Online Polling

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IT 11 063 Examensarbete 15 hp Augusti 2011 Online Election System A proposed system for Pakistan Abdul Aziz Institutionen för informationsteknologi Department of Information Technology

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Transcript of Online Polling

  • IT 11 063

    Examensarbete 15 hpAugusti 2011

    Online Election SystemA proposed system for Pakistan

    Abdul Aziz

    Institutionen fr informationsteknologiDepartment of Information Technology

  • Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Besksadress: ngstrmlaboratoriet Lgerhyddsvgen 1 Hus 4, Plan 0 Postadress: Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Telefon: 018 471 30 03 Telefax: 018 471 30 00 Hemsida: http://www.teknat.uu.se/student

    Abstract

    Online Election System - A proposed election systemfor Pakistan

    Abdul Aziz

    In the new era of advanced technology where online system boosts work speed,reduces mistakes and promote the generation of accurate results, having manualelection system becomes a misfortune. A public election system constitutes thebackbone of a democracy where the people has to elect their states leader. Pakistancurrently uses a manual election system, which causes several kinds of problems. Dueto this paper ballot based election system, some problems are faced by voters beforeor during elections and others are faced by the administration before and after thevoting. An online system, which involves procedures like registration of voters, votecasting, vote counting, and declaring results etc. would constitute a good solution toreplace current system The system proposed in this thesis will be helpful for thevoters by using any resources like their own system or arranged by Government.Moreover, the proposed system will also decrease the risk for corruption. Thesystem is proposed after interviewing officials of two departments, the NationDatabase and Registration Authority Pakistan(NADRA) and the Election Commissionof Pakistan (ECP). NADRA has an online database of the citizens of Pakistan, and isproviding the Computerized National Identity Cards (CNIC) and also supportingdifferent organizations with their online system. So, by using NADRAs system itbecomes easy to register all voters of the age 18 or above, and furthermore to verifiytheir data. From this background officials suggest that an online election system willbe best system to replace the current electoral system, and in this thesis I haveproposed the basic structure and functionality for such a system.

    Tryckt av: Reprocentralen ITCIT 11 063Examinator: Anders Janssonmnesgranskare: Lars OestreicherHandledare: Shahid Manzoor

  • 2|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    PPrreeffaaccee

    This report is study for Master of Science mini thesis, carried out from

    January2011 toMarch2011 inUppsalaUniversity,Sweden.The study is

    abouthow to introduceanOnlineElectionSystem forPakistan.Themain

    purposeofthisthesisistosuggestadesignofasystemwhichcouldreplace

    current manual system and facilitate voter as well as the Election

    CommissionofPakistanduringtheelections.

    In this study I tried tocover theproblemsconfrontedbyvoters,officials,

    politicalparties,andGovernmentduringelectionsandtosuggestasystem

    toensure thesecurity from fraudduringelectionsand to facilitateasafe

    and rapid counting of votes afterwards. I designed prototypes of a part

    fromsystem.

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    AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeenntt

    Thisworkcouldnotbecompletedwithoutthesupport,cooperationandguidanceofmanypeople.Iwould liketothankMatsLindcoordinatorof InformaticsandmediadepartmentandLarsOestreicher supervisorofthisstudyforprovidedme the opportunity to work with this interesting topic, and thebrilliantsupervision.I thank also the officials of National Database and RegistrationAuthorityPakistan [NADRA]andElectionCommissionofPakistan fortheir kind cooperation in retrieving information required for thisstudy.Finally, Iwanttothankmyfamilyandallmyfriendsforalwaysbeingthere.

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    CCoonntteennttss

    Preface_______________________________________________________________________2

    Acknowledgement______________________________________________________________3

    Contents______________________________________________________________________4

    ListofFigure___________________________________________________________________6

    1. Introduction______________________________________________________________7

    1.1Purpose______________________________________________________________7

    1.2Objective_____________________________________________________________7

    1.3ResearchQuestions_____________________________________________________8

    1.4Background___________________________________________________________8

    2. GovernmentStructureofPakistan____________________________________________9

    2.1ElectoralSystem______________________________________________________10

    2.2QualificationofVoter__________________________________________________11

    2.3ManualVotingSystem _________________________________________________11

    3. ResearchInstrument______________________________________________________13

    3.1 Interviews___________________________________________________________13

    3.1.1 PurposeofInterviews______________________________________________13

    3.1.2 SelectionofInterviewSubjects_______________________________________13

    3.1.3 StudyInstruments_________________________________________________14

    3.1.4 Interviewing______________________________________________________14

    3.2ResultsandAnalysis ___________________________________________________14

    3.3Summaryoftheinformationpubliclyavailable.______________________________15

    3.3 LiteratureStudies _____________________________________________________17

    3.3.1 Electronicvoting__________________________________________________17

    3.3.1.1 Machinecounting_________________________________________________17

    3.3.1.2 Computervoting__________________________________________________18

    3.3.1.3 Onlinevoting_____________________________________________________18

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    4. FindingandRecommendation_______________________________________________20

    4.1 Finding(Limitationincurrentsystem)_____________________________________20

    4.2Recommendations ____________________________________________________20

    4.2.1 CurrentITResources_______________________________________________21

    4.2.2 SecureDatabases _________________________________________________22

    4.2.3 DesigningPrototype _______________________________________________23

    4.2.3.1 FirstPage:Logintoyouraccount_____________________________________24

    4.2.3.2 SecondPage:SelectionofLanguage___________________________________24

    4.2.3.3 ThirdPage:SelectcandidatesofNationalAssembly______________________25

    4.2.3.4 FourthPage:VoteforcandidatesofProvincialAssembly__________________26

    4.2.3.5 LastPage:Submitvote _____________________________________________27

    5 Discussion_______________________________________________________________28

    6 Conclusion______________________________________________________________30

    References___________________________________________________________________31

    Appendex1__________________________________________________________________32

    Transcribedformofinterview_______________________________________________32

    Appendex2__________________________________________________________________34

    Transcribedformofinterview_______________________________________________34

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    LLiissttooffFFiigguurree

