIT WAS £7, THE EQUIVALENT OF AROUND 71p PER WEEK WHEN COMBINED.
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The current average energy bill in the UK is £1,267.
Wholesale energy costs account for 47 per cent of
the average bill, while the cost of energy and climate
change policies makes up only 9 per cent28.
Ed Davey, Energy Secretary, has noted, “The main
driver of these energy price rises has been rising
wholesale energy costs, and the need to upgrade
energy infrastructure to ensure security of supply in
the long-term”29.
In the same speech, he said that “Without this
low carbon investment, energy security would be
jeopardised as Britain would become ever more
dependent on imported oil and gas, and energy bills
in the future would be increasingly subject to high
and volatile fossil fuel prices”30.
ENERGY BILLS
All electricity generators have their output modified
by National Grid to ensure demand for electricity is
met without the network being overloaded. These
‘transmission constraints’ are where bottlenecks
occur and generators have to stop feeding electricity
to the grid. This process is part of National Grid’s
role31 and is a fundamental part of how the grid
currently operates.
All generators, including gas, coal and renewables,
seek compensation for being constrained by National
Grid. Constraint payments to wind farms from April
2013 to April 2014 amounted to £49.7million. This is
just 14.6 per cent of the overall costs of £339 million
which is mainly paid to fossil fuel generators to
manage demand on the electricity grid”32.
In the longer term, one of the ways this congestion
could be reduced is by ensuring sufficient grid
infrastructure upgrades and investing in energy
storage technologies.
CONSTRAINT PAYMENTS
THE COST OF THE RO TO THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BILL IN 2013 WAS £30, WHILE THE SAME COST FOR THE FIT WAS £7, THE EQUIVALENT OF AROUND 71p PER WEEK WHEN COMBINED.
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
REDUCING SCOTLAND’S EMISSIONS
THE CARBON LIFECYCLE OF A WIND FARM
Wind power is a clean, renewable source of energy
which produces no greenhouse gas emissions when
generating electricity.
It is estimated by the UK Government that in 2012
renewable electricity generation in Scotland displaced
more than 10 million tonnes33 of carbon dioxide. This
is a 24 per cent increase on the 8.3 million tonnes
of carbon dioxide displaced in 201134.
As with any industrial development, constructing a
wind farm has an associated carbon impact through
manufacturing, transportation and construction.
To address this, the Scottish Government has
developed a Carbon Calculator which presents
“a full life cycle methodology for calculating
how long the development will take to ‘pay back’
the carbon created during its construction and,
conversely therefore, for how long the wind farm
will operate making direct carbon savings during
its expected lifetime”35.
The average payback time for a wind farm is
estimated to be between three and ten months, while
over its lifetime, a wind farm is also expected to
generate at least 20 to 25 times the energy used in
its manufacture, installation, operation and eventual
decommissioning36.
IN 2012 RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN SCOTLAND DISPLACED MORE THAN 10 MILLION TONNES OF CARBON DIOXIDE.
DOES WIND POWER CUT CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS?
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SUPPORT FOR WIND ENERGY IN SCOTLAND
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONOF WIND POWER
A DECC poll in 2014 found that 70 per cent of people
said they support the development of onshore
wind37 – the highest figure since the poll began
on March 2012. The same survey shows that support
for onshore wind is greater than both nuclear and
shale gas.
These results are consistent with a 2013 YouGov poll38
commissioned by Scottish Renewables which revealed
that 64 per cent of people surveyed in Scotland
support the continued development of wind power
as part of a mix of renewable and conventional forms
of electricity generation.
The poll, which surveyed 1003 people in Scotland,
found 30 per cent strongly agreed with the statement
‘I support the continuing development of wind power
as part of a mix of renewables and conventional forms
of electricity generation’, and a further 34 per cent
said they tended to agree. This compares with just 11
per cent who strongly disagreed with the statement.
Young people were among the most favourable with
32 per cent of the 18-24 year-olds surveyed strongly
supporting wind power and a further 37 per cent
tending to support the continued development of this
renewable energy source.