    2.1 CurrentManualElectionSystem___________________________________________12

    3.1 InformationonthefrontsideComputerizedNationalIdentityCard(CNIC)__________16

    3.2 InformationonthebacksideComputerizedNationalIdentityCard(CNIC)__________16

    3.3 Machinereadableballotpaperandcountingmachine__________________________17

    3.4 Touchscreen&otherelectronicvotingmachine_______________________________18

    3.5 stepstocastavoteinvotingmachine_______________________________________19

    4.1 PurposeSecureDatabasesystem___________________________________________22

    4.2 FirstPage:LoginPageofproposedonlineelectionsystem_______________________23

    4.3 Secondpage:selectionofLanuage__________________________________________24

    4.4 Thirdpage:selectionofCandidatesofNationalAssembly_______________________25

    4.5 Fourthpage:selectionofCandidatesofProvincialAssembly_____________________26

    4.6 Lastpage:submitionofvote_______________________________________________27

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    11.. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn

    Democracy is an important matter in most modern societies. One of the most importantactivitieswithinademocracyistheelectionofrepresentatives.Itisalsoaverydelicateprocessthatisthesubjectofvariousdisturbances,suchasinactivecitizens,attemptsoffraudetc.Inthisthesis Iwilldiscusssomeof theseproblems,starting from thecurrentdemocraticsituation inPakistan.Iwillalsoproposeasoftwaresolutiontotheproblemintermsofaprototypethatwilldisplaythemostimportantaspectsofthisproblem.

    1.1 PurposeThemainpurposeof thisstudy is toboost the turnoutofvotes.For thispurposewehave toviewalltheaspectsresponsiblefor lowturnout.Somepeoplehesitatetovoteduetoweatherconditions indifferent areasduring the election, youngstersof age group18 24havingnocharmtocastthevote.Peoplewhoareoutsideoftheirtown/citydontwanttocometotheirareaforjustcastingthevotesduetotheexpensesandtroubleoftransportation.Samesituationisalsoforthosewhoareondutyduringtheelection,theydonthaveanyinteresttocasttheirvoteduringjobortheydonthavefacilitytosubmittheirvote.

    Asecondpurposeistomakeitmoredifficulttocommitfraudandcheatingduringanelection.Inamanualsystem,sometimespeopleareregisteredinmorethanoneareaandcanthuscastthevotemultipletimes.Bycreatinganonlinedatabasecoveringthecountry itwillbepossibleto eliminate thedouble castingof votes. In some areas,officialsof the ElectionCommissionthemselvescastvotesandaftertheendofelectiontheyadjustthesevotesfromthevoterslist.Hence,theymanipulatetheresultoftheelection.Thereisclearlyaneedofasystemthatcouldreducetheauthorityofofficialsandcouldsustainthetruenatureofvoting. Itwouldalsogivepeopleoptionstocastanemptyvoteiftheydontliketogivethevotetoanyofthecandidates.

    People inPakistanarewellawareofavailableonlineservicesand,fromthe lastfewyearstheuseof internethas increased.Youngstershavedeveloped interest inusing internetforvariouspurposes.

    After looking above factors, the decision for online voting ismore natural than before. Theexpenditureof anelectionwillbedecreased and itwill coverpeopleof all ages. Itwillbe afacilityforthepeoplewhohavedifferentproblemssuchasmentionedearlier.

    1.2 ObjectiveTheaimof thestudy is toanalyze thecurrentelectionsystemandsuggestanonlineelectionsystem which will allow people to cast votes in a more convenient way, by using availableresourceswhichcouldfacilitatethevotersduringelections.

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    1.3 ResearchQuestionsInthisstudywewilltrytofindouttheanswersofthefollowingquestion:

    1. IsanonlinevotingsystemabetterreplacementofcurrentmanualsysteminElectionsofPakistan?

    2. Whydovotershesitatetocastthevoteincurrentsystem?

    1.4 BackgroundInademocracy,theelectorateexpressesitswillthroughtheelectionofrepresentatives.Theseelected representatives operate the country, on behalf of the politic body. In order for therepresentatives to appropriately represent and implement the demands of the people, theelectionsinwhichtheyareelectedmustbeheldfairlyandresultscomputedaccurately.

    Inthe lastelection,held inFebruary2007,totalturnoutofvoteswasjust44%.This isbecausevoters face problems not only during the elections but before the elections aswell. Beforeconducting theelections, there isa formalprocedureofvoter registration,which is themainchallengeforthevotersandfortheofficialsofElectionCommission.

    ObservingthehistorywededucethatPollingSystemsbasedonhandrisinghadjustaproblemwithsecurity(electionswerenotanonymous).InsteadaPaperbasedPollingSystemhasatleastthreeproblems(discussedbelow).TheparadigmshiftfromHandbasedPollingSystemtoPaperbasedPollingSystemiscausedduetopopulationgrowthwhereas,now,timeandsafetyaresoimportant that it has driven a new paradigm shift from Paper to Electronic. There is nodefendable reason tostickwithPaperPollingSystem,but therearemanysecurity reasons toencouragetheuseanewElectronicPollingSysteminordertodrawuppollingsystemstodigitalera.InPakistanscurrentPaperPollingSystem,therearesomeothertroublesaswellapartfromlowturnoutofvotes,by lookingat thoseproblems, it isnecessary tobuilda systemwhich couldsolvethoseproblemsandspeeduptheelectionsystem.

    1. Speed:Handcountingvotes is timeconsumingespecially inmostpopulatedcountrieslikePakistan,wheremanycandidatesareforsamepositionandvoterhastocastvoteformanyraces.

    2. Intelligibility:Whena systembasedonpens, stamps,punch cardsorballotpapers isusedforvotinginaPaperbasedPollingSystem,theresultcanbeambiguous.

    3. Accessibility:Disabled or dutybound people do not have an easy access to the pollbooth,butaneasilytouchablesystemwillhelpthemtocasttheirvote.

    4. Transparency:Chancesofmanipulationof the results from influencingauthoritieswillalmostbefinished.

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    22.. GGoovveerrnnmmeennttSSttrruuccttuurreeooffPPaakkiissttaann

    In Pakistans Government Structure, the President is the Chief of the State and the PrimeMinister is Head of Government. Pakistan has a bicameral Parliament (MajliseShoora)consistingofasenatewith100seatsandaNationalAssemblywith342seats.[1]

    SenateAssemblyProvince/Area GeneralSeats Seatsreservedfor Total

    Women TechnocratsandUlema

    FederalCapital 2 1 1 4

    Punjab 14 4 4 22

    Sindh 14 4 4 22

    KhabarPakhtoon 14 4 4 22

    FATAs 8 8

    Balochistan 14 4 4 22

    Total 66 17 17 100DistributionofseatsinthesenateAssembly,displayedbyProvince[2].