The 2013 YouGov poll, commissioned by Scottish
Renewables, suggested that more than two-thirds
(69 per cent) of respondents said their decision to
visit an area of Scotland would not be affected by
the presence of a wind farm39.
Wind farms are also tourist attractions in their
own right. The visitor centre at Whitelee Wind
Farm has had more than 350,000 visitors since
it opened in 2009, with tens of thousands more
estimated to have used the paths and cycle tracks
built throughout the site.
WIND FARMS AND TOURISM
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
In 2013, Scottish Renewables commissioned
independent researchers to survey 541 companies
working in the renewable energy field in the most
comprehensive study of its kind to date. The report,
published in 2014, showed that 11,695 people are
currently in full-time employment, an increase
of 5% from the previous year40. Of all renewables
technologies, onshore wind was the biggest
employer with 3,397 people working in the sector.
Jobs in onshore wind are located in communities
throughout Scotland with Glasgow, the Lothians and
Highlands & Islands having particularly high number
of people employed in the sector. Onshore wind is
also a driver for jobs in other areas, especially in
upgrading the electricity grid, which employs 529
people in Scotland.
EMPLOYMENT
WIND IS MAKING A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY
OF ALL RENEWABLES TECHNOLOGIES, ONSHORE WIND WAS THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER WITH 3,397 PEOPLE WORKING IN THE SECTOR.
11
ATTRACTING INVESTMENT
Scottish companies are playing a vital role in
onshore wind’s development. A number of these
companies are now working at home and abroad,
taking Scotland’s expertise in renewables across
the globe, including world-class Scottish companies
such as RJ McLeod, Sgurr Energy, Natural Power
Consultants, Dawson Energy and SSE.
Analysis of figures produced by DECC shows that
investment in Scotland’s renewable energy industry
was £1.16 billion in 201341. Onshore wind accounted
for £1.07 billion of the total invested.
Inward investment into Scotland is helping to drive
the development of the onshore wind sector, and
the beginning of the offshore wind sector, in which
Scotland has huge potential42. Companies such as
Gamesa have already established themselves as a key
supplier to the onshore wind market.
Wind farm developers have worked with Scottish
communities for a number of years to bring additional
financial benefits over and above other tangible
benefits of renewable energy developments such as
job creation, increased energy security and emissions
reductions. Payments known as ‘community
benefit’ are entirely voluntary and are separate
from the planning system.
This voluntary financial support, which comes directly
from wind farm operators, is used in communities
to make changes where local people see fit43.
Community Benefit payments across Scotland now
total over £6 million44 per annum.
As part of Scottish Renewables’ commitment to
maximise the benefits of renewable energy for
people across Scotland, we have worked with our
members to produce an agreed industry protocol45
for community benefits from new onshore wind
developments. This protocol recommends that
developers take a consistent approach to community
benefits, ensures recognition is given to the value
of the partnerships between the onshore wind
sector and local communities in Scotland, and
encourages further exploration of the potential for
community ownership.
The protocol recommends that our members deliver
community benefit of £5,000/MW, or equivalent, for all
new wind farms over 50kW46.
The Scottish Government has also established a
community benefit register47 in conjunction with
Local Energy Scotland to show the level of payments
being made to communities, how communities are
utilising them and to indicate what other benefits
renewables projects bring over and above a
community benefit payment.
COMMUNITY BENEFIT
COMMUNITY BENEFIT PAYMENTS ACROSS SCOTLAND NOW TOTAL OVER £6 MILLION PER ANNUM.
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
PLANNING
HOW ARE POTENTIAL EFFECTS MANAGED?
Planning policy is guided by the National Planning
Framework and Scottish Planning Policy.
The publication of the revised versions of these
documents is scheduled for Summer 2014.
The extent of the interaction between wind farms,
wildlife and Scotland’s natural habitats varies from
site to site. However, the industry has worked with
key stakeholders to produce good practice guidance
to help promote responsible siting and design of wind
farms. Consideration of environmental impacts is
part of Scotland’s planning system; only wind farms
deemed acceptable by relevant planning authorities,
such as local authorities or the Scottish Government,
are given planning permission48.