    NationalAssemblyProvince/Area GeneralSeats Seatsreservedfor Total

    NonMuslims Women

    FederalCapital 2

    10

    2

    Punjab 148 35 183

    Sindh 61 14 75

    KhaiberPakhtoon 35 8 43

    FATAs 12 12

    Balochistan 14 3 17

    Total 272 10 60 332+10=342DistributionofseatsoftheNationalAssembly,displayedbyProvince[3].

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    Intheprovincialgovernment,theGovernoristherepresentativeofFederalGovernmentintheprovince,andtheChiefMinisterisheadoftheProvincialAssembly[4].

    ProvincialAssembliesProvince/Area GeneralSeats Seatsreservedfor Total

    NonMuslims Women

    Punjab 297 8 35 183

    Sindh 130 9 29 168

    KhaiberPakhtoon 99 3 22 124

    Balochistan 51 3 11 65

    Total 577 23 128 728DistributionofseatsforeachProvincialAssembly[5].

    In order to decentralize authority to the Local Governments for accountability, for goodgovernance and effective delivery of services through institutionalized participation of thepeopleatgrassrootlevel,electionstothelocalgovernmentinstitutionsareheldevery4years[6]

    CategorywiseseatsinaUnionCouncilSINo. Category Numberofseats

    1. Nazim/ Convener / Mayor 1

    2. NaibNazim/AssistantConvener/AssistantMayor 1

    3. GeneralCounselor 4

    4. LabourCounselor 2

    5. LadyCounselor 2

    6. LadyLabourCounselor 2

    7. MinorityCounselor 1

    Total: 13Categorywisenumberofseatsinaunioncouncil[7].

    2.1 ElectoralSystemThePresidentiselectedforatermof5years.TheElectoralCollegeconsistsofmembersoftheSenate, the National and the Provincial Assemblies. The Prime Minister is elected by theNationalAssembly.

    Senatemembers are elected for a term of 6 years. In theNationalAssembly,members areelectedbypluralityinsinglememberconstituenciestoservefora5yearterm.

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    In the Provincial Assemblies the members are elected for a term of 5 years, and the ChiefMinisteriselectedthroughtheProvincialAssembly.

    Electionstothe localgovernment institutionsareheldafterevery4years.MembersofUnionCouncil includingUnionNazim (UnionMayor)andNaibUnionNazim (AssistantUnionMayor)areelected throughdirectelections.TheElectoralCollege for theelectionofaDistrictMayorandthereservedseatsofwomen,peasantsandworkersandMinorities intheDistrictCouncilshallbeallthemembersofUnionCouncils inthedistrict includingUnionMayorandAssistantUnionMayor.TheElectoralCollegefortheelectionofaTehsilMayor,TownMayorandreservedseatsofwomen,peasantsandworkers,andminorities intheTehsilCouncilandTownCouncilshallbeallthemembersoftheUnionCouncilsinTehsilor,asthecaseinTown,includingUnionMayorsandAssistantUnionMayors.However,fortheelectiontothereservedseatsforWomenin Zila council (City Council) proportionately divided among Tehsils or Towns shall be allmembersoftheUnionCouncilsinaTehsilorTown.ItistheresponsibilityoftheChiefElectionCommissionertoorganizeandconducttheseelections.[8]

    2.2 QualificationofVoterEverypersonwhois18yearsoldandhasaNationalIdentitycardiseligibletocastavote.HeorshemusthaveapermanentortemporaryaddressinPakistan.Onthebehalfofthisaddress,hecancastthevoteinaparticulargeographicarea[9].

    2.3 ManualVotingSystemInthecurrentElectionSystemthevotingismanual.PeoplegotothePollingboothsallocatedbytheElectionCommissionofPakistanineveryarea.TheElectionsfortheNationalAssemblyandtheProvincialAssembliesheldonthesameday.Twoballotpapersare issuedtoeverypersonaftercheckingtheidentityofthevoterandVoterNumber(issuedbytheElectionCommissionofPakistan).ItisnecessaryforeachvotertoregisterforthecurrentelectionbeforetheelectionondatesgivenbytheElectionCommissionofPakistan.

    The data collection system is also manual and the Election Commission sends theirrepresentatives toeachhomebefore theElection.The representativesdistribute registrationformsateveryhomeandafterafewdaystheycollecttheforms.Butthere isnowaytosendinformation to voters, eitherwhich voter number is used by the Election Commission, or aconfirmationoftheregistration.SomepeoplecannotcasttheirvotesduetofalseregistrationsorpeoplemakingmistakesinthenamesinthelistsorintheIDnumberetc.

    During theElection for theNationaland theProvincialAssembly,eachAssemblyhas itsownballotpaperwithlistofcandidates.IntheelectionoftheUnionCouncilballotpapersaresameforNazimandNaibNazim,theGeneralandtheLabourCounsellor,theLadylabourandtheLadyCounselor. So everyone gets four ballot papers during the elections of the Union Councilelections.

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    Figure2.1:CurrentManualElectionSystem.

    RegistrationforVotes

    PreparationofElection

    Equipment,voterlist,BallotStyle

    ElectionDay/voting

    CountingofVotes

    SubmissionofResult

    R i

    ResultDeclaration

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    33.. RReesseeaarrcchhIInnssttrruummeenntt

    To complete this study, informationwas gathered frommajororganizations in Pakistan. TheNationalDatabaseandRegistrationAuthorityPakistan(NADRA)hasacentralizeddatabaseandisprovidinghelp tovariousdepartments for theironlinesystem.Asecondorganization is theElectionCommissionofPakistan(ECP)whichisanauthoritywhoholdstheelectionsinPakistan.

    PrimarydataandinformationresourceswereinterviewsfromofficialsofNADRAandECP,whicharesummarized inthissection,below.Secondary informationresourceswerethe informationavailable in libraries and on the web. The questionnaire given to the ECP is attached inAppendix1andthequestionnairegiventoNADRAinAppendix2.