Planning authorities consider Scotland’s natural
heritage when assessing wind farm planning
applications. Natural heritage designations such as
National Parks or Sites of Special Scientific Interest
are protected so as to assist with better planning and
management of the countryside49.
13
Scottish Renewables works with member companies,
agencies such as Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH),
and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency
(SEPA) as well as the Scottish Government to
produce a range of guidance on best environmental
practice such as the ‘Good Practice During Windfarm
Construction’50 guidance. We are also working with
these organisations and others to commission
scientific research to understand the full relationship
between renewables developments and the
environment, for example the Scottish Wind Farm
Bird Steering Group51, whose focus is the interaction
between wind farms and Scotland’s bird population.
Environmental organisations such as Friends of the
Earth Scotland, WWF Scotland and RSPB Scotland
all support responsible renewables developments.
These organisations, along with Scottish Renewables
and others, wrote to the Convener of the Scottish
Parliament’s Economy, Energy and Tourism
Committee to “re-state our support for the growth
of well-planned renewables – including wind power
– in Scotland, and to highlight the contribution this
industry will make in securing our economic and
environmental future for generations to come”52.
RESEARCH AND GUIDANCE
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Noise assessments are a key part of the planning
process and will be considered by the relevant
planning authority. The industry takes concerns
about wind turbine noise very seriously and works
with Government and acoustic specialists to ensure
that up to date information is available. Sources of
wind turbine noise can be divided into two categories;
mechanical and aerodynamic.
Mechanical noise could be described as similar to
that from other types of rotating machinery. Modern
designs have used long established engineering
techniques to greatly reduce mechanical noise while
developers must adhere to strict limits as part of the
planning process.
Aerodynamic noise originates from the flow of air over
parts of a wind turbine. Although there are varying
types of this noise53, mitigation methods have been
developed and planning conditions are in place to
safeguard against this.
It has been claimed that wind turbines create a level
of infrasound or low frequency noise that is harmful to
humans. However, in a parliamentary answer on 25th
March 2014 the UK Minister of State, Department of
Energy and Climate Change, Greg Barker said that,
“A number of independent peer reviewed research
studies have concluded that there is no evidence
of health effects arising from infrasound or low
frequency noise, generated by wind farms that are
NOISE AND HEALTH
15
The UK’s aviation and air traffic management
(ATM) regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA),
recognises that wind energy will make a significant
contribution to our renewable energy targets and that
wind turbine developments and aviation need to
co-exist for the UK to achieve those targets56.
The complex nature of aviation and ATM operations
means that the potential impact of a proposed
development on those operations (and infrastructure)
must be considered on a case by case basis and,
where necessary, any mitigation agreed.
AVIATION
built according to Government guidelines”54.
The UK Government has also indicated that that they,
“are aware of one specific report of illness allegedly
related to the operation of wind turbines, of which
there are over 3,500 in operation in the UK. There is
however no scientific evidence that demonstrates a
link between wind turbines and direct adverse health
impacts in people living in proximity to them”55.
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Following the operational stage of a wind farm
development, three options are potentially available
for the use of a site. Firstly, the site can be repowered,
which could increase its capacity and efficiency,
potentially leading to fewer turbines. Alternatively, if
the turbines are in good condition, the site can submit
to be re-consented for a further operational stage
with no change to existing infrastructure. Finally, the
site can be decommissioned in line with a pre-agreed
plan with the relevant planning authority.
The Scottish Government has stated, “wind farm
developers must satisfy the local authority that they
have a suitable and robust plan for decommissioning
and restoration as one of the conditions of being given
permission to build and operate the wind farm, and
must also satisfy the local authority that a financial
bond is in place to meet the expected costs”59.
Scottish Natural Heritage, in conjunction with
key stakeholders including Scottish Renewables,
has produced guidance for the restoration and
decommissioning of wind farms in Scotland60.
WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?
The design and quality of turbine manufacturing is
improving all the time, but generally and according to
international standards, individual wind turbines are
built to last more than 20 years if they
are maintained properly57.
One of the longest operating wind farms in the UK is
Windy Standard, which opened in November 1996 and
is still operating and producing electricity58.
THE LIFE OF A WIND FARM
HOW LONG ARE WIND FARMS DESIGNED TO LAST?