    3.1 InterviewsInterviews are effective way to extract and obtain significant research interconnectedinformationbyinterviewingadomainexpert.Itisbestmethodtocollectimportantdata[10].Tofulfillmultipleobjectivesforstudyofparticularsubject it isnecessarytoconduct interviewsofrelevant people. Interviews can be in the form of face to face or electronically(online/telephonic). In four semistructured interviews were conducted for this study. Semistructured interviews was selected to communicate and get maximum information for thisstudy.

    3.1.1 PurposeofInterviewsInterviewswereconductedtoknowtheproblemsfacedbytheElectionCommissionofPakistananddiscusspossiblesolutionsfortheseproblems.Personalexperienceoftheprofessionalsmaynotwritteninliterature,theycanvalidatefindingfromliteratureorcangivesomesuggestionsupontheirexperienceinthisfield.Interviewsweredividedintwoportions,firstportionwastodiscovertheproblemsofofficialsperformingdutiesduringtheelectionsand insecondportionwediscussdifferentevotingsystemstogetpointofviewoftheprofessionalaboutthesystem,whichonewillfulfilltherequirementsandincreasetheturnout.

    3.1.2 SelectionofInterviewSubjectsToconductinterviewitwasnecessarytoselectsubjectwhowerebesttosolvetheproblemandprovidebest information.Togetmaximum informationfromthedepartment, itwasnecessaryto select peopleworking in operational level having direct relationwith the system. In fourInterviewees; twoof themwereofficialsofElectionCommissionofPakistanand restof themwerefromNationalDatabaseandRegistrationAuthority.

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    3.1.3 StudyInstrumentsIn this study itwasnecessary toget informationon following study instruments.Mostof thequestionnaireswere formulated to cover these issueswhich are necessary to complete thisstudy.

    Requirementstoregisteravoter Problemfacedbypeopletocastvotes. Speedofworkduringallprocedure. Accuracyofcountingafterelections. Weaknessofcurrentsystem

    Some instruments were used in NADRA to collect information and rest of them to getinformationfromECP.

    3.1.4 InterviewingEach interview isconducted face to faceand it took4060minutes.Timeandplace for theinterviews was already decided, interviews were conducted at their own places. Beforeinterviewashortexplanationofstudywaspresented.Mainpointswerewrittenbyhandonapaperthroughoutthe interviews.Thetranscribedformof interviewswithElectionCommissionofPakistan[ECP]canbeviewedinAppendix1andNationalDatabaseandRegistrationAuthority[NADRA]inAppendix2.

    3.2 ResultsandAnalysisIn this section results and analysisof literature review and interviews arepresented. Findingfrom literature and validation of finding from systematic interviews and figure out possiblesolutionsoftheproblemsfromexpertswillbediscussed.

    In firstportionwediscussed about theweaknessof current systemorproblem facedduringwholeprocedure.

    Registration of voters: during registration of voters some typing or handwritingmistakeslosenumberofvoterstocasttheirvotes.

    Problemfacedbypeopletocastvotes:onthedayoftheelection,somepeoplehesitatetocastvoteorcantcast thevotedue todifferentproblem [discussed insection4.1]andsomepeoplecouldnotcastthevoteduetothesetypingorhandwritingmistakesfoundduringthecheckingofidentity.

    Speed:Allelectionprocedureismanualhandwritingformandthisproceduretakeslongto get results. Registration procedure took long time to get information from eachhome,dayofElectionis810hoursproceduretoallowpeoplestocastvotesandafterelectionmorethantwodaysspendtogetresults.Someresultsarechallengedduetocountingerrororotherproblems[discussedinsection4.1].

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    Accuracy:It isquite impossibletomakeerrorfree inthemanualsystemwherepeopleare involvedworking frommore than24hours.Peoplearedirectly involved in theseprocessaretiredandcouldnotperformefficientlywhichmakemistakesanderrors inresults.

    Currently some evoting systems are already working. In my interview it was also part ofdiscussion which one can solve the problem and fulfill the requirements. To validate theliteraturewediscussedonlineelectionsystemiscoveringmostoftherequirements;

    Registrationprocedureofvoter:forelectionsystemtheneedasystemwhichcovertheprocedure of registration of people for voting. Because in current system there aredifferentproblemsduringtheregistrationofvoter.[discussedinsection2.3]

    Electronicvoting system:which ishelpful to coverallproblems; checkingof identity,attackonballotboxes,hesitationofpeople to cast vote,helpfulpeople to cast votefromanypollingboothavailableandhelpfullforthedisableandseniorcitizensetc.

    Countingsystem:anefficientsystemcountaccuratelyandmorespeedilythevotestomakeresult.

    Itwas inourdiscussionwhy theonlinesystem issolvingallaspects?Because inPakistanoneonline department [NADRA] is available to support this system, because this department iscurrentlyproviding online support todifferentorganizations to run theirelectronic systems,PassportIssuingAuthority,VehicleRegistrationAuthority,BanksandKIOSKetc. Ifanysystem,whichcoversallprocedurementionabove,then itwillbepossibletocoverallproblemswhichwerediscussedearlierinthissectionandminimumuseofextraresourcesandmaximumuseofcurrent resources; forexampleonline computer labsavailable inmostof the schoolsat thelevelofsecondaryeducationandKIOSKplacedbyNADRA.

    3.3Summaryoftheinformationpubliclyavailable.NADRAhasanonlinesystemofComputerizedIdentityCardsthatkeepsarecordofdata,whichtheyobtainfromeachperson.Dataattributesareasfollows:

    (1) Nameofheadoffamily (2) Picture

    (3) Relationwithheadoffamily (4) IDCardNumber

    (5) FullName (6) FamilyNumber

    (7) FathersName (8) MothersName

    (9) WifesName (10) PermanentAddress

    (11) CurrentAddress (12) PlaceofBirth(city)

    (13) DateofBirth (14) Gender

    (15) Maritalstatus (16) Religion

    (17) Motherlanguage (18) Education

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    (19) NatureofEducation (20) MarkofIdentification

    (21) Disability (22) Job

    (23) Jobdescription (24) CurrentResidence

    (25) Bloodgroup (26) Detailofchildren

    (27) Unioncouncil (28) PParea(ProvinceArea)

    (29) NAarea(FederalArea)

    FrontSideofCNIC TranslationinEnglish

    GovernmentofPakistanNationalIdentityCardNo.3630204326745

    Name:AbdulAziz Gender:Male NameofFather:AbdulMajeedOwaisi MarkofIdentification:AMolemarkonneck DateofBirth:24/07/1980

    Ifthelostcardisfoundputintonearestletterbox

    ___________________ _______________________Signatureofcardholder SignatureRegistrarGeneral

    Figure3.1:InformationonthefrontsideComputerizedNationalIdentityCard(CNIC).

    BackSideofComputerizedIdentityCard TranslationinEnglish

    FamilyNo.ED3D5S IDNo.363020432675CurrentAddress:HouseNo. 1636/284, StreetNo. 6,AlKhairColony,MultanParmanentAddress:sameExpiryDate:31/05/2011

    DateofIssue:19/08/2002Incaseofchangeinpermanentaddressapplynewcard

    Figure3.2:InformationonthebacksideComputerizedNationalIdentityCard(CNIC).

    OldIDN

    o.32280713340

  • 17|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    Secondly,informationcollectedfromtheElectionCommissionofPakistani.e.whattheyneedtoregisteravoter;

    (1) VoterNumber(issuedbyECP) (2) Name

    (3) FathersName (4) IDCardNumber

    (5) Address Analyzing the information shows thatNADRAhasall the information requiredby theElectionCommission of Pakistan, and provides a Computerized ID card with a barcode. So, if theElectionCommissiononlyregisterstheCNIConlinewithcollaborationofNADRAtheneveryonecaneasilyregisterhisvoteonthewebsite.

    3.3 LiteratureStudiesToofferanonlineelectionsystem, itwasnecessary tostudy thecurrentcomputerizedvotingsystem or voting machines working in different countries. Many developed countries USA,AustraliahavealreadyadoptedanonlineElectionsystem.[11][12]

    3.3.1 ElectronicvotingTechnologycanincludepunchedcards,opticalscanvotingsystemsandspecializedvotingkiosks(includingselfcontaineddirectrecordingelectronicvotingsystems,orDRE).Itcanalso involvetransmissionofballotsandvotesviatelephones,privatecomputernetworks,orviatheInternet.

    Electronic voting helps voters to cast votes in an election through computerized equipment.SometimesthistermisusedtotakevotesoverInternet.

    3.3.1.1 MachinecountingMachinereadableballotsystemsprovideshelptothevoterstomarktheirvotesonapapercardwith marker and remove divots from a perforated card with a stylus or mechanical holepuncher.[13]

    Figure3.3:Machinereadableballotpaperandcountingmachine

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    3.3.1.2 ComputervotingElectronicvotingmachines(DRE)lookinglikeanATMsorpersonalcomputerusedtocastvotes,whichprovideshelp to vote through a keyboard, a touch screen,or apointer tomark theirvotes.[14]

    Figure3.4:touchscreen&otherelectronicvotingmachine

    3.3.1.3 OnlinevotingOnlinevotingmaybeconductedinavarietyofways:

    'Pollsite' internetvotingsystemsthatrequirevoterstogotostaffedpollingplacesandusecomputerstocasttheirvotes.Theinternetisusedtotransfertheballotsfromeachpollingplacetocentralizedtallyingcenters.

    'Regional poll site' internet voting systems that allow voters to go to any poll site in aparticularcityorregiontocasttheirvote.Thesystemkeepstrackofwhichvotershavealreadycast their ballots, and delivers the correct ballot paper to each voter based on where oneresides.

    'KIOSK'internetvotingsystemsthatallowvoterstovotefromcomputersinKIOSKssetupbythevotingauthorityinconvenientlocationssuchaspostofficesandshoppingmalls.TheKIOSKsarenotmonitoredbypollworkersall the timeandmayallowvotingoveraperiodofseveraldaysorweeks.

    'Remote'systems thatallowvoters tovote fromanycomputerconnected to the internet typicallyathomeoratwork.AswellasviaPCs,homeinternetvotingcouldbethroughdigitalTVorevenmobilephonesorgamesmachines.Remote internetvotingmightbeused to replacepollsitevotingentirely,oritmightbeusedonlyforabsenteeballoting.[15]

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    Figure3.5:stepstocastavoteinvotingmachine

    The dramatic impact of the internet has led to discussions about the relation between edemocracyandonlinevoting.Someearlyenthusiastsdeclared that the internetcouldreplacerepresentativedemocracy,enablingeveryonetovoteoneverythingandanythingatthepushofabutton[16].Suchvisionsoversimplifythedemocraticprocess.Othershavearguedthatevotingcouldreducecostsandincreaseturnoutbymakingvotingmoreconvenient[17].

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    44.. FFiinnddiinnggaannddRReeccoommmmeennddaattiioonn

    4.1 Finding(Limitationincurrentsystem)

    In the democratic world political parties face different problems one of the problems isdecreasing turnoutofvoters.Everyparty is taking interest in increasing itsshareof thevotesand for this purpose they provide good facilities to voters for casting the vote. But factorsmentionedbeforereducethecastofvotes.Amainproblem isthateveryvoterneedstogotohisownareaandcastatElectionBooth,whichisallocatedforhimbyECP.

    There isnospecialfacilityforseniorcitizensordisabledpeopletocometothePollingBoothsand cast the votes. Every personhas to come in the sameway to cast the vote andpeoplehesitatetocastthevotesduetotheseproblemsunderdifficultweatherconditions.

    Another elementwhich creates hesitation for a voter to come out is the pressure from themembersof thepoliticalparties. InPakistanpeople insomeregionsareundergreatpressurefromtheirlandlordsorfromtheheadsoffamily,andduringcastingofvotes;representativesofthesepartiescreateproblemsforvoters.

    Fraud inelections isanotherfactor,whichcreatesanotherkindofproblems.Somepeopleareregisteredinmorethanonearea,andduetounavailabilityofacentralizedelectionsystem,theyareable to castmore thanonevotewith the same IDcard.Manualcounting isalsoanotherfactorwheresomestaffcanchangecountingeitherdeliberatelyorbyamistake,whichaffectsthe result and can be used tomanipulate the distribution of themandate of the nation.Asdiscussed inthesectionPurpose intheIntroductionchapter,different issuescausepeoplenottocomeoutforcastingvotes.