INDIVIDUAL WIND TURBINES ARE BUILT TO LAST MORE THAN 20 YEARS IF THEY ARE MAINTAINED PROPERLY.
17
SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
1 Renewable Electricity Statistics for Scotland, Scottish Government (March 2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00447302.pdf
2 More clean energy ‘essential for Scotland’, Scottish Government Press Release (2012) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/10/Renewables30102012
3 Onshore Wind Farms – Frequently Asked Questions, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/WindFAQ
4 Renewables revolution aims for 100%, Scottish Government Press Release (2011) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2011/05/18093247
5 Fossil fuel price shocks and a low carbon economy, Oxford Economics (2011) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68831/5276-fossil-fuel-price-shocks-and-a-low-carbon-economy-.pdf
6 Skills Investment Plan for the Energy Sector, Skills Development Scotland (2011) http://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/256998/sds_energysip_final.pdf
7 Onshore wind developers are also investing in marine technologies, for example: http://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/sound_of_islay.asp
8 Renewable Electricity Statistics for Scotland, Scottish Government (March 2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00447302.pdf
9 Renewable Electricity Statistics for Scotland, Scottish Government (March 2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00447302.pdf
10 Renewable Electricity Statistics for Scotland, Scottish Government (March 2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00447302.pdf
11 Based on the total amount of electricity produced by wind in 2013 (see above) and gross electricity consumption in 2012, found on the Scottish Government’s website at the following link: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/SESO/DatasetSearch.aspx?TID=132
12 Renewable electricity capacity and generation, DECC (March 2014) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/172946/et6_1.xls
13 Figure based on Scottish Government figures for average annual household electricity consumption (4.6MWh) and DECC figures for Scotland’s average annual load factor for onshore wind (27.9%): Household Consumption, A Compendium of Scottish Energy Statistics and Information (2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00444530.pdf
14 Renewable Planning Statistics - Summary Tables, Scottish Government (2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Business/Energy/planningdata
15 Load Factors, Historic Regional Statistics, Energy Trends, DECC https://restats.decc.gov.uk/cms/assets/Uploads/Regional-Statistics_2012/Regional-spreadsheets-2012-14March2014.xls
16 Section 3.1, Wind Turbine Technology, Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Sustainable Development Commission (2005) http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Wind_Energy-NovRev2005.pdf
17 Paragraph 5.44, Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics, DECC (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279523/DUKES_2013_published_version.pdf
18 Section 3.1, Wind Turbine Technology, Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Sustainable Development Commission (2005) http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Wind_Energy-NovRev2005.pdf
19 Chapter 4, Embedded and Renewable Generation, National Electricity Transmission Statement (NETS) Seven Year Statement, National Grid (2011) http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/SYS/current/
20 National Grid, Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee, Official Report (23 May 2012) http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/28862.aspx?r=7275&mode=pdf#
21 What is the Renewables Obligation?’, Ofgem (2013) http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Sustainability/Environment/RenewablObl/Pages/RenewablObl.aspx
22 RO Annual Report, 2012-13 Ofgem (2013) https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/86393/roannualreport2012-13summaryfinal.pdf
23 Nuclear Decommissioning Authority http://www.nda.gov.uk/aboutus/
24 Feed-in Tariffs: get money for generating your own electricity, DECC https://www.gov.uk/feed-in-tariffs/overview
25 Page 91, Estimated impacts of energy and climate change policies on energy prices and bills , DECC (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/172923/130326_-_Price_and_Bill_Impacts_Report_Final.pdf
26 OECD - Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels (2013) http://www.oecd.org/site/tadffss/
27 Electricity Market Reform, DECC https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--2/supporting-pages/electricity-market-reform
28 Estimated impacts of energy and climate change policies on energy prices and bills, DECC (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/172923/130326_-_Price_and_Bill_Impacts_Report_Final.pdf