    Toovercometheseproblems it isnecessarytodesignacentralizedsystemwhichcoversthesefactors.A secure andefficientelectronic systemwill cover suchproblems as the countingofvotesandthecastingofmultiplevotes.Everyonecangoanywheretovote,becausethesystemwill automatically allot them their area andwill display the candidates for their area.Morepeoplewill take Interest in casting votesbecause they feel free to cast their vote from theirconvenientlocationwithoutanyproblemanddifficulty.

    4.2 RecommendationsAfter evaluating different electoral systems in the literature and some current in practicesystemsinvariouscountries,itisnecessarytolookcloseratwhichonecanbeconsideredtobebestamongthemandfurthermorewhichonecouldmeetthebasicrequirementsofthepresent

  • 21|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    system inPakistan. Ifwe lookat thesafety requirements,one is tocontrol theduplicationofvoterregistration,anothertofacilitatethevoters;andthethirdtoeliminatecountingmistakes.

    Differentelectronicelectoralsystems,forexampleDRE,areimplementedinmanycountries,butwe chose theonline system insteadofotherexisting system,because forpollingwe canuseelectronicvotingmachinewhich isoneofthesolutionsso far forcastingthevotes,but ithasalso introducedanewkindof insecurityaspect,an insecuritythatpartlyalsoresideswith theuser.Canwebesure that thesoftwarehas recorded thecorrectballot?Canwebesure thatnone could votemore thanone time?Thesequestionsareuseful toemphasize someof themostimportantsetsofproblemsthatliteraturehasdepicted[18,19]:

    InsertionofCorruptSoftware CalibrationoftheMachine ShutoffVotingMachineFeaturesIntendedtoassistVoters ActionsbycorruptPollWorkersorOthersatthePollingPlacetoaffectVotes VoteBuyingSchemes AttacksonBallots Unauthorizedprivilegeescalation IncorrectuseofCryptography

    Besides insecurity aspects, electronic votingmachines/systemshavemoreor less removed 3importantproblemsetslike:

    CountingErrors CommunicationErrors WrittenMistake

    Buttherearestillotherproblemsremaining, likeregistrationofvoters,and lackof interestofelectoratestocasttheirvote.So,weneedtodesignamorecompletepackageofsolutionstothetypeofproblemsthatprevailinPakistan.Thesuggestedonlinevotingsystemwillprovideuswith all solutions like the registration of voters, casting of a vote, the voters security, thecounting of votes, the speed of result declaration, and above all, the transparency of theelections. Suchaproposed systemwillbea secure system thatwill restrict the influenceofunauthorizedpowersontheelection.

    4.2.1 CurrentITResourcesMostorganizationsand institutesalreadyhaveanadvanced ITstructureandNADRA isoneofthem.NADRAhasmobileteamswithonlinesystemsusedtocollectdatafromvariousareasofPakistanwheremostofPakistanisarenoteducatedand cant reachNADRAsoffices.On theother hand NADRA provides Kiosks which are used as an online medium to pay bills andpurchasethings.Moreover,NADRA isalsoprovidingtheComputerizedNational IdentityCards

  • 22|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    withbarcodesandusingthisdatabase,machinereadablepassportsarenowbeingissuedtothecitizens.

    4.2.2 SecureDatabasesTosecurethedatabaseofanonlineelectionsystem,Itisnecessarytodesignasecurenetwork.A picture of such a network is below,where a group of frontwebservers is providingwebservicetoendusers,theKIOSK,theElectionCommissionOfficesandthePollingBoothsetc.ForsecuringtheElectionCommissionNetworkwebserversshouldbebehindafirewall.Thesewebserverswillbe communicatingwith storage anddatabase servershaving calculationoptions,which are connectedwith backup servers and extra resource servers ofNADRA holding thecorrectrecordofeachIDcardholder.

    Figure4.1:PurposeSecureDatabasesystem

  • 23|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    This systemwillbemore efficient than anyother system,becauseherewehave centralizeddatabasewhich ismoresecureforrecordsavingandtoverifythe identificationofeachvoter.ServersarecommunicatingwithNADRAsdatabase.

    Theonlinesystemprovidesdifferentoptionsforvoterstocastthevote.Peoplecanvotefromtheir home PC, from the NADRA KIOSK, from the Polling Booths arranged by the ElectionCommissionandthere isnorestrictionofarea.Anyonecancastthevoteforcandidatesofhisareatoanypollingboothinthecountry.

    4.2.3 DesigningPrototypeForanonlinesystemaninteractivedesignwillbemorehelpfulforeachvoter.Theenduserwillfeel more at ease with an easy system rather than running a more complex system. Someprototypesaredesignedwhicharequiteeasyforthevoterstocastthevote.

    In further studies there is an option to design the system for polling booths and electionofficialssiteandKIOSKetc,andregistrationsiteaswell.

    Followingare the stepsafter the registrationofavoter, these steps just cover the castingofvotes.

    Figure4.2:firstpage:TheLoginPageoftheproposedonlineelectionsystem

  • 24|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    4.2.3.1 FirstPage:LogintoyouraccountFirstpageof theonlineelectionsystem is the loginpage.Thisstep isafter the registrationofvoterontheElectionsystem.Itisnotpossibletologonbeforeregistrationonthissoftware.

    Is the loginprocedure ismade in the simplestwaypossible.The login interface justhas tworequiredfields:thenational identitycardnumber,andthepasswordgiventothepersonafterregistration.

    Figure4.3:Secondpage:selectionofLanguage

    4.2.3.2 SecondPage:SelectionofLanguageThesecondstepistoselectlanguage;herewehaveoptiontoselectalanguage(Urdu/English)ofPakistan.Afterselectingany languagenextpageswillbedisplayed inthesame languageasselected.

  • 25|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    Figure4.4:Thirdpage:selectionofcandidatesofNationalAssembly

    4.2.3.3 ThirdPage:SelectcandidatesofNationalAssemblyThirdpageisthelistofcandidatesavailableforNationalAssemblyofareaofvoter.Thebeautyofthissystem isthateveryvoteronlyhasa listofcandidatesofhisarea.Thismeanshecanterroneouslyvoteforacandidateofotherarea.

    Thehighlightingofonlyonesinglecandidateduringtheselectionprocessisalsoabetterwaytoreduce thenumberofpossibleproblems,because in thecurrentmanualsystemsomepeoplestamponmorethanonecandidateandtheydontknowthattheyaremakingan illegalvote,andtherebyarejustwastingtheirvote,sinceitwillnotbecounted.

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    Figure4.5:Fourthpage:selectionofcandidatesofProvincialAssembly

    4.2.3.4 FourthPage:VoteforcandidatesofProvincialAssemblyWhenvoting for thecandidates in theProvincialAssemblywehave the twosamepageswiththedifferentProvincialAssemblies,whichmeansthateveryvoterwillseetheirownProvincialpage(seefigure4.5).

    Pakistanhasfiveprovincesandpeopleofeachprovincewillonlyseetheirownprovinceduringtheir login.Thedisplayof candidatesandoptions is similar to the correspondingpageof theNationalAssembly. Ithasbeengiventhesamestyleasthepageforselectionofcandidatesofnationalassemblypage,withsameoptions,radiobuttonsandother.NextandPreviousbuttonswillfacilitatevoterstogobackortothenextchoice.

  • 27|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    Figure4.6:Lastpage:submissionofvote

    4.2.3.5 LastPage:SubmitvoteOnthelastpage(figure4.6)wecanseethefinalselectionforNational&ProvinceAssembly.Ifsomeonewantstochangetheselection,theyjusthavetoclickonthePreviousbutton.Afterthe final submission in thevoting session the systemwillnotallowhimorher tochange theselectionagain.

  • 28|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    55 DDiissccuussssiioonn

    Itisnecessarytoseethebenefitsanderrorsofeverysystem,butthemostnecessaryissueisthecorrectness of the requirements. In earlier sections we discussed different problems of thecurrentpaperbasedpollingsysteminPakistan,andwesuggestedreplacingthiswithanonlinesystemtosolvetheseissuesandincreasethespeedoftheprocessofelectionsystem.Nowthediscussionis:Whywouldanonlinesystembethebestsolutionforthecurrentissues?

    InvariouscountriesthevotingsystemhasalreadybeenconvertedtoEvotingorcomputerizedvoting.Different approacheswere implemented to increase voter turnout, facilitating votersanddecreasingthenumberoffraudattempts.Theproposedonlinesystemwillprovideasecureandaserrorfreeelectionsystemaspossiblewithaninteractivedesignwithdifferentlanguages,whichwillmakeitpossibleformanypeopletocastthevote.

    TheuseofavotingmachineisasolutionforsomeproblemlikeBallotpaper,speedofelections,counting accuracy etc. Punch cards have some inherent benefits like counting speeds etc.However,onlinesystemswillalsoprovideahighcountingspeed,aswellashelppeoplestovotefromanylocation,withintheirowncityorevenoutofthecountry.Intheintroductionsectionitwasdiscussedbefore thatdemocracyneedspeople toactivelycomeandshow theirwill,andcurrentlyinPakistanonly44%peoplearecastingtheirvotes.So,themainfocusofthisstudyisto cover theproblems facedby thepeopleduring theelectionsand to suggestadesign thatwouldsolvetheseissues.Ifthissystemisputintoaction,itislikelythatamuchlargernumberofthepopulationwouldliketoshowtheirwillforcandidates.

    Itwasalreadydiscussed [insection3.2,4.2] thatafter requirementanalysis it isnecessary toinvestigate which system is a fully implementable solution of current system. The mainproblemstoconsiderare:registrationofvoters,elections,counting,fraudsduringelectionandspeedofresultsetc.

    MostofthepopulationofPakistanhasnoprivatefacilityofcomputerandInternet.So,weneedtoconsiderotheroptionssuchas:theinformationKIOSK,whichisalreadyplacedinmanyplacesbyNADRA.Theuseof Internetcafes isanotheroption forpeople to cast vote,although thisrequiresextrasecuritymeasurestoguaranteethesecretvoting.Buttherearestillsomeareaswherepeopledoneitherhavethefacilityofacomputer,anInternetCaf,oraNADRAKIOSK.Inthesecasespublicgovernmentownedonlinepollingboothswillbehelpfultocastthevote.So,itdoesnotmeanthataftertheintroductionoftheonlinesystemitbecomesthedutyofpeopletocastvotebytheirownpersonalresources.Thepollingstaff,whichisalreadyusedformanualsystemneedstobetrainedtoregisterthepeopleandhelptheminthevotingprocess.

  • 29|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    Therulesforregistrationofvotersare;theyhavetobe18yearsoldandacitizenofPakistan.Thesame rulesapply forgettingan identitycardofPakistan.So, it issuggested thatevery IDcardholder shouldbe registered automatically to the Election commission of PakistanwhentheyreceivetheIDcard.Thentherewillbenoneedofgettingthesamedataagainfromeachvoter.EverycardholdercangethispasswordfromthehelplineoftheElectioncommissionorfromanofficialwebsite.ThecurrentsystemattheNADRAKioskusesthumbsprintrecognitionasapassword,butpeoplealsohavetheoptiontosetapersonalpasswordontheirlogin.

    Ifsomepeoplecouldnotberegisteredduetooccurringproblemsthentheyhaveoptiontogoonlinetogettheirpasswordandtocasttheirvoteorgotoapollingbooth,whereofficialswillregisterthemandallowthemtovote.Ifpeoplearefacilitatedthisway,thenitisalsolikelythatmorepeoplewillcomeforcastingthevotes.

  • 30|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    66 CCoonncclluussiioonn

    InordertogetbetterresultsinthisstudyItriedtounderstandthepaperbasedpollingsysteminPakistanandnottheleastthedrawbacksofthesystem.Istudieddifferentvotingsystemwiththeiradvantagesanddisadvantages.Thesystemproposedinthisthesiswillnotjustconvertthecurrentmanualsystemtoanelectronicequivalentbutwillbepossibletoruninparallelwiththecurrentsystemandthusmakeiteasierforthepeoplewhoarenotabletocasttheirvotesduetodifferent reasons as related above. Thisonline systemwillbehelpful for casting votesbydifferent electronicways. Peoplewill be able to cast votes through their home PC, throughpollingbooths,NADRAKiosks,andNetcafes.Thismultitudeofopportunitieswillmakevotingmoreaccessible,andtherebyhopefullycreatemoreattractionforthosepeoplewhodonotcasttheirvotestoday.