29 Statement by Edward Davey, Energy Secretary, about the government’s proposed measures to reduce the impact of policies on energy bills (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/government-action-on-energy-bills
30 Statement by Edward Davey, Energy Secretary, about the government’s proposed measures to reduce the impact of policies on energy bills (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/government-action-on-energy-bills
REFERENCES
19
31 Hansard HC, 17 January 2012, col 684W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120117/text/120117w0003.htm#12011767000070
32 Monthly Balancing Services Summary March 2014, National Grid http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Electricity-transmission-operational-data/Report-explorer/Services-Reports/
33 HC Deb, 11 September 2013, c737W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130911/text/130911w0002.htm#130911w0002.htm_spnew14
34 Scottish Renewables Press Release http://www.scottishrenewables.com/news/scotlands-renewables-industry-displaces-CO2/
35 Wind Farms and Carbon, The Scottish Government (2012) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/CSavings
36 Hansard, 13 Jun 2012, col 492W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm120613/text/120613w0001.htm#12061379000079
37 Public Attitudes Tracker survey – Wave 9 Headline Findings, DECC (2014) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/public-attitudes-tracking-survey-wave-9
38 Scots support renewable energy, YouGov (2013) http://yougov.co.uk/news/2013/03/20/scots-support-renewable-energy/
39 YouGov/Scottish Renewables Survey, Press Release (2013) http://www.scottishrenewables.com/news/new-poll-scots-twice-favourable-wind-than-nuclear/
40 Employment in Renewable Energy in Scotland 2013, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/publications/employment-renewable-energy-scotland-2013/
41 Total Renewables Investment in Scotland in 2013, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/scottish-renewable-energy-statistics-glance/#table1
42 Crown Estate Portfolio, Scottish Territorial Waters http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/energy-infrastructure/offshore-wind-energy/our-portfolio/
43 For example, see the Kyle of Sutherland Apprenticeship Scheme, Foundation Scotland (2013) http://www.foundationscotland.org.uk/case-studies/kyle-of-sutherland-apprenticeship-scheme.aspx
44 Scottish Government Register of Community Benefits from Renewables, Local Energy Scotland http://www.localenergyscotland.org/view-the-register/
45 Onshore Wind Community Benefit Protocol, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/technologies/onshore-wind/
46 Onshore Wind Community Benefit Protocol, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/technologies/onshore-wind/
47 Scottish Government Register of Community Benefits from Renewables, Local Energy Scotland http://www.localenergyscotland.org/view-the-register/
48 What is the Scottish Government’s position on wind farms?’, Onshore Wind Farms – Frequently Asked Questions, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/WindFAQ
49 Natural Heritage Designations in Scotland, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Heritage/Systems
50 Good Practice During Windfarm Construction Guidance, SNH (2013) http://www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/renewable-energy/onshore-wind/good-practice-during-windfarm-const/
51 Windfarm Industry to share thoughts on bird impacts, Press Release, SNH (2012) www.snh.gov.uk/news-and-events/press-releases/press-release-details/?id=689
52 Joint letter to Murdo Fraser, Convenor of the Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee http://www.scottishrenewables.com/publications/joint-letter-convener-economy-energy-and-tourism-c/
53 Wind Turbine Amplitude Modulation: Research to Improve Understanding as to its Cause and Effects Renewable UK (2013) http://www.renewableuk.com/en/publications/reports.cfm/wind-turbine-amplitude-modulation
54 Hansard HC, 25 March 2014, c161W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm140325/text/140325w0001.htm#140325w0001.htm_wqn44
55 Hansard HC, 21 March 2012, col 764W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120321/text/120321w0003.htm#12032191000087
56 Chapter 1, CAA Policy and Guidelines on Wind Turbines, Civil Aviation Authority(2013) http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP%20764%20Issue%205%20CAA%20Policy%20and%20guidelines%20on%20Wind%20Turbines%20v3%20(ISBN%20added).pdf
57 Keeping turbines spinning in the wind’, e-tech, Press Release (2012) http://www.iec.ch/etech/2012/etech_1112/store-1.htm
58 Windy Standard Wind Farm, RWE http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/310952/rwe-innogy/sites/wind-onshore/united-kingdom/in-operation/summary/
59 Onshore Wind FAQ, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/WindFAQ
60 Research and guidance on restoration and decommissioning of onshore wind farms, SNH (2013) http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/591.pdf
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