    Thisstudycoversproposedsystem,designedphaseofonlinevoting.Tocompletetheallportionofthesystem it isnecessarytodesignedallphaseswiththeirrelations;KIOSKsoftware,onlineregistrationanddatabaseconnectedwithNADRA.

  • 31|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    RReeffeerreenncceess

    1. http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=1642. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#National3. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#National4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan5. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#National6. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#Introduction7. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#Introduction8. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#Introduction9. http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=8#Introduction10. B.Hancock,AnIntroductiontoQualitativeResearch,UnitedKingdom:Trentfocus

    Org,1998.11. http://www.fvap.gov/12. http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2010/aug/23/eelectionsmootedaustraliaand

    indonesia/13. DouglasW.Jones,OnOpticalMarkSenseScanningUniversityofIowa,lowaCity

    IA52242,USA14. http://uspolitics.about.com/od/elections/ig/HistoryofVotingSystems/DREor

    Touchscreen.htm15. Onlinevoting,postnote,May2011,No.155[www.parliament.uk/post/home.htm]16. Onlinevoting,postnote,May2011,No.155[www.parliament.uk/post/home.htm]17. Onlinevoting,postnote,May2011,No.155[www.parliament.uk/post/home.htm]18. TheMachineryofDemocracy:ProtectingElectionsinanElectronicWorld,Page8.19. AnalysisofElectronicVotingSystem,TadayoshiKohno,AdamStubblefield,AvielD.

    Rubin,DanS.Wallach.Proceedingofthe2004IEEESymposiumonSecurityandPrivacy(S&P04)

  • 32|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    AAppppeennddeexx11Questionnaire:ElectionCommissionOfficeofPakistan

    1. WhichkindsofElectionsheldinPakistan?

    2. WhatistimeperiodforEachElection?

    3. DivisionofAreaforeachAssembly,numbersofpositionsineveryarea?

    4. WhichkindofinformationdoyourequiredforCandidatetoregisterinElection?

    5. WhichkindofinformationdoesyourequiredregisteringaVoter?

    6. They way registration of voter or collection of information from voter before every

    election?

    7. FullwayofElection(RegistrationofVoter,castingvoteandcountingofvotes)?

    8. WhichkindofproblemsdoyoufacedduringElectionProcedure?

    9. Doyouthinkanyelectronicsystemcanreplacethecurrentsystem?

    10. After looking on different evoting system which one is best for Pakistan in this

    situation?

    11. Isthereanysystemorresourceswhicharehelpfultodesignapurposedsystem?

    12. WhyOnlineVotingsystemistheonlychoiceforPakistan?

    13. HowmuchisithelpfulincurrentsituationforElectionsysteminPakistan?

    TranscribedformofinterviewIn this discussion he briefsme the current system. I got Information regarding Elections fordifferent Governments running in Pakistan; National Assembly, Senate, Provincial Assembly,localGovernmentsetc.Hetoldmethewaytocollectioninformationandmakingvoterlist.

    Hetoldmeabout;whyitisnecessarytouseacomputerizedsystemtocontrolthefraudduringelections,problemsfacedbytheElectionCommission.

    He categorize the system in threeparts; (1)RegistrationofVoters, (2)voting (3)AnnouncingResults.Nowwhichkindofproblemtheyfacedduringinthesedifferentpartsare;

    (1) RegistrationofVoters:mistakesof typingduringRegistration of voters, collectionofdata from each home of the country. Mostly people get their Voter card after

  • 33|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    registrationfromdifferentpartiesoffices,thereisnowaytogetinformationregardingtheirvotesfromElectionCommissionofPakistandirectly

    (2) Voting:Manualvotingsystemmakeproblemsomepeoplehowtocastavote,likesometimetheyjuststampsmiddleofthecandidatesorstampsmorethanonecandidateandjustwaisttheirvote.Somepeopledontwanttogoforvoteduetoweatherconditionsoranyotherpersonalproblems.

    (3) AnnouncingResult:Thereislotofchancesoffraudormistakesinthecountingofvotes.SomeofficersareunderpressureofanyPoliticalpartyandcanchangetheresult.

    We analyze the requirements and the resources. We discussed different system presentlyworking indifferent countries, like inAustralia,USA,UKand India. In thisdiscussionwealsothink which system can easily replace or work with this current system. It was also in ourdiscussion,wehavetousecurrentresourceswithminimumexpenditure.

    Therearedifferentevoting system like;machine counting,electronic votingmachine,onlinevotingmachine.Afterdiscussionwithdifferentevotingsystemworking indifferentcountries,wefindouttheonlinesystemisbestforPakistan.

    They need a system, which fulfill the all requirements; many people are not registered orregistered with wrong data which creates problem for people to cast votes. On the day ofelectionsomepeoplearehesitatingtocastvoteduetodifferentproblemsorcastvoteunderpressureofanypoliticalparty,landlordorheadoffamily.Ifourpurposedsystemcoverstheseproblemlike;registrationofvoters,voteforanypartyinyourareafromanypollingboothofthecountry.

    Duringdiscussionwetookanoverviewoncurrentresources inPakistanwhichcanbeusedforour system, Election Commission of Pakistan higher Government servants to conduct theelections,differentColleges,Schools,UniversitiesorofficesareusedtomakePollingbooths.

    Their suggestion an online election system after analyzing the requirements [mentioned insection3.2]

  • 34|OnlineElectionsystemofPakistan

    AAppppeennddeexx22Questionnaire:NationalDatabaseandRegistration

    Authority,(NADRA)Pakistan

    1. HowmuchinformationrequiredapplyingaComputerizedNationalIdentitycard?

    2. WhichfieldfrominformationdisplayedintheIDcard?

    3. Howyousecureyourdatabase?

    4. Whichkindsofservicesofferingbyyourdepartment?

    TranscribedformofinterviewIn our interview they giveme a brief introduction of their system, and services provided todifferentorganizationfortheironlinesystems.

    Theygiveme informationaboutrequirementsofregistrationofaperson forNational Identitycard,shapeofNationalIdentitycard.SnapsofComputerizedNationalIdentityCard(CNIC)anddetailsofinformationarementionedinsection3.3